PYQ Vault · Paper 2 · Globalisation
What is globalisation? Why is there an intense debate about globalisation and its consequences?
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
G9 define via Giddens → intensification of worldwide social relations / time-space compression → theme is interdependence globalisation = overlapping, contradictory processes → resists a single definition → the contest starts with “what it even is"
Body flow
definition (integration + interdependence) → disagreement over the state → Ohmae (real, borders/sovereignty erode) → Gilpin (buzzword, states in command) → Held (reshapes, states remain) → shift to consequences → O'Neill gains (inequality down, poverty halved, fewer battle deaths) → Mehta (Western stagnation, xenophobia) → Thakur (soft imperialism, uncivil society)
Counter-view
liberal optimism (O'Neill's gains) set against the Marxist-postcolonial charge of neo-imperialism and the dark side (Thakur) — one process, opposite readings
Conclusion routes
R1 intense because it is a double-edged sword with unevenly shared gains → contested across rival lenses prosperity for the liberal, new imperialism for the Marxist → hence the call for a humane, inclusive Globalisation 4.0
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
