How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Route 1 procedural = fair rules / method → substantive = fair outcome → judged by condition of the disadvantaged
Route 2 justice not only in a neutral process → asks who actually gains → outcome-test over rule-test
content + outcome of laws, real distribution → close to socialism → can the poor improve their condition → needs-based over rights-based → progressive extension of self-development opportunity → state central: curb wealth concentration, redistribution / welfare / land reform → Young: change unjust structures, not just individual remedies → Rawls: substantive concern inside a procedural theory (Difference Principle)
liberal worry: outcome-focus can weaken liberty and formal equality → substantive reply: formal equality alone leaves injustice untouched
Route 1 procedure fixes the method, substance fixes the result → both needed; substance gives justice its social content
Route 2 in a deeply unequal society formal equality is not enough → substantive justice makes equality material
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
Also asked on this head
Justice — 11 questions in the Vault.
- Explain how Rawls used the liberal and egalitarian perspective to develop his concept of distributive justice.
- Rawls’ idea of the ‘liberal self’ is too individualistic. Explain, in this context, the communitarian critique of Rawls’ theory of justice.
- Dr. Ambedkar’s idea of social justice leads to ‘egalitarian justice’ as compared to Rawls’ ‘justice as fairness’ which aims at the notion of ‘pure procedural justice’....
How this is taught
The same flow snapshot, built for every head of the syllabus, with the answer written in class.
The first session of Foundation 2027 is published in full.
Six programmes across three levels.