9 PM Daily Current Affairs Brief – May 10th, 2023
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GS PAPER - 2
Green crosshairs – A multi-pronged counter is warranted to tackle the EU’s carbon tax plans
Source: The post is based on the article “Green crosshairs – A multi-pronged counter is warranted to tackle the EU’s carbon tax plans” published in The Hindu on 10th May 2023.
Syllabus: GS 2 – Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests.
Relevance: About Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism of EU.
News: The European Union (EU) proposes to introduce a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in the upcoming October. The carbon levies are estimated to be in the range from 19.8% to 52.7
What is Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and Why it is a cause of worry for India?
According to EU, the CBAM will ensure its climate objectives are not undermined by carbon-intensive imports and spur cleaner production in the rest of the world.
Must read: EU’s carbon border tax – Explained, pointwise |
Last year, about a third of India’s iron, steel and aluminium exports were shipped to EU members. Engineering products are the largest export growth driver in recent years. So, the CBAM will impact Indian exports to Europe.
What are India’s options against the CBAM?
The Centre view the tax as a sophisticated trade barrier put out within ‘greenwashing’ optics.
-The EU believes the carbon tax is compatible with World Trade Organization norms, but India is looking to challenge that.
-India may also flag the incompatibility with the UN’s climate change framework which moots common but differentiated responsibilities for developed and developing nations.
-A threat of retaliatory tariffs on EU imports might also be feasible.
Read more: Exporting into a world with carbon tax |
What India should do against the CBAM?
India at present is planning to quantify the various carbon taxes levied in India. Many of the poorer countries rely more heavily on mineral resources than India does.
Having positioned itself as the voice of the global South, the current president of G20, India should explore all the options against the CBAM and also alarm other nations about the EU’s carbon tax framework.
Stressing stability – Indian policymakers must remain vigilant
Source: The post is based on the article “Stressing stability – Indian policymakers must remain vigilant” published in The Hindu on 10th May 2023.
Syllabus: GS 3 – Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
Relevance: About Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism of EU.
News: The Financial Stability and Development Council, headed by Union Finance Minister deliberated the need for having more early stress indicators to enable regulators to identify potential problems and deal with them in time.
What are the various macroeconomic risks that necessitated the need for early stress indicators?
a) There are several interrelated risks emanating from the global economy. The increased global economic and financial interdependence has increased risks. Though this interconnectedness has merits, emerging market countries like India should build safety margins to limit the downside risks.
b) Ongoing trouble in the US banking system: Three out of the four biggest bank failures in the US have happened over the past two months. A sharp increase in interest rates by the US Federal Reserve has led to large losses in the investment portfolio of banks. As a result, handling the pressure of deposit withdrawal is becoming difficult for some banks.
Though they may not pose an immediate threat to financial stability, policymakers would do well if they remain prepared.
c) Impact of the US banking system on Indian IT firms: The banking and financial services sector is a major source of revenue for Indian technology firms. So, their impact can directly affect the functioning of Indian IT firms.
d) High budget deficit in several advanced economies: The fiscal deficit is expected to average over 6% of gross domestic product (GDP) over the next decade. This will be significantly higher than the average of about 3.5% of GDP witnessed in recent decades and will have implications for the global financial markets.
e) US Fed and other central bank’s policies: A structurally higher deficit in the US would mean the Fed might maintain higher interest rates for a longer period. The higher demand for savings by the US and other governments in the developed world would limit the amount of funds flowing to emerging market countries.
f) Volatility in currency markets: Sustained higher budget deficits and higher interest rates could also increase volatility in currency markets.
Since India has no control over the things that unfold in advanced economies, it is required to identify early stress indicators.
Overall, from the Indian government’s side, the government should bring down the fiscal deficit at the earliest. This will help reduce dependence on foreign capital and improve macroeconomic stability.
Jailhouse Shock – Tihar won’t change unless some authority is made directly responsible for running it
Source: The post is based on the article “Jailhouse Shock – Tihar won’t change unless some authority is made directly responsible for running it” published in The Times of India on 10th May 2023.
Syllabus: GS 2 – Mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of vulnerable sections.
Relevance: About managing Tihar Jail.
News: Recently, a gangster has been murdered in his prison cell in Tihar jail.
About the present incident in Tihar and Delhi High Court’s observation
No prison guard apparently saw the assailants as they reached their victim, nor were any present at the victim’s cell. Another CCTV clip shows police standing by as a second attack began.
This murder came weeks after the death of another gangster in a gang war inside Tihar. The Delhi high court said that the incident was ‘Totally unacceptable’.
About the previous court observations on Tihar jail and its authorities
The Supreme Court in the past has pulled up Tihar authorities for collusion with inmates in flouting the jail manual and obfuscating investigation. Courts have criticised GoI and the Delhi government for “passing the buck” on security at the jail.
The present one should prompt all stakeholders to revisit the multiplicity of authority.
Read more: Tihar jail to get AI-powered surveillance system |
What are the challenges in managing Tihar Jail?
-Prisons are a state subject. Tihar is run by the Delhi government. But, the DG (Prisons) is an officer on deputation from Delhi police, which reports to the government of India.
-Delhi police are in charge of custodial duties while patrolling, perimeter security, search etc are undertaken by Tamil Nadu Special Police, ITBP and CRPF.
Tihar is a place where some of India’s most dangerous criminals reside and are in great danger. So, until some authority is made directly responsible for running it the condition won’t change.
How strategic convergence between US, UAE, Saudi Arabia and India can help Delhi
Contents
- 1 What is the new foreign approach of India towards the Middle east?
- 2 What are some facts about Pakistan’s role in Middle East affairs?
- 3 How has the US changed its approach to the Middle east?
- 4 What is the current geopolitical dynamics of the Middle east?
- 5 What are the options for Indian strategic establishment in the Middle east?
Source– The post is based on the article “How strategic convergence between US, UAE, Saudi Arabia and India can help Delhi” published in “The Indian Express” on 10th May 2023.
Syllabus: GS2- International relations
Relevance– Changing dynamics in the middle east
News- The recent meeting in Riyadh between Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and the national security advisers of the US, UAE, and India underlines the growing strategic convergence between Delhi and Washington in the Gulf.
What is the new foreign approach of India towards the Middle east?
It is a major departure from the traditional approaches to the Middle East. India followed the principles of the Nehruvian foreign policy. It proposed that Delhi must either oppose Washington or keep its distance from it in the Middle East.
The approach was broken with the formation of a four-nation grouping called I2U2 that brought the US, India, Israel, and the UAE together.
Modi’s foreign policy rejected the notion that Delhi can’t be visibly friendly to Israel. He also transformed India’s uneasy relations with Saudi Arabia and the UAE, into solid strategic partnerships.
Delhi is interested in a new quadrilateral with the US, UAE, and Saudi Arabia.
The US is not the only Western power that India is beginning to work with in the Gulf. France has emerged as an important partner in the Gulf and the Western Indian Ocean. India now has a trilateral dialogue with Abu Dhabi and Paris.
What are some facts about Pakistan’s role in Middle East affairs?
As India withdrew from its historic geopolitical role in the Middle East, Pakistan became the lynchpin of the Anglo-American strategy in the Gulf.
Pakistan was a key part of the Baghdad Pact created in 1955 along with Britain, Iraq, Iran, and Turkey to counter the Communist threat to the region.
After Iraq pulled out in 1958, the pact became the Central Treaty Organisation and moved to Ankara. The regional members of CENTO formed a forum on Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) in 1964.
CENTO was dissolved in 1979, and the RCD morphed into Economic Cooperation Organisation in 1985.
Pakistan’s continuing strategic decline makes it less relevant to the changing geopolitics of the Gulf. Pakistan in the 1950s was widely viewed as a moderate Muslim nation with significant prospects for economic growth.
Now, it is facing the challenges of violent religious extremism and a weak economy.
Pakistan has drifted too close to China. Islamabad is tempted to align with China and Russia in the region. Former Prime Minister Imran Khan’s rush to Moscow when Russian President Vladimir Putin was about to invade Ukraine.
How has the US changed its approach to the Middle east?
The US is discarding its pro-Pakistan bias in thinking about the relationship between the Subcontinent and the Gulf.
The US will not abandon the Middle East. But it is recalibrating its regional strategy. US National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan has highlighted several elements of the new US approach. One was about building new partnerships, including with Delhi.
The other was about the integration of the Arabian Peninsula into India and the world. It will focus on I2U2 and new regional coalitions.
What is the current geopolitical dynamics of the Middle east?
Beijing is now the second most important power in the world. Its diplomatic and political influence in the region will continue to rise. Yet, Beijing is nowhere near displacing Washington as the principal external actor in the Gulf.
The Anglo-Saxon powers have no desire to cede the Gulf to Beijing.
There are rising powers in the Arabian Peninsula, especially Saudi Arabia and the UAE. The Gulf kingdoms have accumulated massive financial capital and are undergoing ambitious economic transformation.
They have also begun to diversify their strategic partnerships, develop nationalism rather than religion as the political foundation for their states. They are promoting religious tolerance at home, and initiating social reform.
What are the options for Indian strategic establishment in the Middle east?
Emerging Arabia opens enormous new possibilities for India’s economic growth. It enhances the scope of Delhi’s productive involvement in promoting connectivity and security within Arabia and between it and the regions including Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean.
The engagement should also help India overcome the forces of violent religious extremism within the Subcontinent.
India should go for modernisation of Delhi’s strategic discourse on the Gulf and a conscious effort to change the outdated popular narratives on the Arabian Peninsula.
Securing the migrant vote
Source– The post is based on the article “Securing the migrant vote” published in “The Hindu” on 10th May 2023.
Syllabus: GS2- Salient Features of the Representation of People’s Act
Relevance– Voting issues related to migrants
News– Lokniti-Centre for the Study of Developing Societies conducted a study between April 28 and May 1 among the migrant voters of Bengaluru to find out their voting patterns.
What were the main findings of the study in the localities of migrant workers from north and north-east ?
Nearly 99% of them were not registered as voters in Karnataka. Most of these workers who live in houses near power mills or in makeshift arrangements near construction sites continued to retain their names on the voter lists of their home constituencies.
Some of them were not able to adequately exercise their political voting rights due to geographical constraints. They found it difficult to travel home for every election.
There were fewer than 5% of migrants whose families were living with them. They were concerned that their localities were not safe for women.
There was little awareness among the migrant workers about the ECI’s proposal to introduce RVMs. 80% of them supported the proposal when they were told about it. They were happy that RVMs would enable them to vote there.
Less than 10% expressed their apprehensions about this mode of voting. Many voiced their concerns and anxieties about the system’s accuracy.
Despite the difficulties involved in casting their vote, the respondents greatly valued their voting rights. They said it was their duty and responsibility to vote as citizens of the country. They also said that voting is important in a democracy.
The migrants said none of them had ever received money or goods or services from any candidates or parties in exchange for their vote. They said they travelled back to their home States without any support or expectations.
The study also indicated the involuntary choices that migrant workers have to make in order to maintain a minimum standard of living.
Many of the migrant workers from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Assam, said low and irregular wages and lack of opportunities in their home States were reasons for their migration without their families.
They were happy to move to their home States if they were offered comparatively lower pay. The most popular reason for this was to be closer to home and to their families and fewer expenses.
Migrant workers are often apprehensive about registering themselves as voters in any other State apart from their home State. This is due to various reasons such as frequent changes in residence, fear of losing property in their home State.
What is the scenario of the use of Remote Voting Machines by migrants?
The Election Commission of India has proposed it. It seeks to extend voting facilities to such migrant workers who find it difficult to travel to their native place to vote.
Some political parties objected to RVMs. As per them, ECI has not responded to pending complaints and questions about the trustworthiness of Electronic Voting Machines.
RVM initiative is much-needed, but it requires an additional push. It needs more thought and greater transparency.
A question from Manipur: Who is an ST?
Source– The post is based on the article “A question from Manipur: Who is an ST?” published in “The Indian Express” on 10th May 2023.
Syllabus: GS2- Polity
Relevance– Identity politics
News– Rcenetly, there were voilent protest in Manipur over demand for affirmative action by the state’s Meitei community.
What are issues regarding ST status in India?
The stakes of reservation or affirmative action have become higher amid economic liberalisation and neoliberal reform.
Many marginalised groups not recognised as STs observe as their ST neighbours reap the advantage of affirmative action benefits. Such disparities can spark inter-community tensions and conflicts.
ST status has become a contentious issue. There are about 720 recognised STs in the country today. At least a thousand more groups are vying for recognition as STs.
These are symptoms of a crisis in India’s over-burdened, out-of-date reservation system.
There have been important policy documents that have made the same point.
The 2006 draft “The National Tribal Policy for the Scheduled Tribes of India” observed that, there is an increasing clamour from many communities to get included as ST. Adding new communities to the list reduces the benefits to existing STs. Therefore, it should be done, only if there is no room for doubt.
The draft pointed to the problematical nature of the official criteria for defining STs laid out by the B N Lokur Committee in 1965. These criteria are hardly relevant today. Other more accurate criteria need to be fixed. But, it may not be easy.
Justice Jasraj Chopra committee was appointed in 2007 by the Rajasthan government to examine the Gujjars’ demand for ST status.
As per the committee, a national debate should be initiated on the existing norms for according ST status to any community. Certain criteria should be abrogated as they had become outdated.
What are issues related to Assam’s Adivasi community seeking ST status?
It raises profound questions about our system of reservation. In Northeast India, unlike in the rest of the country, the word Adivasi, is not used as an equivalent for ST.
The only major group of people that call themselves Adivasi are not officially recognised as ST. They are the descendants of tea workers brought as indentured workers to Assam.
The region’s established STs don’t self-identify as Adivasi because of the “backwardness” associated with the term. They prefer the English words tribe or tribal for self-identification.
The census of 1891 classified tea workers simply as labourers. But the term Adivasi has a special appeal to their descendants because its original use was by tribal leaders of Jharkhand. They regard the place as their original home.
People who have spent years in tea plantations cannot be expected to retain their primitive traits and distinctive culture that marked their ancestors in other states.
They realy warrants some relaxation in the criteria. They are descendants of those having ST recognition in their places of origin.
If the Adivasis are among Northeast India’s most deprived people today, it is the result of the precedence accorded to indigeneity over citizenship and successful cultural adaptation into local societies.
GS PAPER - 3
India’s stumble on rupee trading holds a lesson on globalization
Contents
- 1 What is de-dollarisation, what are the global efforts towards the De-dollarisation of trade, and How is India pursuing the de-dollarisation of trade?
- 2 How dominant is US Dollar in global trade?
- 3 About Special Rupee Vostro Accounts
- 4 Why are millions of rupees lying unused with Russia?
- 5 Why Russia wants to hold further trade with India in dollars?
- 6 What India needs to do to ensure successful trade settlements in Rupee?
Source: The post is based on the article “India’s stumble on rupee trading holds a lesson on globalization” published in the Livemint on 10th May 2023.
Syllabus: GS 3 – Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
Relevance: About the trade settlements in Rupee.
News: As China, India, and Russia trying to trade using partner currencies for payment instead of the U.S. dollar. Many Russian banks have opened Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVA) with partner banks in India. Russia has said that it had “accumulated billions of rupees in accounts in Indian banks” and to use this money “the rupees need to be transferred to another currency.”
What is de-dollarisation, what are the global efforts towards the De-dollarisation of trade, and How is India pursuing the de-dollarisation of trade?
Must read: De-dollarisation of trade: Opportunities and challenges – Explained, pointwise |
How dominant is US Dollar in global trade?
Read here: The de-dollarisation debate |
About Special Rupee Vostro Accounts
Read here: Explained | Vostro Accounts and how they facilitate trade |
Why are millions of rupees lying unused with Russia?
In 2022-23, Russia was India’s fourth largest import partner, with a total of $46.5 billion worth of goods imports. Among that, Petroleum and petroleum products alone comprise almost 2/3rd of the imports. Coal and fertilizers were the other major imports.
That same year, Russia was India’s 36th largest export destination with total exports of $3.2 billion. So, Russia ran a $43.3 billion trade surplus, meaning that India had much more to buy from Russia than vice versa.
Further, other countries are unlikely to accept Indian rupees from Russia for payment of purchase, simply because they have limited purchase options with India.
So, Russia is not comfortable holding rupees and wants to be paid in Dollars, Chinese yuan or other currencies.
Note: In 2021, total global exports (goods and services) stood at $27.9 trillion, whereas India’s exports stood only at 2.4% of global exports.
Why Russia wants to hold further trade with India in dollars?
If the trade was held in dollars, then Russia has the options like a) Use the surplus dollars in other countries, b) The dollars could be converted quickly into another currency like the euro and be used to pay for Russian purchases, c) The dollars could be invested in dollar assets like US Treasury bonds to earn a rate of return.
Read More: Trade Settlement in Rupee – Explained, pointwise |
What India needs to do to ensure successful trade settlements in Rupee?
The structure of the global economy makes it very difficult to carry out any significant amount of international trade without invoicing in dollars. Further, the rupee accounts for just 1.6% of global foreign exchange transactions.
The Russian example shows that India needs to export more so that other countries can use rupees to buy stuff from India.
Controversial calls on predatory pricing
Contents
Source: The post is based on an article “Controversial calls on predatory pricing” published in Business Standard on 10th May 2023.
Syllabus: GS 3 – Industrial Policy, Infrastructure
Relevance: problems with predatory pricing
News: The article discusses concerns over predatory pricing by telecom operators.
What is the issue?
In the last month, Bharti Airtel alleged that Reliance Jio was indulging in predatory pricing. The allegation was that Jio was offering live TV channels as part of its bundled broadband plan.
However, Jio in a complaint to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Trai) called Airtel’s allegation baseless.
Further, Vodafone Idea accused both Reliance Jio and Bharti Airtel of predatory pricing in their 5G data offering. However, both Jio and Airtel have denied such allegations.
Like these, there are multiple instances where one telecom operator has put charges against the other for involving in predatory pricing.
How has TRAI responded?
TRAI is keeping a closer look over telcos offering unlimited 5G data and it may lay down some rules on unlimited data.
However, the regulator would not take actions that disrupt India’s 5G growth due to various political reasons and due to India’s G20 presidency this year.
What are the concerns over predatory pricing?
Predatory pricing was a major issue a few years back when Reliance Jio entered the market with its disruptive tariff plans. Its plan resulted in decreased subscriber base of other telcos, leading to losses.
Airtel put allegation against Reliance Jio over predatory pricing back in 2017. However, its allegation was rejected by the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
CCI said that Reliance Jio is not a dominant player in the market and therefore, its plans do not involve the question of predatory pricing.
Moreover, today both Jio and Airtel are dominant players and both of them provide services like unlimited 5G data, live TV, etc., which may be a case of predatory pricing.
However, as per experts, offering extras such as live TV, more data or unlimited data cannot be categorised under predatory pricing.
Moreover, other than predatory pricing issue, concern remain over its regulation.
What are the regulatory issues over predatory pricing?
The Supreme Court in the Bharti Airtel vs CCI in 2018 authorized TRAI as the regulator to settle any case on predatory pricing in telecom. However, the Telecom Bill, which is expected soon, will bring greater clarity on the matter.
Moreover, any issue concerning predatory pricing should be first taken up by the TRAI and then any party can go to CCI for a follow-up.
However, an expert panel in 2012, has recommended mandatory consultation between CCI and the regulator concerned to arrive at a harmonious solution over the issues concerning predatory prices.
Therefore, a Telecom Bill that clarifies the regulating authority over predatory pricing is urgently needed.
Must Read: Draft Telecommunication Bill, 2022 – Explained
Source: Business Standard
What a total ban on diesel vehicles could mean in India
Contents
Source: The post is based on an article “What a total ban on diesel vehicles could mean in India” published in The Indian Express on 10th May 2023.
Syllabus: GS 3 – Environment
Relevance: concerns over banning diesel-powered four-wheel vehicles
News: The Energy Transition Advisory Committee formed by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has recommended a ban on the use of diesel-powered four-wheel vehicles by 2027 in cities with a population of more than 1 million.
It recommended shifting towards electric and gas-fuelled vehicles along with city transport consisting a mix of Metro trains and electric buses by 2030.
Why has the panel come up with such a proposal?
The panel’s recommendation is along the lines of the government’s aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and to produce 40% of its electricity from renewables as part of 2070 net zero goal.
Diesel currently accounts for about 40% of India’s petroleum products consumption. Therefore, the proposed ban will be significant in achieving the desired government’s aim.
What are the issues with the proposal?
Around 87% of diesel fuel sales are in the transport segment, with trucks and buses accounting for about 68%.
Therefore, difficulties in implementing a total ban are – (a) Carmakers and oil firms have invested greatly in shifting to BS-VI, and all of those investments might be lost if a complete ban is enacted and (b) a total ban would cause serious disruptions in the commercial vehicles segment, where diesel penetration is very high and alternative fuels options such as EV, CNG, and LNG are still being explored.
Note: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Haryana account for almost 40% of the diesel sold in India.
What actions have diesel vehicle manufacturers taken?
Maruti Suzuki, the nation’s largest producer of passenger cars, discontinued producing diesel cars from April 1, 2020.
Since 2020, most carmakers have discontinued diesel car manufacturing. As a result, the contribution of passenger vehicles to overall diesel vehicle demand has fallen to 16.5%, compared to 28.5% in 2013.
Why do people prefer diesel vehicles?
People prefer diesel vehicles because – a) diesel vehicles use less fuel per km, b) there are lesser chances of diesel vehicles to stall, and c) lower cost of the diesel compared to petrol.
However, the price of the diesel increased after 2014. Due to which, sales of diesel vehicles have fallen. Diesel cars accounted for less than 20% of overall passenger vehicle sales in 2021-22.
Why are carmakers moving away from diesel engines and what are the drawbacks of diesel engines?
The major drawback of diesel engines over petrol is that diesel engines have a higher compression ratio. This causes increase in emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), leading to pollution.
Moreover, carmakers have turned away from diesel engine cars because the new BS-VI emission norms involve a high cost of upgrading diesel engines to meet the new standard, unlike petrol engines cars.
What lies ahead?
Steps have been taken to reduce emission from the diesel such as – a) standards under BS-VI have necessitated oil refineries to reduce the level of sulphur in diesel and b) the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has developed a standard for diesel containing 7% biodiesel.
Therefore, looking at the current demand of diesel in the market, the government should concentrate on phasing-out diesel rather than completely banning diesel vehicles.
Minimising the threat from IEDs
Source– The post is based on the article “Minimising the threat from IEDs” published in the “The Hindu” on 10th May 2023.
Syllabus: GS3- Security
Relevance– Issues related to Maoism
News– On April 26, an IED killed 10 security personnel of the District Reserve Guard in Chhattisgarh’s Dantewada area. The jawans were out on an anti-Maoist mission when they were ambushed.
What is the way forward to overcome the threats of use of IEDs by Maoists?
Avoid travel by vehicle– The safest mode of travel is on foot in a region where left-wing extremism is active. Studies show that over 60% of casualties in Maoist territories are because of vehicles ambushed in landmines/IEDs.
Routine operations like area domination, cordon-and-search, long range patrolling, ambush-cum-patrolling should only be undertaken on foot. Vehicle travel should be undertaken rarely. It should be only for urgent operational reasons.
If vehicle travel is absolutely essential, the onward and return journeys should never be by the same route.
To avoid the risk of civilian casualties, Maoists do not trigger IEDs during night time. Hence, night travel by vehicles is relatively safe for security forces.
Use of armoured vehicles and protective gear– In certain war zones, vehicular deployment is inevitable. Security forces working in such areas should be equipped with appropriate protective gear, such as blast-resistant clothing, helmets, and eye protection.
Their vehicles should also be equipped with V-shaped and armour-plated hull, blast-resistant technology and proper sandbagging to minimise damage in the event of an explosion.
Machine guns and other weapons should be mounted on top of the vehicles with outward facing rotatory seats, from where the men can have a 360-degree observation outside.
Security forces should always travel in a convoy of minimum two to three vehicles. They should maintain a distance of at least 40 to 50 metres between them.
Safe travelling– There is a need for rigorous and regular implementation of various detection methods. It includes metal detectors, ground-penetrating radar, and trained sniffer dogs, to locate and clear IEDs.
Areas known or suspected to contain landmines or IEDs can be mapped and contingency plans prepared for them. This includes establishing safe routes, setting up checkpoints, and creating evacuation plans as part of both preventive and mitigation measures.
Intelligence– It is important to gather actionable intelligence. But, due to risks of reprisals by terrorists, locals usually do not provide information for money alone.
Relationships have to be cultivated and goodwill generated among the local population on a long-term basis. It should be beyond transactional levels. This requires patience, commitment, empathy and integrity on the part of security forces.
Investigation– There is simply no substitute for good routine investigation of IED ambushes. An IED ambush is not an insular, standalone event. There is a whole ecosystem behind it. It includes financiers, suppliers, transporters, builders and triggermen.
Diligent and scientific investigation, establishment of linkages through collection of evidence, framing of chargesheets, followed by speedy trials and conviction, serve as a strong deterrent to terrorism.
Other measures– These include collaboration with international organisations, NGOs, and other countries to share information, resources, and best practices for landmine and IED prevention, detection, and clearance.
There is a need for implementation and enforcement of national and international laws, policies, and regulations aimed at preventing the use, production, and trade of landmines and IEDs.
Legislative measures are required for mandatory addition of chemicals and biosensors to explosives used in industry and mining for their easy detection during transport.
Legislative measures are required for stricter controls on manufacture, supply and sale of explosives and detonators. Other countries have taken several counter-IED measures. The U.S has set up the Joint Improvised-Threat Defeat Organisation to prevent, identify and defeat IEDs.
There is a need to create an overarching agency under the Ministry of Home Affairs to coordinate the efforts of both the Government of India and the State governments. It can provide legislative, technological and procedural support to law enforcement agencies.
Ban on diesel vehicles by 2027: Reasoning and Challenges – Explained, pointwise
Contents
- 1 Introduction
- 2 What are the recommendations of the Indian government panel to Ban on diesel vehicles?
- 3 What is the rationale behind the recommendation to Ban on diesel vehicles?
- 4 What are the other countries which are looking to ban diesel vehicles?
- 5 What will be the impact of the Ban on diesel vehicles?
- 6 What are the potential alternatives to diesel vehicles?
- 7 What are the challenges in executing the ban on diesel vehicles?
- 8 What should be done?
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Introduction
As environmental concerns take centre stage, India contemplates a significant shift in its automotive industry. A government panel, the Energy Transition Advisory Committee (ETAC), recommends a ban on diesel vehicles in cities with a population of over a million by 2027.
This bold step aims to curb emissions and promote a transition to electric and gas-fueled vehicles. However, the proposed ban brings its own set of challenges, from upsetting the automotive industry to disrupting public transport and logistics.
What are the recommendations of the Indian government panel to Ban on diesel vehicles?
Ban on Diesel Vehicles in Major Cities: The panel recommends banning the use of diesel-based four-wheeler vehicles by 2027 in cities with a population of over a million (10 lakh) and in polluted towns.
Transition to Electric and Gas Vehicles: They proposed a transition to electric and gas-fuelled vehicles in such places to reduce emissions.
No New Diesel Buses: The committee suggests that by 2030, no city buses should be added which are not electric, and diesel buses for city transport should not be added from 2024 onwards.
Promotion of Electric Vehicles (EVs): The panel advises the government to extend the incentives under the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles scheme (FAME) beyond March 2024 to promote the use of EVs.
Increase Use of Railways and Gas-Powered Trucks: The panel also recommends ramping up the use of railways and gas-powered trucks for transporting cargo.
These recommendations aim to help the Indian government reach its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and producing 40% of its electricity from renewables to meet its 2070 net zero goal.
What is the rationale behind the recommendation to Ban on diesel vehicles?
Environmental Impact: A shift to electric and gas-powered vehicles would likely result in significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, which is a major issue in many Indian cities. This could improve public health and contribute to global efforts to combat climate change.
Health Concerns: Diesel vehicles contribute significantly to air pollution. They emit higher levels of particulate matter (PM) and noxious gases, which can lead to severe health issues like heart and lung diseases. For instance, the Automotive Research Association of India reported that the transport sector contributes up to 20% of the PM 2.5 emissions, a key air pollutant.
Alignment with Global Trends: Many countries are moving towards cleaner energy sources for transportation to meet their climate goals. Banning diesel vehicles aligns India with these global trends. For example, European countries like France and the UK have already announced plans to phase out diesel and petrol vehicles in the coming years.
Fostering Clean Technology: Banning diesel vehicles can stimulate the development and adoption of cleaner technologies, such as electric and hybrid vehicles. Such as, with a clear end date for diesel vehicles, automakers would be incentivized to invest more in developing and improving electric vehicle technology.
Read more: India to work towards zero-emission cars by 2040 |
What are the other countries which are looking to ban diesel vehicles?
Many countries around the world have announced plans to ban diesel vehicles in the coming years to combat air pollution and climate change. Here are a few:
United Kingdom: The United Kingdom has planned to ban the sale of new petrol- and diesel-engined cars by 2030, while all new cars and vans sold must be fully zero emission by 2035.
France: has pledged to stop selling fossil fuel cars by 2040.
Germany: German cities started putting restrictions on older diesel vehicles that emit larger amounts of pollutants in 2018.
Norway: wants to ditch fossil fuel-powered cars by 2025, much before other countries.
Netherlands: The Netherlands aims to have only emissions-free vehicles on its roads by 2030. United States: announced it would ban the sale of diesel and petrol cars by 2030.
European Union: European Parliament gave the green light to new legislation to ban the sale of petrol and diesel cars from 2035. Under the law, all cars and vans sold in the European Union must be zero-emission by 2035.
Read more: Explained:How cars can run on hydrogen fuel Cell |
What will be the impact of the Ban on diesel vehicles?
Impact on Environment
Reduction in Air Pollution: With diesel vehicles off the roads, there will be a significant reduction in the emission of particulate matter and harmful gases. This will improve air quality, especially in cities.
Lower Carbon Emissions: As electric vehicles (EVs) replace diesel cars, CO2 emissions will decrease, helping India meet its climate change commitments and move towards a more sustainable future.
Impact on Carmakers
Need for Technological Shift: Car manufacturers will have to invest heavily in EV technology and other technology and associated infrastructure. This might prove to be challenging, especially for those heavily invested in diesel technology.
Potential Financial Loss: Companies that have recently invested in making their diesel engines compliant with new emission standards might face financial losses if a diesel ban is implemented.
Impact on Consumers
Initial High Costs: EVs typically have a higher upfront cost than diesel vehicles. This could make the transition difficult for some consumers, especially those in lower income brackets. Changes in
Maintenance and Running Costs: While the initial cost of EVs is high, they have lower running and maintenance costs compared to diesel vehicles. Over time, this can offset the initial investment.
Need for Infrastructure: The lack of adequate charging infrastructure might be a challenge for potential EV owners. However, with the government’s push for EVs, infrastructure development is expected to improve.
Read more: Why railways around the world are ditching diesel for hydrogen |
What are the potential alternatives to diesel vehicles?
Electric vehicles (EV): It is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. However, The most significant disadvantage of electric vehicles is that they must be charged regularly.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicles: CNG vehicles use compressed natural gas, a cleaner-burning alternative to diesel. CNG vehicles produce fewer emissions and are often cheaper to run than diesel vehicles. However, the shortage of CNG stations and reduced storage space due to large CNG tanks are the major disadvantages of this vehicle.
Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs): FCVs use hydrogen gas to power an electric motor. They produce no tailpipe emissions, with water vapour being the only by-product. However, the infrastructure for hydrogen fueling is less developed compared to other alternatives.
Biofuel Vehicles: Biofuel vehicles run on fuels derived from organic materials, such as corn or sugarcane. These fuels can be used in traditional internal combustion engines and can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are concerns about the impact of large-scale biofuel production on food supply and prices.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Vehicles: LPG, also known as autogas, is a clean-burning fossil fuel that can be used in internal combustion engines. LPG vehicles produce fewer emissions than diesel vehicles and are often cheaper to run.
Must read: Adoption of EVs: Challenges and Solutions – Explained, pointwise |
What are the challenges in executing the ban on diesel vehicles?
Infrastructure for Alternatives: One of the major challenges is establishing the infrastructure for alternative fuels or electric vehicles. For instance, electric vehicles require a network of charging stations, which are currently not as widely available as diesel refuelling stations.
Investment Recovery: Automakers have invested heavily in diesel technology to meet existing emission standards. The proposed ban could lead to significant financial losses for them.
Transition of Commercial Vehicles: Commercial vehicles, including trucks and buses, mostly run on diesel. Transitioning this sector to cleaner alternatives will be challenging due to the specific requirements of these vehicles, such as the need for high torque and long-range capabilities.
Consumer Acceptance: Changing consumer behaviour and preferences is always challenging. Consumers may have concerns about the cost, performance, and reliability of alternative vehicles.
Read more: State-run oil marketing companies to buy biodiesel made from used cooking oil |
What should be done?
Incentives for Clean Vehicles: The government should provide incentives to consumers and manufacturers for adopting cleaner vehicles. This could be in the form of tax rebates, subsidies, or discounts on electric vehicles (EVs).
Investment in Infrastructure: Significant investment should be made in developing the necessary infrastructure for alternative vehicles, especially charging stations for EVs. For example, Public and private entities could collaborate to establish charging stations at convenient locations like shopping centers, public parking lots, and along major highways.
Public Awareness Campaigns: Public awareness campaigns should be conducted to educate consumers about the benefits of clean vehicles and the potential harm caused by diesel emissions.
Support for Commercial Vehicles: Specific programs should be implemented to support the transition of commercial vehicles from diesel to cleaner alternatives. For instance, subsidies could be offered to transport companies to offset the cost of replacing their diesel trucks with electric or hybrid models.
Phased Implementation: Instead of an abrupt ban, a phased implementation could be considered. This allows consumers and manufacturers time to adjust and plan accordingly. Such as the ban could start with major cities and gradually extend to smaller towns. It could also start with specific types of vehicles, like public buses or delivery vehicles, before expanding to all types of diesel vehicles.
Research and Development: Encourage research and development in cleaner technologies and alternative fuels. This can be done through government funding and by fostering partnerships between academia and industry. Like, a government-funded research program could be established to develop more efficient batteries for electric vehicles or more effective emission control technologies for biofuel vehicles.
Sources: Indian Express, Times Now (Article 1 and Article 2), The Hindu, Economic Times, The Hindu Businessline
Syllabus: GS – 3: Environment and Bio-diversity: Conservation
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