How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Body flow
Locke = foundational thinker of liberal democracy — three ideas (freedom + property + constitutionalism) joined into one design for legitimate government western democracy = power both authorised by people and limited by law + both trace back to Locke
Counter-view
state of nature: freedom + equality within natural law, not licence, vs Hobbes — natural rights (life, liberty, property) prior to government — consent as the only legitimacy, will of people not hereditary command — social contract — community — institutions by majority — taxation by consent/representatives. [property] "lives, liberty and estates" under the general name property — not material alone, inalienable rights — government's purpose = protect property — right of resistance → [constitutionalism] power bound by law, “wherever law ends, tyranny begins" – government astrust — separation of powers + rule of law → liberal constitutionalism → synthesis: constitutionalism restrains, democracy authorises, liberal democracy needs both
Conclusion routes
constitutional liberalism historically distinct from democracy (Zakaria) → their union an achievement, not automatic — without constitutional limits majority may oppress; without democracy limits stay elitist western democracy inherits Locke's union of freedom, property, consent, representation, constitutional restraint government the people authorise and the law restrains — power both authorised and limited
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
