How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
Macpherson defends democracy as human development, not electoral procedure – modern theory has lost classical democracy's moral purpose strength = restoring democracy's moral core → open question = is his remedy realisable
Body flow
empirical school attacked (Schumpeter → elites for votes / Dahl → group competition) → both reduce democracy to a market-equilibrium system → procedure, not emancipation; humanist aspiration weakened → classical moral foundation recalled (developmental process + emancipation) → liberal democracy's self-image rejected (no liberal monopoly, not the perfect form) → property franchise, workers’ rights only after socialist pressure → liberalism historically undemocratic → communist / Third World systems may also qualify → core distinction: extractive vs developmental power → capitalism gives the propertied class both, workers keep minimal developmental power, lose creative freedom → ideal democracy: maximise developmental power, remove extractive power → three spheres: constitutional + socialist production + equality values → democracy not built on institutions alone
Counter-view
Norman Barry: the ideal is idealistic, hard to realise under scarcity → abolishing extractive power assumes conditions that rarely hold
Conclusion routes
his worth lies in retrieval — democracy recovered as creative freedom and human development judged by feasibility the prescription falls short, but the moral recovery of democracy is his real contribution
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
