PYQ Vault · Paper 2 · Key Concepts in International Relations
Transnational actors have qualitatively transformed the world by the way of their fresh insights and actions. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
R1 Thiel: cross-border agents pursuing goals independently of governments impact is qualitative, not additional → interstate cooperation gives way to multi-actor governance * R2 open with the shift itself: rules once written only by states → today ideas, delivery and legitimacy come from outside them → place Thiel’s definition inside that shift
Body flow
fresh insights = ideas -. advocacy networks + epistemic communities + World Bank / UNESCO → knowledge, agenda-setting, norm diffusion → persuasion, not command → winning coalitions built with domestic actors → Risse → thenactions → MSF + Amnesty in Syria, Myanmar, Ukraine → Simmons: agenda, negotiation, legitimacy → MNCs (Google, Amazon, Apple) on tax and labour → Nye: direct and indirect pressure → Taliban and Hamas win recognition → state response → Scholte: post-sovereign governance (Basel, OECD, FATF) → formal inclusion: Cardoso Report, Global Compact
Counter-view
realists: these actors run on state sponsorship, no independent role → feminists: MNC policies harm women → Buzan: state remains the principal security provider
Conclusion routes
; R1 the transformation is qualitative → rule-making, implementation and legitimacy are now shared tasks → R2 states remain central but are no longer the sole authors of world order → governance is multi-actor, not post-state
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
