How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
democracy * counting votes -—. foundation is citizens reasoning together → legitimacy from free + fair deliberation among equals political equality + equal moral worth → diversity of opinion as strength needing tolerance — deliberation, not aggregation, grounds legitimacy
Body flow
‘ihrem deliberation vs voting → Bessette revives term as deliberation declines, vs Bentham's aggregate democracy (majoritarianism, individual pleasure) → produces informed opinions, citizens revise preferences → voice over choice, debate over voting — "free": expression, association, dissent → Mill (silencing = assuming infallibility) → reasons surface, not the loudest voice — "fair": equal standing, non-coercive → Habermas ideal speech (force of better argument, not power) → Rawls reasons others can accept → fair framework → Cohen pluralism as source of legitimacy
Counter-view
ideal hard to realise → power inequalities distort, dominant styles exclude weaker groups → Fraser (single public sphere silences subaltern voices)
Conclusion routes
free = openness, fair = equality – reasoned self-rule, not a headcount Sen: "government by discussion" → deliberation turns power into legitimate collective judgement
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
