How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Route 1 AA contested because support and criticism rest on rival conceptions of equality
Route 2 the real divide is equal treatment (formal) vs fair treatment (substantive)
support turns formal into substantive equality → Rawls (difference principle / fair opportunity) → Dworkin (brute luck, not choice) → Sen (capabilities / remove actual injustice) → Indra Sawhney (Art 16(4) as restatement of equality) → critics work from equal treatment → Nozick (rights) → Sowell (merit + division) → reverse discrimination cluster (creamy layer / stigma / self-perpetuation)
equal treatment + merit + rights vs fair treatment + historical disadvantage
Route 1 statement holds because both sides defend a genuine idea of equality
Route 2 calibrated AA (temporary, targeted, reviewed) delivers substantive equality without sacrificing fairness
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
Also asked on this head
Equality — 13 questions in the Vault.
- What is capability approach? Elaborate the distinctive features of the capability theory of equality.
- The freedom of the pike is death to the minnows. (150 words)
- Write a note on the relation between equality and
How this is taught
The same flow snapshot, built for every head of the syllabus, with the answer written in class.
The first session of Foundation 2027 is published in full.
Six programmes across three levels.