How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Route 1 Mill separates controlling the direction from running the government → representative democracy as the device for popular control of direction
Route 2 a whole people cannot govern directly → so they must command the direction → representation secures that command
Mill / Considerations → ideal form for a modern state → large society cannot decide directly → suffrage + elected representatives set broad direction, skilled hands execute → two tests of good government (virtue + intelligence; using people’s capacities) → control cannot stop at the ballot → local participation as “schools of political capacity” → expertise still needed → popular control of direction + expert conduct of detail → elections + accountability keep that control real
Schumpeter: only a contest for votes, no real control of policy → Rousseau: sovereignty cannot be represented, surrender forfeits command → Pateman & Barber: representation thins involvement, accountability fades between elections
Route 1 Mill’s line is a test, not just a description → representation is democratic only while the people steer the direction
Route 2 control captured by a powerful few → representation survives in form, lost in substance
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
