How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
Rk} universal conception defensible → rights inherent in all, equal moral worth & dignity (Kant, Locke) R2 UDHR 1948 + Vienna 1993 already give universality a global, agreed form
Body flow
universalist foundation (inherent rights, dignity; Kant, Locke; UDHR, Vienna) — relativist challenge (hegemonic Western values; Asian values — Lee Kuan Yew, Mahathir; community over individual liberty) → limits of relativism (shields FGM, child marriage; dominant groups define "culture"; Sen — a pretext for authoritarianism, Asia too diverse) → resolution (Donnelly's relative universalism, "culture is not destiny’; Gutmann's deliberative universalism, dialogue)
Counter-view
is universality a Western imposition, or does relativism merely shield abuse and authoritarian power?
Conclusion routes
Rk! universal in foundation, culturally sensitive in application k2 not one imposed model, but a shared core settled through cross-cultural dialogue
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
