Route 1 reform has been steady but uneven → change came where the P5 did not have to consent; stalled where they did

Route 2 restructuring debate running since the Council’s Heads of Government met, 31 January 1992 → aim: a more democratic, effective, responsive UN → measures follow that aim

enlargement first: membership 51 (1945) → 193, mostly 1960s decolonisation → UNSC non-permanent seats 6 → 10 (1963) → negotiations on working methods/representation continue → system broadened: UNDP, UNICEF, WFP → development track: Kofi Annan’s coherence reforms (1990s) → 2030 Agenda + SDGs replace MDGs → rights track: Human Rights Council replaces Commission on Human Rights (2006) → latest: Guterres’s three-area restructuring (development system / peace and security architecture / management) → political and peacebuilding affairs split from peace operations

the core is untouched → 2005 World Summit Outcome Document sought a representative Council, no unanimity → Charter amendment needs two-thirds of the Assembly + two-thirds of the Council including every permanent member → Weiss: entrenched interests block reform

Route 1 machinery reformed; Council composition and the veto await political agreement

Route 2 reform incremental and glacial → direction clear (a Council reflecting contemporary power), but major-power rivalry keeps it slow