PYQ Vault · Paper 2 · Representation & Participation
Discuss the role of social movements in strengthening the democratic processes in developing societies.
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
Kothari: social movements as non-party political processes → marginalised bypass elite-captured institutions, shape policy from outside — platform for minorities adds legitimacy + effectiveness → Tarrow: spread of democratic rights makes the state the target — Tilly: high-capacity states absorb collective action, low-capacity states breed violence → illustrations: Myanmar / Section 377-LGBT gap parties ignored / Anna Hazare —- AAP — new communication ee Ae a, ee ee ae ee
Body flow
a a I a NN a at tr role not unqualified → movements can turn anti-democratic (Nepal, parts of Africa → civil war) → Bayat: without deeper narlitiral_anrnnnanamicr Chanda dnole ctaw nmnt af raacrh
Counter-view
a a es eS ee Ee es BR 5 mea mee er oe ery eo erent movements deepen participation beyond procedure — strengthen democracy in developing societies outcome hinges on state capacity + restraint — supplement, not replace, formal channels
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
