Route 1 Locke = foundational thinker of liberal democracy → three ideas (freedom + property + constitutionalism) joined into one design for legitimate government

Route 2 western democracy = power both authorised by people and limited by law → both trace back to Locke

state of nature: freedom + equality within natural law, not licence, vs Hobbes → natural rights (life, liberty, property) prior to government → consent as the only legitimacy, will of people not hereditary command → social contract → community → institutions by majority → taxation by consent/representatives → [property] “lives, liberty and estates” under the general name property → not material alone, inalienable rights → government’s purpose = protect property → right of resistance → [constitutionalism] power bound by law, “wherever law ends, tyranny begins” → government as trust → separation of powers + rule of law → liberal constitutionalism → synthesis: constitutionalism restrains, democracy authorises, liberal democracy needs both

constitutional liberalism historically distinct from democracy (Zakaria) → their union an achievement, not automatic → without constitutional limits majority may oppress; without democracy limits stay elitist

Route 1 western democracy inherits Locke’s union of freedom, property, consent, representation, constitutional restraint

Route 2 government the people authorise and the law restrains — power both authorised and limited