PYQ Vault · Paper 2 · Representation & Participation
Examine the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) movement in developed societies and how it is affecting the political participation in developing societies.
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
LGBT movement = new social movement of the developed West → quality of life over material demand its real weight for developing societies → how it widens who takes part in politics
Body flow
Habermas: economic security → rights + autonomy → postmodern deconstruction of masculinity/femininity → recognition under the third generation of human rights (Vasak) → Western methods: lobbying / marches / social media / art → fills state-society gap parties ignored → India: NALSA 2014 (reservation + third gender as first- time voter identity) → Navtej Singh Johar (Section 377 struck down) → participation widens: transgender candidates, closeted sections enter public life
Counter-view
in developing societies NSMs still nascent → closer to conventional protest than Western sophistication → gains uneven
Conclusion routes
Western-born movement opens new political space in the developing world recognition abroad → participation at home, but widening stays uneven
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
