Examine the various causes of agrarian crisis in India.
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Route 1 visible distress (suicides, marches, migration) → crisis of profitability
Route 2 farming no longer viable → causes structural & policy-driven, not natural
unreformed land base (failed reforms, fragmentation, tenant exclusion / PM-Kisan) → state retreat (falling investment, weak irrigation, no extension) → Dhanagare: dependence shifts landlords → markets, state fails to regulate → liberalisation exposure (WTO, subsidised imports, price shocks, input costs, moneylenders) → Gulati: farmer gets ~25% of consumer price → climate stress (drought, groundwater) → rainfed suicides Maharashtra/Karnataka
Sen & Bhagwati: subsidies mainly aid rich farmers, remove them → fault is misdirected support, not its absence
Route 1 Sainath: neoliberal policy + corporate input costs, not natural failure
Route 2 Swaminathan’s remedy: procurement + C2+50% MSP as the corrective
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
