Route 1 modern state = sole authority over security & economy → transnational actors unsettle it → state now shares space it once held alone

Route 2 modern state historically supreme within its borders → cross-border actors work independently of governments → line staked: state reshaped, not replaced

Thiel: transnational actors = agents with trans-societal goals, apart from state control (MNCs, NGOs, terror/criminal, diasporas) → MNCs / Nye: loss of control over currency & trade → transfer mispricing + treaty shopping → extraterritoriality → diluted labour/health regulation → NGOs / Simmons: agenda-setting, negotiating outcomes, conferring legitimacy → aid agencies bypass governments → suspected as Western agents (China, Russia, India) → terrorist/non-state actors: security dilemma + distorted policy → FDI deterred → Scholte: states pushed into post-sovereign governance (Basel, OECD, FATF) → Cooper: European “postmodern states” within security communities

realist rejoinder, Buzan → state still the principal security provider → only body with both capacity to act and authority to define a threat

Route 1 state transformed and constrained, but not displaced → remains central

Route 2 authority now shared, sovereignty reshaped → state adapts via post-sovereign governance rather than dissolving