Examine the various causes of agrarian crisis in India.
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Route 1 visible distress (suicides, marches, migration) → crisis of profitability
Route 2 farming no longer viable → causes structural & policy-driven, not natural
unreformed land base (failed reforms, fragmentation, tenant exclusion / PM-Kisan) → state retreat (falling investment, weak irrigation, no extension) → Dhanagare: dependence shifts landlords → markets, state fails to regulate → liberalisation exposure (WTO, subsidised imports, price shocks, input costs, moneylenders) → Gulati: farmer gets ~25% of consumer price → climate stress (drought, groundwater) → rainfed suicides Maharashtra/Karnataka
Sen & Bhagwati: subsidies mainly aid rich farmers, remove them → fault is misdirected support, not its absence
Route 1 Sainath: neoliberal policy + corporate input costs, not natural failure
Route 2 Swaminathan’s remedy: procurement + C2+50% MSP as the corrective
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
Also asked on this head
Planning and Economic Development — 12 questions in the Vault.
- Land reforms programmes led to some constitutional amendments. Comment.
- The blueprint of Gram Swargaj is the key to understand the Gandhian perspective on planning. Discuss.
- The legacy of the Planning Commission still has a bearing on India’s development policies. Discuss.
How this is taught
The same flow snapshot, built for every head of the syllabus, with the answer written in class.
The first session of Foundation 2027 is published in full.
Six programmes across three levels.