PYQ Vault · Paper 1 · Social Movements
Discuss the role of environmental movements in shaping the environmental governance in India.
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
bebve | RI | Governance not state-handed → Kohli: societal forces and movements shaped it → local routes conflicts become national policy questions. | R2 | Chipko / Silent Valley / Narmada → carry sustainability, justice and equity into a debate that once called ecology a rich-nation luxury.
Body flow
Body Activism gives force to Art 48-A + 51-A(g).. new statutes and bodies (EP Act, Forest Conservation flow Act, FRA, EIA, NGT) → PIL — judiciary as a governance actor -. M. C. Mehta cases (Ganga, vehicular emissions, deforestation) — Gadgil: the participatory turn → People’s Biodiversity Registers + Western Ghats report.
Counter-view
Countar- Movements are not the sole driver → Sinha: resource-intensive development, not activism alone → view Narain: fire-fighting, development model intact → weak implementation / localised / state- corporate / low priority.
Conclusion routes
Panrlucten | RI | Rewrote how the environment is governed, not the direction of development. routes | R2 | Law + courts + participation reshaped; the structural development model only slowed.
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
