History and Art & Culture articles in News for UPSC IAS Prelims 2024
Guru Padmasambhava
August 28, 2024↓Source- This post on International Conference on the Life and Legacy of Guru Padmasambhava has been created based on the article “International Buddhist Confederation to organize a Two-day Conference at Nalanda, Bihar on the Life and Legacy of Guru Padmasambhava” published in “PIB” on 28th August 2024.
Why in News?
The International Buddhist Confederation, in partnership with Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, will host a two-day International Conference in Nalanda, Bihar.
About International Conference on the Life and Living Legacy of Guru Padmasambhava
Source: ARTIWELL Aspects Description About A two-day International Conference on the Life and Living Legacy of Guru Padmasambhava will be organised on 28th and 29th august, 2024 in Nalanda, Bihar. Organised by International Buddhist Confederation (IBC) in collaboration with Nava Nalanda Mahavihara. Conference Themes 1. Biographical Insights and Mythology of Guru Padmasambhava.
2. Teachings of Vajrayana Buddha Dhamma and the Tantra
3. Cultural and Artistic Contributions of Guru Padmasambhava
4. Travels and Regional Impact of Guru Padmasambhava
5. Legacy and his Contemporary Relevance in today’s world.Objectives of the Conference 1. To celebrate the diverse Dhamma legacy of Guru Padmasambhava through manuscripts, relics, paintings, and monuments.
2. To gain insights into his approach of integrating local customs and rituals to effectively transmit the teachings of Buddha.
3. To understand how Guru Padmasambhava adapted Buddha Dhamma to local cultures, making the faith more accessible and relatable.About Guru Padmasambhava
1. Padmasambhava is a highly revered figure in Tibetan Buddhism and is often regarded as the “Second Buddha” due to his significant role in spreading Buddhism throughout Tibet and the Himalayan regions.
2. The name Padmasambhava, meaning “Lotus-Born,” reflects his miraculous birth from a lotus flower in a lake within the kingdom of Oddiyana, believed to be in the Swat Valley of present-day Pakistan or a mythical region in northwestern India.
3. Padmasambhava introduced Vajrayana Buddhism, which focuses on esoteric practices such as mantras, mudras, and visualizations, as pathways to enlightenment.
4. He taught numerous forms of meditation and passed down secret tantric teachings that became foundational to Tibetan Buddhism, particularly within the Nyingma school, which considers him its founding master.
5. Padmasambhava is also known for concealing numerous spiritual treasures, or termas, across Tibet and surrounding areas. These teachings were intended for future generations and were to be discovered by enlightened beings known as tertöns.
6. His life and accomplishments are celebrated in numerous texts, and he is frequently depicted in thangka paintings, sculptures, and religious artwork throughout the Himalayan region.
7. Guru Rinpoche’s Day, observed on the 10th day of the lunar month, serves as a tribute to his enduring influence. Devotees across the Himalayan region participate in prayers, meditation, and rituals to honor his teachings and seek his blessings for spiritual growth.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Dhangars Community
August 24, 2024↓Source- This post on Dhangars Community has been created based on the article “Who are the Dhangars of Maharashtra and why are they asking for ‘grazing corridors’ in forests?” published in “Indian Express” on 24th August 2024.
Why in News?
A large group of Dhangars marched to the subdivisional officer’s office in Khamgaon, Buldhana district, Maharashtra. They demanded the establishment of a “grazing corridor” for their sheep and goats.
About Dhangars Community
Source: IE 1. About: The Dhangars are a community known for herding sheep and goats. They follow a nomadic lifestyle, moving along specific routes to graze their animals. They are part of Maharashtra’s Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes (VJNT) list.
2. Where They Live: They are primarily found in Maharashtra. Dhangars also live in Gujarat, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh where they are known by different names like Golla and Kuruba.
3. Population and Economic Dependency: The Dhangars are estimated to be around 1 crore which makes up about 9% of Maharashtra’s population. About 40% of the community relies solely on herding for their livelihood underscoring the importance of their traditional grazing routes.
What Are the Dhangars Demanding?
1. Grazing Corridors: They are asking for “grazing corridors” to be allowed to graze their animals on traditional routes without being seen as illegal encroachers. They argue that their grazing practices benefit the land and do not harm the forests. Their traditional grazing routes are vital for their livelihood and are deeply rooted in their cultural heritage.
2. Scheduled Tribe (ST) Status: The Dhangars want to be classified as a Scheduled Tribe (ST) to receive reserved benefits in education and jobs which they currently do not get under their existing VJNT (Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes) category.
3. Forest Rights: They seek rights under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 to access traditional grazing lands which currently mainly benefits those with ST status.
UPSC Syllabus: Tribes in news
Eri Silk
August 17, 2024↓Source- This post on Eri Silk has been created based on the article “NEHHDC achieves Oeko-Tex Certification for Eri Silk, marking a milestone for Northeast’s unique vegan silk” published in “PIB” on 16 August 2024.
Why in News?
Recently, The North Eastern Handicrafts and Handlooms Development Corporation (NEHHDC) under the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), Govt. of India, successfully obtained the prestigious Oeko-Tex certification for its Eri Silk directly from Germany.
About Eri Silk
Source: acupofassamtea.com| Aspects Description About 1. Eri Silk, also known as “Peace Silk” or “Vegan Silk,” is a unique type of silk derived from the Eri silkworm (Samia ricini).
2. Unlike other silk production processes, Eri Silk is made without harming the moth inside the cocoonProduced by It is predominantly produced in the North-Eastern states of India, particularly Assam. It is also found in Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, and other regions. Unique Characteristics 1. Eri Silk is considered the world’s only vegan silk because the moth is not killed during the extraction process. The moth naturally exits the cocoon, leaving it intact for silk production.
2. The production of Eri Silk is environmentally friendly with a focus on compassion and sustainability.
3. It is known for its softness, warmth, and durability.
4. It has a distinct texture, often compared to wool, making it versatile for various garments and textiles.
5. It is highly breathable and has excellent temperature-regulating properties, making it suitable for both warm and cool climates.Cultural Significance 1. Traditional Craftsmanship: It holds deep cultural importance in Assam, where it is traditionally handwoven by skilled artisans. It is a part of the region’s rich textile heritage.
2. Geographical Indication (GI) Status: It is a GI-tagged product of Assam, which means it is recognized for its authenticity and regional significance.Contributions to Sustainable Fashion 1. Oeko-Tex Certification: It recently obtained the prestigious Oeko-Tex certification, which ensures that the textile is free from harmful substances and produced under environmentally friendly conditions.
2. International Market Potential: The certification enhances its credibility on the global stage, paving the way for its expansion into international markets.Future Prospects The Oeko-Tex certification is expected to help Eri Silk penetrate global export markets establishing a strong international presence. UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
National Treasure at Fort St. George Museum, Chennai
August 14, 2024↓Source- This post on National Treasure at Fort St. George Museum, Chennai has been created based on the article “NATIONAL TREASURE AT FORT ST. GEORGE MUSEUM, CHENNAI” published in “PIB” on 13 August 2024.
Why in News?
As India prepares to celebrate its 78th Independence Day on August 15th. So, the Fort St. George Museum in Chennai proudly displays India’s national treasure, which is one of the first flags hoisted on August 15, 1947, and the only surviving flag from that momentous day.
About the Historic Flag at Fort St. George Museum
Source: pib 1. This historic flag measures 12 feet in length and 8 feet in width, which is one of the first flags hoisted on August 15, 1947.
2. This flag serves as a significant symbol of India’s struggle for independence and the moment of its victory.
3. It was crafted from pure silk.
4. It was ceremonially hoisted at 5:30 AM on August 15, 1947, at Fort St. George in Chennai.
About Fort St. George Museum
Source: PIB 1. The Fort St. George Museum is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
2. The city of Chennai originated from the British settlement at Fort St. George, which expanded by merging several native villages and European settlements, eventually forming the city of Madras.
3. The concept of creating a museum to preserve colonial-era relics was proposed in 1946 by Col. D.M. Reid of the Madras Guards.
4. The museum was officially opened to the public on January 31, 1948.
5. The museum features over 3,500 colonial-era artifacts, displayed across nine galleries that showcase the history of the Raj and the fort.
6. The Indian Independence Gallery within the museum highlights the evolution of the Indian flag, narrating the stories and significance behind the Tiranga (Tricolor).
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Lunisolar calendar
August 13, 2024↓Source- This post on lunisolar calendar has been created based on the article “Ancient calendar, possibly world’s oldest, found: Could it document a long-ago disaster?” published in “Times of India” on 13 August 2024.
Why in News?
Recently, scientists have discovered what is believed to be the earliest known lunisolar calendar.
About the lunisolar calendar
Source: TOI 1. Site of the discovery: The calendar has been discovered at Göbekli Tepe. It is an ancient site in southern Turkey. The site is known for its temple-like enclosures, and this discovery adds to its significance as one of the most important archaeological sites in the world.
2. Significance of the Calendar: The calendar documents a significant astronomical event, a comet impact that occurred around 13,000 years ago. This event is believed to have had a profound effect on Earth, possibly triggering a 1,200-year ice age and leading to the extinction of many large animals.
3. Carvings on the Pillars: The pillars at Göbekli Tepe contain detailed carvings, including V-shaped markings. Scientists suggests that these carvings record the date and story of the comet fragments that struck Earth around 10,850 BC. The V-shaped symbols are thought to represent days in a lunisolar calendar.
4. Cultural and Historical Impact: The carvings suggest that ancient people were capable of observing and recording the movements of the sun, moon, and constellations, marking seasonal changes and significant events.
UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology
Kerala Jewish communities
August 13, 2024↓Source- This post on Kerala Jewish communities has been created based on the article “Once thriving, now all but gone: a history of Kerala’s Jewish communities” published in “Indian Express” on 13 August 2024.
Why in News?
Kerala’s Jewish communities, which were once vibrant population, have been seeing a significant decline in population. From an estimated 20,000-50,000 in the mid-1940s, India’s Jewish population today stands at around 4,000-5,000, mostly from the Bene Israel community.
Kerala’s Jewish population was historically divided into two main groups- the Malabar Jews and the Paradesi Jews.
About Malabar Jews
Source: IE 1. Malabar Jews, also known as Cochin Jews, trace their origins to the days of King Solomon, approximately 3,000 years ago. They were initially settled in Cranganore (modern-day Kodungallur in Thrissur district).
2. Copper plates from around 1,000 CE detail the privileges granted to the Jewish leader by the Hindu ruler of Cranganore. From the 14th century onwards, especially after the Portuguese arrival, they moved south to Cochin, where they were welcomed by the local king.
About Paradesi Jews
1. Paradesi Jews, meaning “foreign” Jews, arrived in India in the 15th and 16th centuries from the Iberian Peninsula due to persecution by Catholic rulers. They settled on the Malabar coast and in Madras (now Chennai), engaging in the spice trade and the diamond trade.
2. Paradesi Jews adopted the Malayalam language and local customs, but eventually distanced themselves from the older Jewish community in Kerala, leading to the formation of two distinct groups.
3. Paradesi Jews were often referred to as White Jews and Malabar Jews as Black Jews.
Prominent Families and Community Decline
1. The Koder family was among the most prominent in the Paradesi Jewish community. Samuel Koder, a leading figure, managed the Cochin Electric Company and was a noted authority on the history of Kerala’s Jews.
2. Since the 1950s, there has been a steady migration of Kerala Jews to Israel, where over 4,000 Cochinim (mostly Malabar Jews) now reside. Today, only 14 Malabar Jews and one Paradesi Jew remain in Kerala.
Legacy and Remaining Structures
1. “Jew Streets” in Mattancherry and Kochi, along with formerly Jewish-owned shops and businesses, serve as remnants of Kerala’s Jewish heritage.
2. Kerala has seven synagogues, the most prominent being the Paradesi Synagogue in Mattancherry, built in 1568 CE. Three other Paradesi synagogues at Paravur, Chendamangalam, and Mala are now protected monuments.
3. The Kavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue is one of the remaining Malabari synagogues. It was taken over by the state government in 2021 for conservation.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Bagata Tribe
August 6, 2024↓Source- This post on Bagata Tribe has been created based on the article “In dark shadow of a powerhouse: tribes who built A.P power project live in darkness” published in “The Hindu” on 6 August 2024.
Why in News?
The Bagata tribal people, who worked on the Lower Sileru Hydro-Electric Project construction, continue to live in darkness as they struggle to obtain electricity.
About Bagata Tribe
Aspects Description About 1. The Bagata tribe resides in the states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
2. The Bagatas trace their community name to devoted warriors (Bhaktas) of the former rulers.
3. The Bagata tribes engage in farming to meet their daily needs.Alternate Names They are also known as Bagatha, Bagat, Bagodi, Bogad, or Bhakta. Dance forms Dhimsa is a popular dance enjoyed by Bagata tribes of all ages, who participate energetically. Their dances are collectively known as Sankidi Kelbar. Family 1. Nuclear families are common within their society.
2. Cross-cousin marriage is preferred, and marriage by negotiation is considered ideal.Language 1. They primarily speak a form of the Oriya language among themselves.
2. Telugu and Adivasi Oriya are their main languages.Religion They worship Hindu gods and goddesses alongside their family and tribal deities. UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Benefits of Making Charaideo Moidams to the UNESCO World Heritage List
July 27, 2024↓Source- This post on the Benefits of Making Charaideo Moidams to the UNESCO World Heritage List has been created based on the article “Royal burial mounds of the Ahom dynasty from Assam make it to UNESCO World Heritage List” published in “The Hindu” on 27 July 2024.
Why in the news?
Recently, the Charaideo Moidams, an ancient mound-burial system from the Ahom dynasty in Assam, has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
This 700-year-old site, added on Friday, is now the 43rd property from India to be included in this esteemed list.
Benefits of Making it to the UNESCO World Heritage List
1. Global Recognition and Prestige:
i) Achieving World Heritage status brings international attention and respect, showcasing the region’s unique and significant cultural heritage.
ii) The recognition elevates the status of the site, aligning it with other globally renowned heritage sites.
2. Tourism Boost:
i) World Heritage status typically leads to increased tourism, attracting visitors from around the world.
ii) Enhanced tourism can stimulate local economies, providing new opportunities for businesses, jobs, and infrastructure development.
3. Cultural Preservation:
i) Being listed encourages efforts to preserve and protect the site, ensuring its cultural and historical integrity for future generations.
ii) It often leads to increased funding and resources dedicated to the conservation and maintenance of the site.
4. Educational and Research Opportunities:
i) The site becomes a focal point for educational programs and research, attracting scholars, historians, and archaeologists.
ii) It provides a rich resource for academic studies and can promote awareness and understanding of the region’s cultural heritage.
5. Community Pride and Identity: Local communities often experience a sense of pride and enhanced identity from having a World Heritage site. It fosters a connection to their heritage and can enhance cultural traditions and practices.
6. Sustainable Development: World Heritage status encourages sustainable tourism and development practices, ensuring that the economic benefits do not come at the expense of the site’s preservation. It promotes balanced and responsible management of natural and cultural resources.
7. International Cooperation:
i) Being part of the World Heritage community facilitates international cooperation and exchange of best practices in conservation and management.
ii) It can lead to partnerships and collaborations with other World Heritage sites and global heritage organizations.
8. Funding and Grants:
i) UNESCO listing can open doors to various funding opportunities and grants for conservation, research, and tourism development. It ensures long-term financial support for the upkeep and promotion of the site.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Cultural Property Agreement
July 27, 2024↓Source- This post on the Cultural Property Agreement has been created based on the article “India and United States of America sign the first ever ‘Cultural Property Agreement” published in “PIB” on 27 July 2024.
Why in the news?
The Cultural Property Agreement was signed on 26th July 2024 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi between India and the United States of America.
About the agreement
PIB 1. This agreement is signed between India and U.S.A.
2. The objective of the agreement is to prevent and curb the illicit trafficking of antiquities between India and the USA.
2. The agreement aligns with the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.
3. The agreement restricts the importation into the USA of certain archaeological and ethnological materials.
4. The Designated List includes items ranging from 1.7 million years ago to 1947 CE. The USA will return any forfeited objects on the Designated List to India.
5. Significance: The agreement is seen as a significant step towards preserving India’s rich cultural heritage and historical artifacts. Preservation and protection of cultural heritage have become integral to India’s foreign policy, particularly under Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi’s leadership.
6. G20 Presidency and Global Cooperation: Under India’s G20 Presidency, the protection and promotion of cultural property emerged as a main priority. The Kashi Culture Pathway, endorsed by the G20 Culture Working Group emphasizes strengthened global efforts to fight the illicit trafficking of cultural property.
7. Benefits:
The agreement enhances cultural diplomacy and sustainable development. Repatriation of artifacts promotes tourism, stimulates local economies, and fosters cultural stewardship. Leveraging cultural assets for educational enrichment, social cohesion, and economic empowerment promotes inclusive development.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture, International agreement
National Mission for Manuscripts
July 26, 2024↓Source- This post on the National Mission for Manuscripts has been created based on the article “NATIONAL MISSION FOR MANUSCRIPTS” published in “PIB” on 26 July 2024.
Why in the news?
The National Mission for Manuscripts aims to document, conserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s manuscript heritage.
About National Mission for Manuscripts
1. The National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) is an autonomous body under the Culture Ministry.
2. It was launched in 2003.
3. NMM’s mandate includes identifying, documenting, conserving, and making accessible India’s manuscript heritage.
4. The manuscripts encompass a variety of themes, textures, aesthetics, scripts, languages, calligraphies, illuminations, and illustrations.
5. NMM’s motto is ‘conserving the past for the future’.
6. Approximately 75% of existing manuscripts are in Sanskrit, while 25% are in regional languages.
7. NMM has digitised 3.3 lakh manuscripts, containing about 3.1 crore folios. Over 1.18 lakh manuscripts have been uploaded, but only about 70,000 are available online for public access.
8. The mission has documented approximately 5.2 million manuscripts across India. The mission has conserved 90 million folios of manuscripts. The mission has digitized 3.5 lakh manuscripts, amounting to 3.5 crore pages.
9. The mission has uploaded 1.4 lakh manuscripts on its web portal, out of which 75,000 manuscripts are available online for free access to researchers and the public. The mission has conducted over 100 conservation workshops.
10. The mission has published more than 100 books since its inception, with the list of these publications available in Annexure-I. The mission has established over 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Sangameswara Temple
July 26, 2024↓Source- This post on the Sangameswara Temple has been created based on the article “Sangameswara shrine submerges in Krishna river” published in “The Hindu” on 25 July 2024.
Why in the news?
The Sangameswara Temple has recently submerged in the backwaters of the Srisailam project in Nandyal district following heavy inflow from the Krishna River.
About Sangameswara Temple
1. Location: It is situated in Nandyal district, Andhra Pradesh. It is positioned on the banks of the Krishna River.
2. Historical Significance:
i) It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It was originally built in 740 AD by Chalukya ruler Pulakesi II.
ii) Initially located at the confluence of the Tungabhadra and Krishna Rivers, 10 km from its current site.
iii)The temple was dismantled and reassembled rock-by-rock at its present location in 1979 due to submergence caused by the Srisailam Dam construction.
3. Features:
i) Architectural Style: It is built in the Nagara style. It has elevated platform with a fortified wall surrounding the temple.
ii) Structure: It has a large hall supported by 12 pillars leading to the sanctum. It has also a circumambulatory path around the sanctum for performing pradakshinas (ritual circumambulation). The ceiling features a large relief of Nagaraja, characteristic of Chalukya temples.
iii) Pillars in the hall are adorned with intricate engravings of Lord Vishnu, Brahma, Kumaraswamy, and celestial couples. Each corner of the temple features carvings of crocodiles.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Vishnupad and Mahabodhi Temples
July 25, 2024↓Source- This post on the Vishnupad and Mahabodhi Temples has been created based on the article “Bihar’s Vishnupad and Mahabodhi temples, for which corridor projects were announced” published in “The Hindu” on 25 July 2024.
Why in the news?
Recently, the finance minister announced during her Union Budget speech that corridor projects will be built for the Vishnupad Temple in Gaya and the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, both located in Bihar.
About Vishnupad Temple
1. Location: The Vishnupad Temple is situated in Bihar, on the banks of the Falgu River. It is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
2. The temple was built in 1787 on the orders of Queen Ahilyabai Holkar of Ahmadnagar.
3. Architecturally, the temple is around 100 feet tall and has 44 pillars.
4. Cultural Significance: Devotees visit the temple during Pitra Paksh, a period in the Hindu calendar when people take part in rituals to remember their ancestors.
About Mahabodhi Temple
1. Location: The Mahabodhi Temple is located in Bodh Gaya, central Bihar, on the banks of the Niranjana River.
2. Historical Background:
i) The temple stands to the east of the Mahabodhi Tree, where Gautam Buddha is believed to have attained nirvana.
ii) The Mahabodhi Temple Complex was first built by Emperor Asoka in the 3rd century B.C. The present temple dates back to the 5th–6th centuries.
3. Architecture:
i) The temple has a unique shape and a height of 170 feet.
ii) It is one of the earliest Buddhist temples built entirely in brick from the late Gupta period.
iii) This temple is considered to have had significant influence on the development of brick architecture over the centuries.
4. The Mahabodhi Temple was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and architecture
National Mission for Cultural Mapping
July 23, 2024↓Source- This post on the National Mission for Cultural Mapping has been created based on the article “Cultural mapping of villages” published in “PIB” on 23 July 2024.
Why in the news?
The Government of India under the Ministry of Culture has initiated the National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM).
About National Mission for Cultural Mapping
Aspects Description About i) The National Mission for Cultural Mapping was launched in 2017.
ii) It was initiated by the Union Ministry of Culture.Aim The mission aims to develop a comprehensive database of art forms, artists, and other cultural resources across India. Village Documentation and Categories i) The government has identified and documented distinctive features of over one lakh villages across the country.
ii) Villages are broadly divided into seven to eight categories based on mythological, ecological, developmental, and scholastic importance.Budget In 2017, the Culture Ministry approved a budget of ₹469 crores for the mission, intended to be used over a period of three years. Field Surveys Detailed field surveys were conducted by joint teams from the Culture Ministry and the Common Services Centres (CSC), which operate under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. UPSC Syllabus: Art & Culture
Bhojshala Complex
July 18, 2024↓Source- This post on the Bhojshala Complex has been created based on the article “Existing structure at Bhojshala complex in Madhya Pradesh built from temple remains, says ASI survey” published on “The Hindu” on 18 July 2024.
Why in the news?
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) stated in its scientific survey report that the existing structure at the Bhojshala complex was constructed using remains of an earlier temple.
About Bhojshala Complex
Source: Hindujagruti 1. Location: The Bhojshala Complex is located in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.
2. Historical Significance:
i) It was built in 1034 AD by Raja Bhoja (1000-1055 A.D.) who was the greatest monarch of the Paramara dynasty.
ii) It served as a university where students came to learn music, Sanskrit, astronomy, yoga, Ayurveda, and philosophy.
iii) The complex was first attacked by Alauddin Khilji in 1305 AD. In 1514 AD, Mehmudshah Khilji II attacked the complex and tried to convert it into a dargah. He encroached on land outside the Saraswati Temple and built the ‘Kamal Moulana’ Makbara.
3. Inscriptions:
i) Two hymns written in Prakrit, related to the Karmavatar (crocodile incarnation of Vishnu), are engraved in the rocks of the complex.
ii) One inscription contains the Sanskrit alphabet and the main endings of nouns and verbs. Another inscription contains the individual declensions of the ten tenses and moods of Sanskrit grammar.
4. Legal Protection
In 1951, the complex was declared a monument of national importance under the Ancient and Historical Monument and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951.
It is currently protected by the ASI under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Nalanda
July 18, 2024↓Source- This post on Nalanda has been created based on the article “Of a gilded past and the future: Nalanda’s lost glory and new-found ambitions” published in “The Hindu” on 18 July 2024.
Why in the news?
The New Nalanda University campus was recently inaugurated by the Prime Minister.
About Nalanda
Source: TH 
1. Nalanda was an ancient centre of learning and a revered Buddhist site. It was rediscovered in the 19th century, its history goes back to the Gupta dynasty.2. It was founded by Emperor Kumaragupta-I of the Gupta dynasty around 427 AD.
3. It flourished with the support of the Pala kings and the monks of Nalanda, who were patronized by the Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya.
4. It served as a university where students studied music, Sanskrit, astronomy, yoga, Ayurveda, and philosophy.
5. Nalanda’s faculty included renowned names in Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism, such as Aryabhata, Harsha, Dharmapala, Nagarjuna, Dharmakirti, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Chandrakirti, and Silabhadra.
6. Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang spent five years at Nalanda during the reign of Harshavardhan in the 7th century, documenting its rigorous admission tests and scholarly environment.
7. It is recognized as a celebrated Buddhist site after Alexander Cunningham identified it based on Hiuen Tsang’s travel notes and epigraphic records.
8. A king of Sumatra once requested a Pala king’s permission to endow a monastery at Nalanda, highlighting its international connections.
9. Decline and Destruction:
i) It was attacked and ransacked by Bakhtiyar Khalji around 1200 AD, resulting in the destruction of its vast collection of books. Satish Chandra’s “History of Medieval India” and Minhaj-i-Siraj’s “Tabaqat-i-Nasiri” detail these raids.
ii) Historian D.N. Jha contested claims of Nalanda’s destruction, suggesting Bakhtiyar Khalji captured a different fortified monastery, not Nalanda.
iii) Namit Arora argued that many Buddhist sites were abandoned or converted into Brahminical sites before the Turko-Persian invasions, with Nalanda being rediscovered only in the 19th century.
10. Rediscovery and Revival
i) Nalanda was brought back to public memory in the 19th century.
ii) The new Nalanda University campus was inaugurated at Rajgir, aiming to restore its ancient glory.
UPSC Syllabus: History
1. Nalanda was an Opening of the Treasury of Jagannath temple after 46 years
July 15, 2024↓Source- This Post on ” Treasury of Jagannath temple in Puri opened after 46 years” is based on the article “Treasury of Jagannath temple in Puri opened after 46 years” published in “The Hindu” on “15th July 2024”.
Why in News?
Recently, the treasury of the famous Jagannath Temple located in Puri was opened after 46 years. These 46 years saw legal battles, controversies, and debates, on the Ratna Bhandar, or sacred treasury, of the Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri.
About the Jagannath Temple Ratna Bhandar
The Jagannath Puri Temple Ratna Bhandar consists of two chambers- Bahar Bhandar (outer chamber) and Bhitar Bhandar (inner chamber). These chambers contain the jewels of the three sibling deities- Lord Balabhadra, Lord Jagannath, and Devi Subhadra.
Last Inventory Efforts- The inventory list was last prepared in 1978. It recorded a total of 454 gold articles with a net weight of 12,838 Bharis (128.38 kg) and 293 silver articles weighing 22,153 Bharis (221.53 kg).
Need for Opening the Ratna Bhandar- Concerns were raised about the structural stability of the Ratna Bhandar and the safety of ornaments.
High Level Committee- The newly elected Government of Odisha constituted a high-level committee under the chairmanship of former Orissa High Court judge Justice Biswanath Rath (retd.) to supervise the process of cataloguing the valuables. The committee suggested different standard operating procedures and cataloguing of ornaments and safety of valuables.
About the Jagannath Temple
Source- Wikipedia a. The Jagannath Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Jagannath, a form of Vishnu in Hinduism.
b. It is located in Puri in the state of Odisha, situated on the eastern coast of India. As per temple records, King Indradyumna of Avanti built the main temple of Jagannath at Puri.
c. The temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated raths, or temple cars.
d. Unlike the stone and metal icons found in most Hindu temples, the image of Jagannath is made of wood, and is ceremoniously replaced every 12 or 19 years by an exact replica.
e. The temple is sacred to all Hindus, and especially in those of the Vaishnava traditions. Many great Vaishnava saints, such as Ramanujacharya, Madhvacharya, Nimbarkacharya, Vallabhacharya and Ramananda were closely associated with the temple.
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture
Centre to Revise Classical Language Status Criteria
July 9, 2024↓Source- This post on the Centre to Revise Classical Language Status Criteria has been created based on the article “Centre set to tweak criteria for according classical language status” published in “The Hindu” on 9 July 2024.
Why in the news?
The Union government plans to revise the criteria for granting classical language status.
Current criteria for Declaring a Language as Classical
i) Antiquity: The language must have early texts or recorded history spanning 1500-2000 years.
ii) Literary Heritage: The language should have a body of ancient literature or texts considered valuable heritage by generations of speakers.
iii) Original Literary Tradition: The literary tradition should be original and not borrowed from another speech community.
iv) Distinctiveness: The classical language and its literature should be distinct from the modern form, and there may be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or offshoots.
Languages with Classical Status: Tamil declared in 2004, Sanskrit declared in 2005, Kannada declared in 2008, Telugu declared in 2008, Malayalam declared in 2013 and Odia declared in 2014.
Benefits of Classical Language Status
i) Awards: Two major annual international awards for scholars of eminence in classical Indian languages.
ii) Centres of Excellence: Establishment of a Centre of Excellence for studies in Classical Languages.
iii) Academic Support: The University Grants Commission is requested to create a certain number of Professional Chairs for the Classical Languages, at least in the Central Universities.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Discovery of the World’s Oldest Cave Painting
July 9, 2024↓Source- This post on the Discovery of the World’s Oldest Cave Painting has been created based on the article “World’s oldest cave painting was created at least 51,000 years ago” published in “The Hindu” on 9 July 2024.
Why in the news?
Recently, researchers have found the cave painting in Indonesia which is the world’s oldest known evidence of storytelling in art.
Discovery of the World’s Oldest Cave Painting
Source: TH 1. The world’s oldest-known cave painting has been discovered in the limestone cave of Leang Karampuang, located in the Maros-Pangkep region of Sulawesi, Indonesia.
2. This artwork depicts three human-like figures interacting with a wild pig. The painting features a pig measuring 92 cm by 38 cm, painted in a single shade of dark red pigment. There are other images of pigs present in the cave.
3. The painting was created at least 51,200 years ago.
4. Researchers determined this age using a new scientific approach that involves using a laser to date calcium carbonate crystals that formed naturally on top of the painting.
5. The researchers interpret this artwork as a narrative scene, making it the oldest-known evidence of storytelling in art.
7. Significance:
i) These paintings provide the oldest evidence of storytelling, a fundamental aspect of human culture and identity.
ii) The depiction of a pig species that still inhabits Sulawesi links past and present wildlife on the island, highlighting the continuity of the natural environment over tens of thousands of years.
UPSC Syllabus: History
Samayapurathu Mariamman Temple
July 8, 2024↓Source- This post on the Samayapurathu Mariamman Temple has been created based on the article “Coffee-table book on over 1,200-year-old Samayapuram Mariamman temple released” published in “The Hindu” on 8 July 2024.
Why in the news?
In recognition of the temple’s cultural and spiritual significance, The Hindu Group of Publications has released a coffee-table book titled “Samayapuram — The Sacred Seat of Shakti.”
About Samayapurathu Mariamman Temple
Source: Blogspot 1. The Samayapuram Mariamman Temple is located near Tiruchi in Tamil Nadu.
2. It is one of the most revered and ancient temples dedicated to Goddess Mariamman. She is considered an incarnation of Goddess Durga, Mahakali, Adi Shakti, or Nishumbha Sudhini.
3. Historical Background: The current structure of the temple was built by King Vijayaraya Chakkaravarthi in the early 18th century. However, the Goddess was worshipped by locals for centuries before this structure was constructed.
4. Significance: The temple is rich in history and mythology, with many legends surrounding Goddess Mariamman. It is believed that she appeared in this area to protect her devotees and heal their ailments. The temple’s ancient origins add to its mystique and spiritual significance.
4. Architecture:
i) The temple complex features intricately carved pillars, towering gopurams (gateway towers), and spacious halls that resonate with the chants and prayers of devotees.
ii) The sanctum sanctorum houses the idol of Goddess Mariamman, adorned with vibrant flowers, intricate jewelry, and colorful garments, exuding a divine and majestic presence.
iii) The Raja Gopuram or the main tower of the temple is adorned with gold plates that glow brightly during the daytime.
iv) A unique feature of this temple is that the presiding deity can be seen from the main entrance, which is not common in most temples
5. Festivals and Rituals
i) The temple is renowned for its vibrant and elaborate festivals which attract thousands of devotees.
ii) Among the most significant is the annual ‘Poochoriyal’ festival, where devotees offer flowers to the Goddess, seeking her blessings for health, prosperity, and protection.
iii) Other notable festivals include the ‘Panguni Uthiram’ and the ‘Thai Poosam,’ which are marked by grand processions, music, dance, and religious fervor.
iv) Daily rituals at the temple include various forms of ‘pujas’ (prayers) and ‘abhishekam’ (ritual bathing) of the deity.
v) The temple’s sacred ‘theerthams’ (holy water sources) are also believed to have curative properties.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
International Council on Monuments and Sites
July 6, 2024↓Source- This post on the International Council on Monuments and Sites has been created based on the article “Ahom ‘Moidam’ recommended for inclusion in UNESCO World Heritage List” published in “The Hindu” on 6 July 2024.
Why in the news?
The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) has recommended the inclusion of the Ahom era ‘Moidams’ in Assam’s Charaideo district to the UNESCO World Heritage List. These ‘Moidams’ are ancient burial mounds for royal families.
About the International Council on Monuments and Sites
Aspects Description Established It was established in 1965 in Warsaw, Poland. Origins Resulted from the Venice Charter of 1964 Role Provides advice to UNESCO on World Heritage Sites Nature An international non-governmental organization. Members Professionals, experts, and representatives from local authorities, companies, and heritage organizations. Mission Dedicated to conserving and enhancing architectural and landscape heritage globally. About Moidams
Source: The Hindu 1. About: Moidams (also called Maidams) are mound-burial systems used by the Ahom dynasty (13th-19th century).
2. Location: Charaideo was the first capital of the Ahom dynasty which is located over 400 km east of Guwahati. It was founded by Chao Lung Siu-Ka-Pha in 1253.
3. Moidams are found in Northern Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Northern Burma, Southern China, and Northeast India, indicating the spread of Tai-Ahom culture.
4. Significance: It is comparable to the royal tombs of ancient China and the pyramids of the Egyptian Pharaohs.
5. Historical Rule: The Ahom dynasty ruled for about 600 years until the British took over Assam in 1826. After the 18th century, Ahom rulers began cremating their dead and entombing the remains in Moidams at Charaideo.
Source: Art and Culture
Abhaya Mudra
July 3, 2024↓Source-This post on “Abhaya mudra” has been created based on the article “What is the significance of ‘abhaya mudra’, invoked by Rahul Gandhi in Parliament” published in “The Indian Express” on 3rd July 2024.
Why in the news?
Rahul Gandhi invoked the ‘abhaya mudra’ during his first speech as Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha.
About Abhaya Mudra
Source: IE 1. Abhaya Mudra is a gesture characterized by an open palm facing outward, often interpreted as a signal to stop.
2. It is known as the “fearlessness gesture,” derived from the Sanskrit word “abhaya” meaning fearlessness.
3. Symbolism: It represents protection, peace, and the dispelling of fear. In yoga, it is believed to promote courage and reduce fear and anxiety.
4. It is common in many South Asian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It is particularly significant in Thailand and Laos, where it is associated with images of the walking Buddha.
5. According to a Stanford University newsletter,” the open palm gesture likely originated as a natural sign of good intentions, used since prehistoric times. The raised, unarmed hand proposed friendship or peace.
6. In antiquity, it also symbolized power, as seen in the “magna manus” of Roman Emperors, who used the gesture to legislate and grant peace simultaneously.
7. The gesture appears to have evolved from a universal form of human communication, later integrated into major South Asian religions.
Religious significance in Budhism
Buddha and Devadatta: A legend recounts that Devadatta, a jealous cousin of Buddha, tried to kill Buddha by unleashing a rampaging elephant. As the elephant approached, Buddha displayed the Abhaya Mudra, calming the animal instantly. This gesture thus symbolizes not only the calming of the senses but also the absence of fear.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Dodol
June 26, 2024↓Source– This post on Dodol has been created based on the article “GI tag for Dodol: Moving beyond the authenticity debate” published in “Indian Express” on 26 June 2024.
Why in the news?
Last week, the Goa government applied for a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for the Goan sweet Dodol. The All-Goa Baker’s and Confectioners Association applied with the Department of Science, Technology, and Waste Management of the Government of Goa facilitating the process.
About Dodol
Aspects Description About Dodol is a traditional Goan sweet treat which is dark brown and made from rice flour, coconut milk, and black palm jaggery.
It has a firm, jelly-like texture.Special method of preparation 1. It is made through special procedure where rice flour, coconut milk, and black palm jaggery is mixed and mixture is cooked in a copper pot, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon to prevent burning.
2. The cooked mixture is poured into a ghee-greased dish. Then flattened with banana leaves. When it cooled down it is cutted into thin slices.Cultural significance Traditionally made by Christian families during Christmas for ‘consoada,’ a tradition of sending sweets to relatives and neighbors.
It is a common belief that a Catholic woman should take back Dodol and bananas as a gift when she returns to her husband’s house after the birth of her first child.
Traditionally prepared in a large pot called ‘kail,’ which is part of the dowry. If borrowed, it must be returned filled with Dodol as a gesture of gratitude.Historical Origins 1. Some believe Dodol was served at royal banquets in the Medang Kingdom of Indonesia between the 8th and 11th centuries.
2. Another version likely came from early 20th century Indonesia during Dutch colonial rule.
3. Dodol is thought to have been introduced to Goa during Portuguese rule in the 17th century.Popularity Dodol and its variations are also enjoyed in southern India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and parts of Southeast Asia UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Nalanda University
June 20, 2024↓Source- This post on Nalanda University has been created based on the article “PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Nalanda University in Bihar today” published in “Hindustan Times” on 19 June 2024.
Why in the news?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to inaugurate the new Nalanda University campus near the ancient university ruins in Rajgir.
About Nalanda University
Source: mondesetmerveilles.centerblog.net 1. Nalanda is recognized as the most ancient university on the Indian subcontinent.
2. It was established by Kumar Gupta of the Gupta dynasty in Bihar during the early 5th century. The university thrived for 600 years until the 12th century.
3. It reached its zenith during the reign of Harshavardhan and the Pala monarchs. It served as a hub for learning, culture, and intellectual exchange, significantly influencing Indian civilization and beyond.
4. It was primarily a place where monks and nuns lived and studied. It focused on teaching major philosophies of Buddhism.
5. It attracted students from regions including China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. Students followed a strict code of conduct and participated in daily meditation and study sessions.
6. It offered courses in medicine, Ayurveda, religion, Buddhism, mathematics, grammar, astronomy, and Indian philosophy.
7. The university was destroyed in 1193 by Bakhtiyar Khilji, a general of the Turkish ruler Qutbuddin Aibak.
8. It rediscovered in 1812 by Scottish surveyor Francis Buchanan-Hamilton and later identified as the ancient university by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1861.
9. The Chinese monk Xuan Zang provided invaluable insights into Nalanda’s academic and architectural grandeur. Nalanda is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Juneteenth and its significance
June 20, 2024↓Source– This post on Juneteenth and its significance has been created based on the article ” What is Juneteenth and what is its significance?” published in “The Indian Express” on 19 June 2024.
Why in the news?
Recently, Juneteenth has been observed on June 19, in the United States of America.
About Juneteenth
Juneteenth is a short name for “June Nineteenth”. It is a holiday commemorating the end of slavery in the United States.
2. Historical Significance:
i) Juneteenth marks the day on June 19, 1865, when Union General Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston, Texas and announced the end of the Civil War and the emancipation of enslaved African Americans.
ii) Although President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation had legally freed slaves in Confederate states on January 1, 1863, enforcement had been slow in some regions, particularly in Texas.
3. Juneteenth is celebrated with various activities such as parades, cultural events, educational workshops, and family gatherings.
4. It is a time to honor African American freedom, heritage, and achievements while reflecting on the ongoing struggle for equality.
5. Juneteenth has gained recognition as a significant cultural and historical event in the United States. In 2021, it was declared a federal holiday, further solidifying its importance in American history.
UPSC Syllabus: World History
Prerna Sthal
June 17, 2024↓Source– This post on Prerna Sthal is based on the article “Vice President inaugurates Prerna Sthal at Parliament House Complex” published in “PIB” on 17th June 2024.
Why in the News?
Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar recently inaugurated the Prerna Sthal at the Parliament House Complex.
About Prerna Sthal
Source: PIB 1. Prerna Sthal is located at the Parliament House Complex.
2. The Sthal contains statues of India’s prominent leaders and freedom fighters, which were formerly dispersed throughout different areas of the Parliament House complex.
3. The initiative aims to enhance visitor experience by providing easier access and utilizing modern technology, such as QR codes, to narrate the life stories of these inspiring figures in Indian history.
About Committee on the Installation of Portraits and Statues of National Leaders and Parliamentarians
1. The Committee on the Installation of Portraits and Statues of National Leaders and Parliamentarians is responsible for decisions regarding the placement of statues and portraits of national leaders and parliamentarians within the Parliament House Complex.
2. It also handles the acceptance of such items from outside organizations and individuals, and determines their placement within the complex.
3. However, it has not been reconstituted since 2019.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Satnamis Community
June 14, 2024↓Source– This post on Satnamis Community is based on the article “Satnamis protest desecration; attack SP office, torch vehicles in Chhattisgarh” published in “The Hindu” on 14th June 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, a huge mob from the Satnami community in Chhattisgarh’s Baloda Bazar district torched dozens of vehicles, pelted stones at police personnel, and set fire to the Superintendent of Police office building. The protesters, dissatisfied with the police’s handling of a case involving the desecration of a sacred ‘Jaitkhamb’, demanded a CBI probe.
About Satnamis Community
1. The term “Satnamis” means those who believe in a God whose name is ‘truth’.
2. The Satnamis are a predominant group within the 11% Scheduled Caste (SC) population in Chhattisgarh, believed to be an offshoot of the Ravidassia community.
3. The community was founded on April 21, 1657, by Bir Bhan in Narnaul, Haryana. Udhodas who was a disciple of Saint Ravidas was the first priest or spiritual guru of the community.
4. The Satnamis inhabit the plains of central Chhattisgarh, mainly in the old districts of Bilaspur, Durg, Rajnandgaon, and Raipur.
5. Principles and Influence: The Satnamis emphasize three main principles:
i) Adorning the attire of a Satnami devotee
ii) Earning money through proper means
iii) Not tolerating any injustice or oppression in any form
6. The community is believed to exert political influence by voting collectively, and representatives occupy most of the 10 assembly segments allotted for SCs.
7. The community reveres Mini Mata, the first female Member of Parliament from Chhattisgarh, who entered the Lok Sabha by winning the 1955 by-election. Political parties often invoke her legacy to appeal to the Satnamis for votes.
About Satnami Revolt of 1672
1. The Satnami revolt occurred during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, in today’s Mahendragarh district of Haryana.
2. Cause: The revolt began when a Mughal soldier killed a Satnami, leading about 5,000 Satnamis to take up arms.
3. The Satnamis routed the Mughal troops, drove away the administrators, and set up their own administration.
4. The revolt gained support from Hindus in Agra and Ajmer, who were discontent with Aurangzeb’s strict Islamic policies, including the revival of the Jizya tax, banning of music and art, and destruction of Hindu temples.
5. Aurangzeb took personal command and sent troops with artillery to suppress the revolt, resulting in an attempt to annihilate the Satnamis. The remnants fled and remained disorganized and leaderless for a long time.
About New Movement
1. The most significant Satnami group was founded in 1820 in the Chhattisgarh region by Saint Ghasidas, a farm servant and member of the lower (Chamar) caste.
2. Saint Ghasidas established the Satnam Panth (“Sect of the True Name”), providing a religious and social identity for many Satnamis.
3. He preached a code of ethical and dietary self-restraint and social equality, and authored Nirvan Gyan to propagate his teachings.
4. Throughout history, Satnamis have navigated their position within a larger Hindu hierarchy, influenced by connections with the Kabir Panth at different points.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
124th Death Anniversary of Birsa Munda
June 10, 2024↓Source-This post on Birsa Munda has been created based on the article “Birsa Munda’s 124th death anniversary: Significance of the tribal leader’s contributions” published in “Indian Express” on 10 June 2024.
Why in News?
Recently tribute was paid to revolutionary tribal leader Birsa Munda marking the 124th anniversary of his death.
About Birsa Munda
Source: IE i) Birsa Munda was born on November 15, 1875.
ii) He belonged to the Munda tribe in the Chotanagpur region (present-day Jharkhand). His community, originally nomadic hunters, had turned to farming.
iii) He completed his primary education under the guidance of teacher Jaipal Nag.
iv) Birsa converted to Christianity to join the German Mission school but left after a few years.
Impact of British Rule
i) Land Ownership Changes: The traditional land ownership system, known as “khuntkatti,” was disrupted by the Permanent Settlement Act (1793), introducing the zamindari system.
ii) Exploitation: The new system created land-owning zamindars (dikus) and tenant farmers (ryots), leading to the displacement and exploitation of tribal communities.
iii) Forced Labour: The “begar” system imposed forced labor on the tribal people.
iv) Moneylenders and Courts: Tribals were forced to depend on moneylenders and had their traditional clan councils replaced with British courts.
v) Famines: Famines in 1896-97 and 1899-1900 caused mass starvation among the tribal population.
Significant contribution of Birsa Munda
1. He was influenced by the Sardari agitation against British rule, Birsa became actively involved in the anti-missionary and anti-colonial movement.
2. Birsa founded the Birsait faith, which advocated against superstition and encouraged the worship of one God. He was revered as ‘Bhagwan’ (God) and ‘Dharti ka Abba’ (Father of the Earth).
3. Birsa Munda launched the Ulgulan movement, a rebellion against British rule using guerrilla warfare. The movement aimed to establish the Birsa Raj and resist colonial laws and rent payments.
4. The Ulgulan movement led to significant reforms, including the repeal of the begar system and the enactment of the Tenancy Act (1903) and the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908), which protected tribal land rights.
5. Birsa was arrested on March 3, 1900, and died in Ranchi Jail on June 9, 1900, at the age of 25.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Nyishi Tribe
May 28, 2024↓Source-This post on Nyishi Tribe has been created based on the article “From 22 yards to top of the world: 1st woman from Arunachal’s Nyishi tribe scales Everest” published in “Times of India”.
Why in News?
Recently, mountaineer and cricketer Kabak Yano made history as the fifth woman from Arunachal Pradesh and the first from the Nyishi tribe to scale Mt Everest.
About Nyishi Tribe
Source: Travel Hippies Aspects Description About 1. The Nyishi are the predominant ethnic group in Arunachal Pradesh, India.
2. The name “Nyishi” is derived from their language, where “Nyi” means “a man” and “shi” signifies “a being,” collectively translating to “a civilized human being.”
3. The Nyishi language is part of the Sino-Tibetan family, though its exact origins are debated.Geographical Distribution 1. Nyishis are primarily found in eight districts of Arunachal Pradesh: East Kameng, Pakke Kesang, Papum Pare, Lower Subansiri, Kamle, Kra Daadi, Kurung Kumey, and Upper Subansiri.
2. Smaller populations reside in Sonitpur and North Lakhimpur districts of Assam.
3. They are the largest tribal group in Arunachal Pradesh, with a population of about 300,000.Socio-Economic Practices 1. The tribe practices slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, and fishing.
2. They are also skilled in various handicrafts, including weaving, cane and bamboo work, pottery, blacksmithing, wood carving, and carpentry.Religious Beliefs 1. As per the 2011 Census, 31% of Nyishis follow Christianity, and 29% adhere to Hinduism.
2. Many continue to practice their indigenous religion, Donyi Polo, worshipping the Sun (“Donyi”) and the Moon (“Polo”) as divine entities.Cultural Festivals 1. Nyishis celebrate three major festivals: Boori-Boot and Nyokum in February, and Longte in April.
2. These festivals are times of communal joy, aimed at appeasing deities to ensure bountiful harvests, health, wealth, and overall prosperity.Social Structure 1. Polygyny is common within the Nyishi community. They trace lineage patrilineally and are organized into various clans.
2. Unlike many societies, Nyishis do not have a caste system or rigid social classes, but they do recognize a form of social distinction that is flexible and not based on birth or occupation.
3. Women are highly regarded in Nyishi society, often seen as pillars of peace, progress, and prosperity.
4. They also play a crucial role through the ‘reciprocal marital exchange’ system.UPSC Syllabus: History
Stone age and related study
May 24, 2024↓Source-This post on Stone age and related study has been created based on the article “Was the Stone Age actually the Age of Wood?” published in “Indian Express” on 24 May 2024.
Why in News?
New research suggests that the Stone Age, a longprehistoric period known for human and ancestral use of stone tools, could be just as aptly called the ‘Wood Age’.
About the new research and its findings
Source: Indian Express 1. New research from Schöningen, Germany, where wooden tools dated between 300,000 and 400,000 years old were found, suggests these weren’t just simple sticks but complex tools requiring skill and time to create.
2. The study reveals a variety of woodworking techniques such as splitting, scraping, and abrasion, indicating a sophisticated understanding of wood manipulation.
3. Thomsen’s Chronology: Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, a 19th-century Danish archaeologist, categorized human prehistory into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. This chronology, though refined, largely shapes our understanding of human technological progress.
4. The study also reveals that despite the abundance of wood as a resource, archaeological evidence of its use is scarce compared to stone, bone, and clay due to preservation issues.
5. Importance of Schöningen Findings: The site in Schöningen provided well-preserved wooden tools due to its damp, oxygen-poor soil conditions.
This discovery challenges the notion that early humans primarily used stone, highlighting a potentially greater role for wood.
Schöningen’s Insights into Early Human Behavior
Source: Indian express 1. Discovery of Spears: In the mid-1990s, archaeologist Hartmut Thieme discovered wooden spears alongside stone tools and remains of wild horses, suggesting early humans were not mere scavengers but skilled hunters.
2. Complex Tool Use: Further analysis of these tools using advanced technology like 3-D microscopy and micro-CT scanners revealed sophisticated techniques such as wood splitting, previously thought unique to modern humans.
About stone age
1. The Stone Age is a prehistoric period that spanned from about 3.4 million years ago to 12,000 years ago.
2. This era accounts for 99% of human history and is noted for the initial use of stones for tools, weapons, and fire-making by early humans.
3. This period marks the evolution from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural societies, including the domestication of animals and the innovation of tool usage.
Divisions of the Stone Age
1. Palaeolithic Period (Old Stone Age): From the first use of stone tools up to the end of the last Ice Age, approximately 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago.
It is characterized by a nomadic existence with groups living in caves or forests. Technological and Cultural Development Included the creation of simple stone tools and cave paintings.
2. Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age): This follows the Palaeolithic, lasting from the end of the last Ice Age to the onset of agriculture. A warmer climate which supported early farming developments and the domestication of animals.
This featured more sophisticated stone tools, including the prepared-core technique, allowing the production of similarly shaped tools from the same stone.
3. Neolithic Period (New Stone Age): It begins with the start of farming and lasts until the introduction of metal tools, marking the beginning of the Bronze Age. Transition from nomadic to sedentary lifestyles, forming villages and towns has been seen.
This age witnessed animal domestication, the advent of agriculture, and the creation of pottery and textiles.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Recent study on Pyramid Construction Techniques
May 20, 2024↓Source-This post on Recent study on Pyramid Construction Techniques has been created based on the article “Secret behind construction of Egypt’s pyramids: What a new study reveals” published in “The Indian Express” on 20 May 2024.
Why in the news?
A recent study on Pyramid Construction Techniques provides insights into how ancient Egyptians transported massive stone blocks needed for pyramid construction.
Findings of the study
Source: Indian Express 1. The study highlights the critical role of the River Nile in facilitating the construction of Egypt’s pyramids.
Researchers have identified an extinct branch of the Nile that ran adjacent to the pyramid sites, which was instrumental in moving heavy materials.
2. Discovery of the Nile Branch: The research team used radar satellite imagery, historical maps, geophysical surveys, and sediment coring to map the ancient river branch, now buried by sandstorms and a major drought.
3. The study suggests that this branch of the Nile likely served as a waterway for transporting not just stone blocks but also equipment and personnel, significantly easing the construction process.
4. The study showed that several causeways leading from the pyramids connected to inlets of this Nile branch, which may have functioned as riverine harbours.
5. The ancient Egyptians likely used large ramps, possibly greased with water or wet clay, along with sledges, sturdy ropes, and levers to move the stones from the harbours to the pyramid sites.
6. This discovery supports the theory that the logistical capabilities of the ancient Egyptians, including the use of the river’s natural flow, reduced the human labor needed and optimized the construction process of the pyramids.
7. The study also revealed about the advanced mathematical and architectural knowledge of the Egyptians, as evidenced by the precise 52-degree gradient on each side and alignments in pyramid construction.
8. The archaeological findings of well-organized living quarters, bakeries, and food remnants near the pyramids indicate that the laborers were well-provided for, and that the entire construction effort was managed by a centralized authority.
UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology, World History
Bharat Parva Celebration at Cannes festival
May 18, 2024↓Source-This post on Bharat Parva Celebration has been created based on the article “Bharat Parv celebration takes centerstage at Cannes Film Festival” published in “PIB” on 17 May 2024.
Why in the news?
Secretary of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has recently hosted the inaugural Bharat Parva event at the ongoing Cannes Film Festival.
About Bharat Parva Celebration
Source-PIB Organized by-The event was organized at 77th Cannes Film Festival, by NFDC in association with FICCI under the aegis of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Major Activity-The evening featured singer Sunanda Sharma performing lively Punjabi songs, joined by emerging singers Pragati, Arjun, and Shaan’s son, Maahi. The highlight was when all the singers came together to perform “Maa Tujhe Salaam,” receiving enthusiastic applause from the audience.
What is its significance?
1) The event celebrated India’s diverse culture, cuisine, handicrafts, and cinema on the French Riviera.
2) It was marked by the celebration of cinema, culture, and artistic unity. This has showcased India’s soft power on the international platform.
3) The participation of renowned Indian actors underscored the diverse and vibrant essence of Indian cinema and its increasing influence on the international platform.
Note– Cannes Film Festival-The Festival was born in 1938 from an idea by Philippe Erlanger. Aborted by the war, the project was taken up by Jean Zay and Albert Sarrault.
Read more-Chavang Kut Festival
UPSC Syllabus-Art & Culture
UNESCO’s Memory of the World Recognition for Indian Texts
May 16, 2024↓Source-This post on UNESCO’s Memory of the World Recognition for Indian Texts is based on the article “Ramcharitmanas among 3 Indian literary works included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Regional Register: Their significance” published in “The Indian Express” on 16th May 2024.
Why in the News?
During the tenth session of the Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific (MOWCAP) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, three Indian literary works—Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra, and Sahṛdayaloka-Locana were included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register.
About UNESCO’s Memory of the World Recognition for Indian Texts
Source: The Indian express 1. Three significant Indian literary works were added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register: Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra and Sahṛdayaloka-Locana.
2. Significance of the Recognized Works: These works were chosen for their global appeal and profound influence on both Indian and international audiences.
3. Specific Works and Attributes:
i) Ramcharitmanas: The Ramayana and Ramcharitmanas are widely read in Southeast Asian countries like Cambodia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. Two versions of the Ramcharitmanas were submitted to UNESCO, one by Goswami Tulsidas and another translated into Arabic in the 18th century, demonstrating the text’s broad appeal in West Asia and beyond.
ii) Panchatantra: It was selected for its universal moral lessons.
iii) Sahṛdayaloka-Locana: It is recognized for its aesthetic significance, authored by renowned Kashmiri scholars Acharya Anandvardhan and Abhinavagupta.
About the Memory of the World (MOW) Program
1. The UNESCO Memory of the World (MOW) program is a global initiative aimed at preserving, protecting, and enhancing access to documentary heritage, particularly those collections that are rare and at risk.
2. Program Launch: It was initiated in 1992. The program’s goal is to prevent “collective amnesia” by safeguarding invaluable archives and library collections worldwide and promoting their widespread dissemination.
3. Program Significance:
i) Recognition and Registration: The program identifies documentary heritage of international, regional, and national importance maintains registers for these collections, and assigns a distinct logo to recognized collections.
ii) Access and Preservation: It ensures equitable access and preservation of documents.
iii) Awareness and Advocacy: The program actively campaigns to inform governments, the public, and the private sector about the need to preserve documentary heritage and encourages fundraising efforts for this cause.
iv) Inscription Benefits: Registering documents confirms their significance, enhances their visibility, and improves access, supporting research, education, entertainment, and ongoing preservation.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Kutch Ajrakh
May 3, 2024↓Source- The post on Kutch Ajrakh is based on the article “Ajrakh from Kutch gets GI” published in “Economic times” on 3rd May 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, The traditional artisans of ‘Kutch Ajrakh‘, were bestowed the Geographical Indication (GI) certificate by the Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks (CGPDTM). This art form has originated from the culturally rich Kutch region in Gujarat.
This recognition serves as a testament to the exceptional artistry and cultural significance of the age-old craft practised by the artisans in the region.
About Kutch Ajrakh
Source: Times of India Specifications Details Origin of the Art Form The name ‘Ajrak’ finds its roots in ‘Azrak’, which denotes Indigo. Indigo is widely used as a potent dye to produce a blue hue. Key Details of the art Form 1. The art form involves hand-block printing of elaborate designs on treated cotton fabric.
2. Natural vegetable and mineral colours are used in this printing.
3. Predominantly dominated by three colours-
a. Blue– Symbolizing the sky
b. Red– Symbolizing earth and fire
c. White– Symbolizing the starsCentres of practice of the art Form The art work is predominantly practised in the Sindh, Barmer, and Kutch regions of Gujarat. Ajrakhpur is the epicenter of Ajrakh work in Gujarat. Prominent users Nomadic pastoralist and agricultural communities like the Rabaris, Maldharis, and Ahir’s are the prominent users of the products derived from these artform. They wear Ajrakh printed cloth as turbans, lungis, or stoles. What is the significance of the Kutch Ajrakh?
1. Historic significance- This craft holds historical significance as it was introduced to Ajrakhpur region over 400 years back by the Sind Muslims.
2. Socioeconomic significance- Kutch Ajrakh provides a platform for artisans to showcase their craftsmanship on a global stage.
3. Promotion of Sustainability- The award of GI tag to Kutch Ajrakh will promote sustainable livelihoods within the community of weavers belonging to this region.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture
Pahariyas tribe
April 16, 2024↓Source-This post on Pahariya tribe is based on the article “Seeds of solace” published in “Down to earth” on 15th April 2024.
Why in the News?
Jharkhand’s Pahariya tribe aims to achieve seed independence by depositing native varieties in community-led banks
About Pahariyas tribe
Source: Down to earth 1. The Pahariyas primarily reside in Jharkhand and West Bengal, with smaller populations in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha. Some of the Mal Paharia tribes also identify them as Malto, Malti, Maltu, Maler, etc
2. They are forest dwellers and mainly engage in jhum or shifting agriculture.
3. In Jharkhand, the Pahariyas are divided into two groups:
a) Mal Pahariya: These individuals inhabit the southern hills of Damin-i-koh and the southern and eastern regions of the Santhal Parganas. They belong to the Proto-Australoid race.
b) Shauria Pahariya (or Maler Paharia): This group is predominantly found in the Santhal Parganas. Historically, their main settlement was in the region of Karnataka, but today they are primarily located in the mountainous areas of Rajmahal and Santhal Pargana.
They speak Malto, their native language, which shows influences from Havli and Chharisgarhi languages.
4. Religious Practices: The Pahariyas worship deities specific to their households, clans, and villages, such as Mait, Maa, Gangadi, Sunadi, Rupadi, and Budharaj. They also believe in naturalism and worship natural objects like sun, river, mountain, tree, animal, birds,
plants and bushes.5. Language: They speak mal Pahariya language. This language is influenced by local dialects Havli and Chharisgarhi. Their language is mixture of Santali, Bengali and Hindi.
UPSC Syllabus: Tribes in news
Fort Emmanuel
April 15, 2024↓Source– This post is based on the article “Fort’ in Fort Kochi cries for conservation” published in “The Hindu” on 15th April 2024.
Why in the News?
Historians are exploring measures to preserve the laterite-brick remains of Fort Emmanuel, which the Portuguese constructed along the beachfront in 1503.
About Fort Emmanuel
Source: Kerala Tourism 1. Fort Emmanuel was built in 1503 by the Portuguese. It is one of the earliest European forts built in India.
2. It is a ruined fort located at Fort Kochi Beach in Kochi, Kerala.
3. Fort Emmanuel was a large structure that enclosed an entire township, strengthening Portuguese control in the area.
4. It remained under Portuguese rule until 1683 when it was captured by Dutch colonial forces, who destroyed Portuguese institutions.
5. The Dutch held the fort until 1795, when the British took over and by 1806, had demolished most of its walls and bastions.
6. It was a symbol of the strategic alliance between the Maharajah of Kochi and the Monarch of Portugal, after whom it was named.
7. Foreign control of Fort Kochi ceased in 1947 when India gained independence.
Portuguese strategy of building forts in coastal colonies
1. The Portuguese strategy of building forts in coastal colonies such as Fort Kochi, Goa, Kollam, Kozhikode, and Kodungalloor which were crucial for their defense.
2. These forts not only secured their colonies but also supported their naval capabilities.
3. This fortification was essential for protecting the lucrative trade in spices such as pepper, which the Portuguese exported from Kerala back to Europe.
UPSC Syllabus: History and Art & Culture
Vaikom Satyagraha
April 1, 2024↓Source-This post on Vaikom Satyagraha is based on the article “Remembering Vaikom satyagraha, a 100 years later” published in “The Indian Express” on 31st March 2024.
Why in the News?
This article talks about Vaikom Satyagraha, which began on March 30, 1924. Lasting for over 600 days, it was the first of many temple entry movements in India.
About Vaikom Satyagraha
Source- The Indian Express 1. First anti-caste movement:
a. The Vaikom Satyagraha in Travancore, now part of Kerala, is recognized as the first anti-caste movement.
b. This campaign aimed to challenge the caste system by opposing restrictions that barred students from depressed classes and untouchables from entering the temple.2. Origin– The movement began and centered around Vaikom, which was part of the princely state of Travancore, near the Mahadev temple in the Kottayam district of Kerala during 1924-1925.
Background of Vaikom Satyagraha 1. During the AICC (All India Congress Committee) meeting in Kakinada in 1923, T. K. Madhavan, alongside Sardar Panikkar and KP Kesava Menon, presented a petition to the Travancore legislative council.
2. The petition advocated for granting the right to temple entry and worship of gods to all members of society, regardless of caste, creed, or community.
3. Beginning of the Movement– It was launched on 30th March 1924.
4. Prominent Satyagrahis– Kunjappy, Venniyll Govinda Panicker, and Bahuleyan
5. Support to the movement:
a. ‘Periyar’ E.V. Ramasamy was asked to lead the campaign.
b. Sikhs from Punjab, known as Akalis, supported by opening a community kitchen (langar) for the volunteers.
c. Chattampi Swamikal and Sree Narayana Guru supported the movement.
d. Mahatma Gandhi arrived at Vaikom in March 1925 to negotiate a compromise and resolve the issue definitively.Significance of Vaikom Satyagraha
1. The movement set the stage for the significant Temple Entry Proclamation (1936) by the Maharaja of Travancore, which abolished the longstanding prohibition on marginalized castes entering temples in Travancore.
2. The Vaikom Satyagraha was a testing ground for the Gandhian principles of Satyagraha. It was tested and proved as the most effective means for the first time.
3. This movement were helped in establishing equal rights and curbing discrimination against Scheduled Castes in Indian Society.
UPSC Syllabus- History in news
Record 60 traditional Indian products receive GI tag
April 1, 2024↓Source-This post on Record 60 traditional Indian products receive GI tag is based on the article “Over 60 products from across India earn GI tags” published in “The Hindu” on 31st March 2024.
Why in the News?
Source- GI tag Recently, over 60 products from across India have been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. This marks the first instance of such a large number of products being granted the GI tag at once.
Key products awarded the GI tag
States Products Assam 1. Asharikandi terracotta craft
2. Pani Meteka craft
3. Sarthebari metal craft
4. Jaapi (bamboo headgear)
5. Mishing handloom products
6. Bihu dhol
7. Bodo Dokhona (the traditional attire of Bodo women)
8. Bodo Eri silk ( fabric of peace or ahimsa (non-violence))
9. Bodo Sifung (a long flute)Uttar Pradesh Banaras Thandai Tripura 1. Pachra-Rignai, (a traditional dress worn on special occasions)
2. Matabari Peda (a sweet)Meghalaya 1. Meghalaya Lyrnai Pottery
2. Meghalaya ChubitchiWhat is a GI tag?
1. About- Geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign which is used to identify products originating from a specific geographical location and that location gives it a distinct quality, characteristic.
2. Regulation– The GI tags are governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. They are issued by the Geographical Indication Registry, which operates under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
3. Significance– A geographical indication right enables those who have the right to use the indication to prevent its use by a third party whose product does not conform to the applicable standards.
UPSC Syllabus- Geography & Art & Culture
900-year-old Chalukyan inscription
March 28, 2024↓Source-This post on 900-year-old Chalukyan inscription900-year-old Chalukyan inscription is based on the article “900-year-old Chalukyan inscription discovered in state of utter neglect at Gangapuram” published in “The Hindu” on 24th March 2024.
Why in the News?
A 900-year-old Kannada inscription from the Kalyana Chalukya dynasty has been found at Gangapuram, a temple town, in Telangana.
About the Chalukyas of Kalyani:
Source: Geeksforgeeks About Chalukya Dynasty
1. The Chalukya dynasty ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties:
i) Badami Chalukyas: The earliest Chalukyas, with their capital at Badami (Vatapi) in Karnataka. They rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II and began to assert their independence after the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi.
ii) Eastern Chalukyas: They emerged in the eastern Deccan after the death of Pulakeshin II. Their capital was Vengi, and they ruled until about the 11th century.
iii) Western Chalukyas: They were the descendants of the Badami Chalukyas. They emerged in the late 10th century and ruled from Kalyani (modern-day Basavakalyan).
About Kalyani Chalunkyas
1. Dynasty and Capital:
a) The Chalukyas of Kalyani belong primarily to a Kannadiga dynasty, also known as western chalukyas. They were known after their capital city, Kalyani, which is present in the modern-day Bidar district of Karnataka.2. Establishment and Expansion:
a) The empire was established by Tailapa II.b) During their 300-year rule in the western Deccan and southern part of the Indian peninsula, the Chalukyas of Kalyani expanded and reached the zenith of power.
3. The most successful period of the later Chalukya rulers in Karnataka’s history is often referred to as the ‘Chalukya Vikrama era’.
4. Vikramaditya VI (1076-1126 CE) played a crucial role during this time. He controlled feudatories in the northern region, including Kadamba Jayakesi II of Goa, Silhara Bhoja, and the Yadava King.
6. Decline:
a) After Vikramaditya VI’s death, consistent confrontations with the Chola dynasty led to the decline of the Western Chalukya empire.7. Art and architecture:
a) The Chalukyas contributed significantly to the development of Kannada and Telugu literature.
b) Their architecture, known as the ‘Gadag style, bridged the gap between the Badami Chalukya architecture of the 8th century and the Hoysala architecture of the 13th century.
c) The Western Chalukyas minted punch-marked gold coins called pagodas with Kannada legends.
d) Temples built during their rule are abundant in detailed carvings and ornate sculptures, featuring themes like kirtimukha makaras, and mithuna (erotic) figures.
UPSC Syllabus: History
.webp?resize=459%2C462&ssl=1)
Delisting of lost monument by ASI
March 27, 2024↓Source-This post on Delisting of lost monument by ASI has been created based on the article “ASI will delist some lost monuments, here’s why ” published in “The Indian Express” on 26 March 2024.
Why in the news?
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has decided to declassify 18 monuments from protected status. This is because the national significance of monuments have diminished.
What are Centrally protected Monuments?
SourcShutterstock The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR Act) 1958 regulates the preservation of monuments and archaeological sites of national importance.
It protects monuments and sites that are more than 100 years old. This includes temples, cemeteries, inscriptions, tombs, forts, palaces, step-wells, rock-cut caves, and even objects like cannons and mile pillars (“kos minars”) that may be of historical significance.
What does the “delisting” of monuments mean?
It refers to the removal of certain specific monuments and archaeological sites from the list of protected sites maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
Impact of delisting–
1) When a monument is delisted, it will not fall under the purview of the ASI for conservation, protection, and maintenance.
2) The monument will not receive special attention or protection from the ASI.
3) Construction-related activities that were previously restricted around the protected site can now be carried out.
What is the process of delisting?
1) Gazette notification-It involves a decision by the Central Government, which issues a gazette notification declaring that the monument has ceased to be of national importance.
2) Public feedback– A gazette notification invites public objections or suggestions within 2 months regarding the delisting of these monuments.
About Archaeological Survey of India
Aspect Details Description It is a premier organization for the archaeological researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation. Year of establishment 1861 by Alexander Cunningham. He was the first Director-General of ASI. Concerned ministry Ministry of Culture Functions 1) It is custodian of all Centrally Protected Monuments (CPM) in India.
2) It maintains ancient monuments, archaeological sites and remains of national importance.
3) It regulates all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the-
a) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
b) Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.
c) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) (Amendment) Act, 2010Conservation measures in foreign countries 1) Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan
2) Ta Prohm and Preah Vihear temples in Cambodia
3) My Son Group of Temples in Vietnam
4) Friday Mosque in MaldivesNote-India has a total of 3,693 Centrally Protected Monuments or Sites.
Uttar Pradesh having the largest number in the country at 743, followed by Tamil Nadu which has 412.Untraceable monument-It means that the physical location of the monument cannot be determined or verified.
UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture
Usha Mehta-Indian Freedom Fighter
March 23, 2024↓Source-This post on Usha Mehta-Indian freedom fighter is based on the article “Ae Watan Mere Watan: The story of Usha Mehta and Congress Radio” published in “The Indian Express” on 22nd March 2024.
Why in the News?
The film “Ae Watan Mere Watan,” centered on the life of Indian freedom fighter Usha Mehta, has recently been released.
About Usha Mehta
Source- India Today 1. Birth– Usha Mehta was born in 1920 in the village of Saras, near Surat in Gujarat.
2. Mahatma Gandhi follower– She followed Gandhi’s principles and was often called Ushaben.
3. Role in Indian Freedom struggle:
a. When she was eight years old in 1928, she joined a protest march against the Simon Commission.
b. On August 14, 1942, she and her associates set up the Secret Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement, which began broadcasting on August 27.4. Awarded Padma Vibhushan– In 1998, the Government of India honored her with the Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award in the country.
Setting up an underground station
Background– When the World War II began in 1939, the British suspended all amateur radio licenses across their Empire. Operators were required to surrender all equipment to the authorities, facing severe punishment if they didn’t comply.
1. Congress radio station creation– Congress Radio was created during the Quit India Movement to spread the message of Independence, making it one of India’s earliest radio networks. It was used by Gandhiji to promote Independence.
2. Organisers– Usha Mehta, along with Babubhai Khakar, Vithalbhai Jhaveri, and Chandrakant Jhaveri, played vital roles in organizing Congress Radio.
3. End to Congress Radio- To evade detection by the British, they regularly changed transmission locations. The operation was exposed when Nariman Printer was captured; he revealed the location of Congress Radio in exchange for immunity.
4. Congress Radio case:
a. The trial of the five accused— Usha Mehta, Babubhai Khakar, Vithalbhai Jhaveri, Chandrakant Jhaveri, and Nanak Gainchand Motwane (who sold essential equipment to the team)— stirred considerable excitement in Bombay.
b. Vithalbhai and Motwane were cleared of charges, while Mehta, Babubhai, and Chandrakant received harsh sentences.
c. Usha Mehta was freed from Pune’s Yerawada Jail in March 1946 and is celebrated in nationalist media as “Radio-ben“.Quit India Movement 1. It was also known as the August Movement or Bharat Chodo Andolan, and it was a major act of civil disobedience.
2. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress on August 8, 1942, at Gowalia Tank Maidan, also known as August Kranti Maidan, in Bombay.
3. The “Do or Die” slogan given by Mahatma Gandhi at Bombay’s Gowalia Tank Maidan.
UPSC Syllabus- History in news
Gulaal Gota: Jaipur’s traditional method for celebrating the Holi festival
March 23, 2024↓Source-This post on Gulaal Gota: Jaipur’s traditional method for celebrating the Holi festival is based on the article “Explained: On Holi, a look at Jaipur’s traditional celebrations with ‘Gulaal Gota’” published in “The Indian Express” on 22nd March 2024.
Why in the News?
As Holi approaches on March 25th this year, Jaipur, Rajasthan will continue its age-old tradition. The celebration involves “Gulaal Gota,” a unique practice dating back around 400 years, which includes throwing colors.
What is a Gulaal Gota?
Source- Twocircles.net A Gulaal Gota is a small ball made of lac, filled with dry gulaal, weighing about 20 grams. People throw these balls at each other during Holi, and they break upon impact.
Method of Making
1. Boiling of Lac in water– Local artisans explain that crafting Gulaal Gotas begins with boiling lac in water to soften it.
2. Mixing of colours– Once the lac is shaped, color is mixed in, starting with red, yellow, and green, which can be combined to create additional colors.
3. Carved in to spherical shape– Once processed, artisans heat the lac and use a blower called “phunkni” to blow it into spherical shapes. Afterward, the balls are filled with gulaal and sealed with lac.
Note– Lac is a resinous substance produced by specific insects and is also utilized in bangle making.
Where does the raw material for Gulaal Gota come from?
1. Lac is sourced from Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, where the female scale insect serves as one of the primary sources.
2. According to the Chhattisgarh State Skill Development Authority’s website, approximately 300,000 insects are killed to produce 1 kg of lac resin. The lac insects also provide resin, lac dye, and lac wax.
How did Gulaal Gotas become a tradition in Jaipur?
1. Muslim lac artisans, known as Manihaars, exclusively craft Gulaal Gotas in Jaipur.
2. The ancestors of the Manihaars were shepherds and horse traders from Afghanistan. They settled in Bagru, near Jaipur, and learned lac-making from Hindu lac makers, known as Lakhere.
3. Jaipur, founded in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh II, a patron of the arts, has a lane in Tripoliya Bazaar named “Manihaaron ka Raasta” dedicated to the Manihaar community. This lane remains a hub for selling lac bangles, jewelry, and Gulaal Gota to this day.
UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture
Pandavula Gutta- Geo-heritage site
March 18, 2024↓Source-This post on Pandavula Gutta is based on the article “‘Pandavula Gutta designated exclusive Geo-heritage site in Telangana’” published in “The Hindu” on 14th March 2024.
Why in the News?
Pandavula Gutta has recently gained official recognition as the exclusive Geo-heritage site in Telangana.
What is Pandavula Gutta?
Source- The Hindu 1. About– It is an ancient geological marvel older than the Himalayas.
2. Location– It is located in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district in Telangana.
3. Discovery– The discovery of this site dates back to 1990.
4. Features:
a. The site is rich in paintings, rock shelters, and evidence of habitation, spanning from the Mesolithic to medieval periods.
b. The paintings exhibit geometric designs and impressions using green, red, yellow, and white pigments.
c. The rock art paintings show animals such as bison, antelope, tiger, and leopard. They also feature shapes like the swastika symbol, circles, squares, as well as weapons like bows, arrows, swords, and lances.What are Geo-heritage sites?
1. About– Geo-heritage encompasses geological features that hold either intrinsic or cultural importance. It provides valuable insights into the Earth’s evolution or history for earth science or educational purposes.
2. Designated by– Geological Survey of India (GSI)
3. Protection– India, a member of the UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, safeguards these sites with appropriate laws, following global standards.
UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture
Kochrab Ashram
March 14, 2024↓Source- The post on Kochrab Ashram is based on the article “Modi inaugurates redeveloped Kochrab Ashram in Gujarat, Gandhi’s first home after returning to India” published in “The Print” on 12th March 2024.
What is the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the redeveloped Kochrab Ashram in Ahmedabad, Gujarat to mark the 94th anniversary of the Dandi March.
About Kochrab Ashram
Source: The Print 1. About:
i) Kochrab ashram is located in Kochrab village, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
ii) It is the first ashram established by Mahatma Gandhi upon his return to India from South Africa in 1915.
iii) It is also called as Satyagraha Ashram based on his ideas of achieving India’s independence from British rule through peaceful methods.
2. History:
i) Upon returning to India from South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi initiated his association with Ahmedabad.ii) In 1915, he settled in Ahmedabad emphasizing that as a Gujarati, he could best serve the country through the Gujarati language.
iii) On May 20, 1915, Gandhi took up residence in a bungalow located in Kochrab village later renamed it as Satyagraha Ashram.
iii) The bungalow was generously provided by Jeevanlal Desai who was a fellow lawyer and colleague of Gandhi.
iv) Mahatma Gandhi based himself here for about one-and-a-half years before moving to the new campus of Sabarmati Ashram.
3. Appearance: It is a colonial-style building with a white-washed façade.
4. Significance: The ashram holds a historical significance:
i) The ashram also served as the starting point for Gandhi’s advocacy of khadi, equality for the poor, Hindi as the national language, self-reliance, and independence.
ii) It also served as a communal living space promoting self-improvement and community service.
Read more: Sabarmati ashram
UPSC Syllabus: History and Art & Culture in News
Gorsam Kora Festival
March 13, 2024↓Source-This post on Gorsam Kora Festival has been created based on the article “Arunachal’s Gorsam Kora Festival celebrates India-Bhutan friendship” published in “India Today” on 10 March 2024.
Why in the news?
The Gorsam Kora Festival which takes place every year in Zemithang valley of Arunachal Pradesh has concluded on March 10.
About Gorsam Kora Festival
Source-The Economic Times Location– It is held annually in Arunachal Pradesh’s Zemithang valley.
History– The festival is centred around the 93-foot tall stupa – ‘Gorsam Chorten’. This stupa was built in the 13th century. The 3-day event starts with prayers at the revered Khinzemane Holy Tree which is believed to be planted by the 14th Dalai Lama.
Organized by– It is organized by Zemithang community in collaboration with civil authorities and supported by local Indian Army Units.
What is the significance of this festival?
1) It honours the shared Buddhist cultural heritage and celebrates the longstanding friendship between India and Bhutan.
2) The festival featured various events, including cultural performances by local troupes and Indian army bands, as well as martial performances like Mallakhamb and Zanjh Pathaka.
3) Zemithang valley is also part of the Vibrant Village Programme. Under the Vibrant Village Programme, there will be enhancement of tourist infrastructure. This will transform Zemithang valley to a thriving tourist destination.
UPSC Syllabus-Art & Culture.
Rupa Tarakasi- GI Tag
March 8, 2024↓Source- The post on Rupa Tarakasi is based on the article “Odisha: Cuttack city’s silver filigree receives geographical indication tag” published in “The Telegraph” on 4th March 2024.
What is the News?
Recently, Orissa’s famous silver filigree Rupa Tarakasi got a GI tag.
About Rupa Tarakasi
Deccan Herald 1. About: Rupa Tarakasi is one of the most exquisite silver crafts, practised in the Silver City of Cuttack, Odisha.
2. Origin: The art form has a rich history, dating back as far as the 12th century, and it received considerable patronage under the Mughals. It changed its form with change in ruler.
3. Influence– The craft resembles filigree traditions from places such as Arabia, Malta, Genoa, and ancient Greece, suggesting long-standing cultural exchanges.
3. Process:
i) In this work of craft, silver bricks are transformed into thin fine wires called tara or foils, from which silver filigree is made with all designs called kasi.
ii) While different grades of silver are used in the main metal alloy, the craftsmen also use other metals like copper, zinc, cadmium and tin.
iii) The skilled artisans involved in this filigree work are known as “Rupa Banias” or “Roupyakaras” in Odia.
iv) They create various items, including jewellery worn by Odissi dancers, decorative artefacts, accessories, and religious and cultural pieces.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Majuli Masks GI Tag
March 8, 2024↓Source- The post on Majuli Masks is based on the article “GI tag for Majuli masks of Assam: History, cultural significance of the centuries-old art form” published in “Indian Express” on 7th March 2024.
What is the News?
Recently, Assam’s traditional Majuli masks got a GI tag.
About Majuli masks
Source- The Indian Express 1) About: These are handmade masks that are traditionally used to depict characters in bhaonas, or theatrical performances with devotional messages under the neo-Vaishnavite tradition.
Note: Majuli is the largest river island in the world and the seat of Assam’s neo-Vaishnavite tradition. Neo-Vaishnavite tradition was introduced by the 15th-16th century reformer saint Srimanta Sankardeva.
2) Characterstics:
i) The masks can depict gods, goddesses, demons, animals and birds. Ravana, Garuda, Narasimha, Hanuman, Varaha Surpanakha all feature among the masks.
iii) Sizes:
(a) Mukh mukha: They cover just the face, and it is made in around five days.
(b) Cho mukha: They cover the whole head and body of the performer and takes up to one-and-a-half months to be made.iii) Material used: The masks are made of bamboo, clay, dung, cloth, cotton, wood and other materials available in the riverine surroundings of their makers.
3. Traditional practitioners are working to take the art out of their traditional place in sattras, or monasteries, and give them a new, contemporary life.
About Sattras
1. Sattras are monastic institutions established by Srimanta Sankardev and his disciples as centres of religious, social and cultural reform.
2. Presently, Sattras are also centres of traditional performing arts such as borgeet (songs), xattriya (dance) and bhaona (theatre), which are an integral part of the Sankardev tradition.
3. Majuli has 22 sattras, and the patent application states that the mask-making tradition is by and large concentrated in four of them — Samaguri Sattra, Natun Samaguri Sattra, Bihimpur Sattra and Alengi Narasimha Sattra.
About Majuli manuscript painting
1. It is a form of painting originated in the 16th century.
2. It is done on sanchi pat, or manuscripts made of the bark of the sanchi or agar tree, using homemade ink.
3. The earliest example of an illustrated manuscript is said to be a rendering of the Adya Dasama of the Bhagwat Purana in Assamese by Srimanta Sankardev.
4. This art was patronised by the Ahom kings. It continues to be practised in every sattra in Majuli.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Risa Textile- GI Tag
March 6, 2024↓Source- The post on Risa Textile is based on the article “Tripura’s traditional tribal attire ‘risa’ gets GI tag: CM Manik Saha” published in “The Hindu” on 3rd March 2024.
What is the News?
Recently, Tripura’s traditional tribal attire ‘Risa’ got GI tag.
About Risa
Indian express 1. About Risa: It is a traditionally handwoven cloth used as a female upper garment, and also as headgear, a stole, or a present to express respect.
2. Origin of the attire: The Tripuri attire is believed to have existed before the rule of the Manikya kings, who reigned over Tripura for over 500 years from the 15th century.
3. Risa is common in almost all 19 indigenous tribal communities of Tripura. Each community has its own design. The traditional Tripuri female attire consists of three parts — risa, rignai and rikutu.
4. Rignai is primarily worn as the lower garment and literally means ‘to wear’. It is an indigenous variety of the sari of mainland India.
5. Rituku is mainly used as a wrap, or like a ‘chunri’ or a ‘pallu’ of the Indian saree. It is also used to cover the heads of newly married Tripuri women.
7. Significance: It hold scrucial social, cultural and religious significance in Tripura:
i) Social Significance: Risa has a crucial social and religious significance as adolescent Tripuri girls are first given a risa to wear in an event called Risa Sormani, at age 12 to 14.
ii) Religious significance: The risa is used in religious festivals such as Garia Puja by tribal communities, a turban by men during weddings and festivals, a cummerbund over the dhoti.
iii) It is also used as a headscarf by young girls and boys, and as a muffler during winters. The cloth is also used as a makeshift hanger to hold an infant on mothers’ backs.
iv) It is presented as a mark of honour to distinguished recipients.
UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture
Dwarka: The lost city of Lord Krishna
February 29, 2024↓Source-This post on Dwarka: The lost city of Lord Krishna is based on the article “Is Lord Krishna’s Dwarka under water? The many legends, traces of a lost city” published in “The Indian Express” on 29th February 2024.
Why in the News?
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently participated in underwater prayers at ‘Dwarka Nagari’, a place believed to be the kingdom of Lord Krishna. Lost city of Dwarka
About Dwarka
Source- The Indian Express 1. It is located on the western side of the State of Gujrat.
2. The submerged city of Dwarka has been the focus of marine excavations and research endeavors.
3. It is one of Hinduism’s seven sacred cities (Sapt Puris). Dwarka is believed to have been reclaimed from the sea by Lord Krishna after he relocated from Mathura in Uttar Pradesh to Dwarka in Gujarat.
4. In the Vishnu Purana, mentions indicate that Dwarka was a city adorned with stunning gardens, moats, ponds, and palaces
5. Legend holds that Dwarka was submerged under the Arabian Sea as Lord Krishna departed from the world, marking the beginning of the Kali Yuga.
Present day Dwarka
1. It is a coastal town situated at the entrance of the Gulf of Kutch, facing the Arabian Sea.
2. It serves as a significant point along the Krishna pilgrimage route, connecting Vrindavan, Mathura, Govardhan, Kurukshetra, and Puri.
3. Dwarka is renowned for its 13th-century Dwarkadheesh temple, devoted to Lord Krishna.
4. It is one of 12 heritage cities chosen nationwide by the Government of India for civic infrastructure development under the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme.
UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture in news/ Places in news
Sudarshan Setu
February 26, 2024↓Source-This post on the Sudarshan Setu has been created based on the article “PM inaugurates Sudarshan Setu connecting Okha mainland and Beyt Dwarka island in Gujarat” published in “PIB” on 25th Feb 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated the Sudarshan Setu bridge in Gujarat.
Source- Press Trust of India About Sudarshan Setu
1. About- ‘Sudarshan Setu’ is the country’s longest cable-stayed bridge.
2. Location- It is on the Arabian Sea, connecting Beyt Dwarka island to mainland Okha in Gujarat’s Devbhumi Dwarka district.
3. Features:
a. It has a unique design, featuring a footpath adorned with verses from Srimad Bhagavad Gita and images of Lord Krishna on both sides.
b. The bridge is energy efficient as solar panels installed on the bridge will provide electricity for the illumination of the bridge at night.
c. The bridge is 2.32 km in length which, includes 900 metres of central double span cable-stayed portion.
c. The bridge was earlier known as ‘Signature Bridge‘. It has now been renamed as ‘Sudarshan Setu‘ or Sudarshan Bridge.
4. Significance-
a. Beyt Dwarka is an island near Okha port, which is nearly 30 km from Dwarka town, where the famous Dwarkadhish temple of Lord Krishna is situated.
b. Earlier, the devotees visiting the temple at Beyt Dwarka could travel only during the day by boat. However, after the construction of the bridge, they can now travel at all times.
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/Miscellaneous
Sant Ravidas
February 26, 2024↓Source-This post on Sant Ravidas has been created based on the article “Prime Minister pays tributes to Sant Ravidas on his birth anniversary“published in “PIB” on 26 February 2024.
Why in the news?
Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled the statue of Sant Ravidas in Varanasi and offered floral tribute on the occasion of his 647th birth anniversary.
About Sant Ravidas
Source- Jagran 1. About
a. Guru Ravidas was a mystic poet saint of the Bhakti Movement from the 15th and 16th centuries, and founded the Ravidassia religion.
b. He was a revered poet and a renowned philosopher.
2. Birth- He was born in 1377 CE in Seer Govardhanpur in Uttar Pradesh. His place of birth is now known as Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan.
3. Life history:
a. Despite belonging to a community whose initial occupation was in leatherwork, Ravidas shifted his focus to spiritual pursuits, spending much of his time on the banks of the Ganges.
b. Throughout his life, he associated with Sufi saints, sadhus, and ascetics.
c. At the age of 12, Ravidas was married to Lona Devi, and they had a son named Vijay Dass.
3. Teachings and Works:
a. Since his birth, Guru Ravidas devoted his life to advocating for human rights and equality.
b. A few of his compositions were also included in Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
c. He is one of the most famous personalities of the nirguna sampradaya (sant parampara) and was one of the prominent leaders of the North Indian Bhakti movement.
d. He also became a symbol of opposition to untouchability in society by the higher caste people for lower caste people.
e) Sant Guru Ravidas Jayanti is hugely observed in the Northern part of India including Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Haryana.
About Guru Ravidas Jayanti
a. Sant Ravidas Jayanti or birthday anniversary is celebrated every year on Magh Purnima on full moon day of Magh month.
b. On this special day, a ceremony of Nagar Kirtan procession is performed by people with the chants of mantras during Aarti.
c. Music, songs, and Doha are sung in the temples located on the streets.
d. Some of the followers and devotees also perform the ceremony of holy bath in the Ganga River or other holy places then go to worship his image at home or in a temple.
UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture, Personalities in News
