How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Route 1 HR born after WWII / Holocaust → states destroyed their own people → individual placed at the centre, duties assigned to states
Route 2 HR are claims held simply because we are human → their enjoyment depends on those holding coercive power → implementation targets state conduct
state as primary duty-bearer → respect / protect / fulfil (Annan) → legal incorporation, independent judiciary, accountability → sovereignty reshaped: “absolute control” → “sovereignty as responsibility” → R2P bars sovereignty as a shield
changing state conduct alone is insufficient → civil society / Amnesty / HRW pressure → Sen: a living culture of rights, awareness
Route 1 largely but not only about changing state conduct → must become a living culture, not a declaration
Route 2 states discipline rights, society sustains them → formal compliance stays hollow without a rights-conscious public
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
Also asked on this head
Rights — 8 questions in the Vault.
- The debate on human rights is caught between the
- Comment on the multicultural perspective on Rights
- Human Rights are complex and contested social practice that organises relations between individuals, society and the State. Comment.
How this is taught
The same flow snapshot, built for every head of the syllabus, with the answer written in class.
The first session of Foundation 2027 is published in full.
Six programmes across three levels.