Route 1 Macpherson defends democracy as human development, not electoral procedure → modern theory has lost classical democracy’s moral purpose

Route 2 strength = restoring democracy’s moral core → open question = is his remedy realisable

empirical school attacked (Schumpeter → elites for votes / Dahl → group competition) → both reduce democracy to a market-equilibrium system → procedure, not emancipation; humanist aspiration weakened → classical moral foundation recalled (developmental process + emancipation) → liberal democracy’s self-image rejected (no liberal monopoly, not the perfect form) → property franchise, workers’ rights only after socialist pressure → liberalism historically undemocratic → communist / Third World systems may also qualify → core distinction: extractive vs developmental power → capitalism gives the propertied class both, workers keep minimal developmental power, lose creative freedom → ideal democracy: maximise developmental power, remove extractive power → three spheres: constitutional + socialist production + equality values → democracy not built on institutions alone

Norman Barry: the ideal is idealistic, hard to realise under scarcity → abolishing extractive power assumes conditions that rarely hold

Route 1 his worth lies in retrieval — democracy recovered as creative freedom and human development

Route 2 judged by feasibility the prescription falls short, but the moral recovery of democracy is his real contribution