PYQ Vault · Paper 2 · Comparative Politics
Discuss the political socialization of open and closed societies.
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
re define via Easton & Dennis → acquiring political orientations → character set by the system it serves e2 socialization as a universal function (Almond & Verba: sustains the system) → but its content is regime-dependent
Body flow
Body How | Common function (Parsons: cohesion + stability; Almond & Verba: incorporate, sustain) → what differs = agents + content → open societies: plural agents, critical thinking, debate, dissent, participant civic culture → closed societies: state monopoly, single regime ideology, controlled media, schooling serves state narrative, indoctrination
Counter-view
binary under strain → social media reshaping socialization even in closed societies → Arab Spring, Zapatista
Conclusion routes
‘onclusion routes kr open-closed distinction holds, but the state monopoly is no longer secure in the digital age e2 same universal function turned to opposite ends → citizens in open societies, subjects in closed ones
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
