PYQ Vault · Paper 2 · Representation & Participation
Explain the impact of electoral systems and cleavages in shaping party systems with reference to developing countries.
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
eS Ee re ae ee ee ee district magnitude decisive. FPTP single-member vs PR multi- member — Duverger’s law (FPTP — two-party + candidate- centred; PR — multiparty + programme-based) — India deviation (no clean two-party; dominant-party = coalition) — rule alone insufficient — cleavage = historical social line — caste/religion/language/ethnicity deeper than class — ethno-nationalist/religious/regional parties — Kothari (caste as mobilisation + electoral integration) — Bienen & Herbst (class weak in Africa) → religion fills gap (Algeria’s ISF) — FPTP + cleavages + Riggs’s prismatic society/formalism — intermediate mawt<r lalnaar tn maaa thaanm aleesat: TeaaAsa
Body flow
a aa i Mii wens £4454 14 2H SS wes VS we eta, universal typologies exist (Weiner & La Palombara) vs same design + deep cleavages give context-specific systems that cannot be ee ee
Counter-view
a oe ~~ s+ electoral design « cleavages, filtered through transitional society — distinctive developing-country systems interaction, not electoral rule alone — sets developing world apart from the West
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
