PYQ Vault · Paper 2 · India & South Asia — Part 1
Discuss the steps required to realise ‘hydro-co- operation’ between India and Bangladesh
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
R! 54 rivers, only two under agreement — JRC idle since 2011 → water shared river by river, as volume — steps must move it to basin management R2 what has failed is the frame, not the goodwill → each river negotiated separately, each deal a division of quantity — co-operation begins when the unit shifts from river to basin
Body flow
) institutional first: JRC revived, stronger mandate, mediation capacity (Raja Mohan) — procedural content: hydrological data exchange, joint feasibility studies for hydro sites, framework agreements on sharing / operation / disputes (Karim) — engineering reform: Farakka’s design ignored sediment — ecologically informed engineering + basin commissions with powers above the states (Nilanjan Ghosh)
Counter-view
commissions above the states collide with federal politics — Teesta framework fell in 2011 to West Bengal’s objections — five of its poorest districts live off the river — consent has to be carried, not overridden
Conclusion routes
‘onclusion routes ) R1 Muni: strategic interest not to be blocked by narrow domestic concerns — water linked to transit and trade → dividing volume becomes sharing benefit R2 sequence the steps: data and institutions first, allocation last → a wider benefit is what makes the state’s consent affordable
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
