9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Articles 21st August, 2024

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Mains Oriented Articles

GS PAPER - 2

The challenges the Indian government faces with lateral entry into administration

Source: The post the challenges the Indian government faces with lateral entry into administration has been created, based on the article “What the government doesn’t get about public administration” published in “Indian Express” on 21st August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2- Governance

Context: The article discusses the challenges the Indian government faces with lateral entry in administration. It argues that public administration differs greatly from corporate management, requiring systemic reforms rather than just bringing in private sector talent.

What is Lateral Entry and How is the Government Using It?

  1. Lateral entry involves bringing professionals from the private sector into government roles, particularly at the mid-level.
  2. The government sees lateral entry as a solution to administrative inefficiencies, believing that private sector talent can overcome the shortcomings of civil servants selected through the UPSC.
  3. Successful examples include Nandan Nilekani, who created the Aadhaar system, and S Ramadorai, who developed a skill development system; both were given Cabinet Minister rank to ensure authority.

What are the Differences Between Public Administration and Corporate Governance?

  1. Objective Clarity:

a) Corporate Governance: Focuses on clear, unchanging objectives like profit maximization and increasing stock values.

b) Public Administration: Deals with diverse, changing objectives across sectors like education, health, and security, which shift with government policies.

2. Operational Flexibility:

a) Corporate Governance: Operates with stable goals, allowing for consistent strategies.

b) Public Administration: Must adapt to varying policies and political leadership.

Interaction with Politicians:

a) Corporate Governance: Interacts with politicians on a case-by-case basis.

b) Public Administration: Requires continuous collaboration with politicians to implement policies.

Why is the Government’s Approach Criticized?

  1. The government assumes that the flaws in public administration are due to individual officers rather than systemic issues.
  2. Bringing in private sector professionals at lower levels, like joint secretary or director, is seen as ineffective due to existing bureaucratic constraints. Successful lateral entries, like Nandan Nilekani’s work on Aadhaar, occurred at higher levels with Cabinet Minister rank.
  3. The civil service system is criticized for being outdated and rigid, deepening the bureaucratic model inherited from the British.
  4. The real challenge lies in reforming the overall system, not just replacing individuals.

What Steps are Needed for Systemic Change?

  1. Political Ownership: Central and state-level political support, led by the Prime Minister and Chief Ministers, is crucial.
  2. Collaboration with States: Just as GST was implemented through state cooperation, administrative reforms require state acceptance.
  3. Learning from Other Countries: Studying systems in Australia, New Zealand, and OECD countries for possible adaptation.
  4. Periodic Meetings: Regular meetings between the Cabinet Secretary, DAR&PG, state chief secretaries, and GOI secretaries could improve coordination.

Question for practice:

Examine how the differences between public administration and corporate governance impact the effectiveness of lateral entry in the Indian government’s administrative system.

India’s PM Historic Visit to Ukraine: Implications for India’s Diplomacy and Global Relations

Source: The post India’s PM historic visit to Ukraine: implications for India’s diplomacy and global relations has been created, based on the article “PM Modi’s landmark visit to Ukraine set for Aug 23” published in “Indian Express” on 21st August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2- international relations-Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

Context: The article discusses Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming visit to Ukraine, the first by an Indian PM. The visit will focus on bilateral relations, ongoing conflict, and India’s stance of promoting diplomacy between Russia and Ukraine while maintaining ties with both.

For detailed information on Ukraine conflict and its implications for India read this article here

What is the significance of Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Ukraine?

  1. Historic First Visit: This marks the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Ukraine since establishing diplomatic relations over 30 years ago, highlighting a significant step in bilateral relations.
  2. Focus on Diplomacy: India will emphasize its stance on resolving the ongoing Ukraine conflict through diplomacy and dialogue, maintaining neutrality without directly blaming Russia.
  3. Strategic Balance: The visit seeks to balance India’s deepening ties with the West and its longstanding relationship with Russia, despite Western sanctions on Russia and U.S. concerns about India’s continued trade with Moscow.

For more information on Significance of India’s PM Visit to Ukraine read this article here

What will be discussed during the visit?

  1. Bilateral Relations: Strengthening diplomatic and economic ties between India and Ukraine, marking a historic visit since the establishment of relations over 30 years ago.
  2. Ongoing Conflict: The Ukraine conflict will be a significant focus, with India advocating for diplomacy and dialogue as the path to resolution.
  3. Neutral Stance: India maintains independent relations with both Russia and Ukraine, continuing trade with Russia despite Western sanctions, emphasizing India’s balanced approach in global diplomacy.

What are the international reactions?

  1. U.S. Concerns: The United States has expressed worries about India’s ongoing relationship with Russia. This concern is heightened by the U.S.’s strategic interest in strengthening ties with India as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence.
  2. Global Tensions: Western countries, notably the U.S., have imposed sanctions on Russia following its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Despite this, India has continued its trade with Russia, reflecting its independent foreign policy.

Question for practice:

Discuss the significance of Prime Minister Modi’s first visit to Ukraine in the context of India’s diplomatic stance and international relations.

West Bengal government guideline after Kolkata’s R.G. Kar Hospital Tragic Event

Source: The post West Bengal government guideline after Kolkata’s R.G. Kar Hospital Tragic Event has been created, based on the article “Regressive move: Reducing work hours of women is not the way to ensure their safety” published in “The Hindu” on 21st August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2- Governance-mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections

Context: The article criticizes a West Bengal government guideline that suggests minimizing night duty for women after a brutal incident at a Kolkata hospital. It argues that such measures are regressive, limiting women’s work opportunities instead of ensuring workplace safety.

For detailed information on Women Safety in India read this article here

What Are the West Bengal government guidelines after Kolkata’s R.G. Kar Hospital Tragic Event?

  1. Minimize night duties for women where possible, aiming to enhance their safety.
  2. Implement the ‘Rattirer Shaathi’ program, which includes:

a) Creating safe zones with CCTV surveillance.

b) Providing separate restrooms and toilets for women.

c) Introducing a special mobile phone app for safety.

What Are the Concerns About This Approach?

  1. Reducing night duty for women could lead to their exclusion from the workforce, which is already low. The labour force participation rate for urban women in India is just 25.2% (April-June 2024, Periodic Labour Force Survey).
  2. Limiting work hours might cause women to lose jobs and financial independence, exacerbating gender inequality.
  3. The proposed measures, such as creating safe zones and separate restrooms, should have been implemented earlier rather than restricting women’s work opportunities after a tragic incident.

What Is the Supreme Court’s Involvement?

  1. The Supreme Court took suo motu cognisance of the Kolkata case involving the murder of a woman doctor.
  2. A national task force was announced by the court to examine the safety of doctors and medical professionals.
  3. This action underscores the court’s commitment to addressing gender violence in professional sectors.
  4. The involvement of the Supreme Court follows a pattern of judicial responses to high-profile cases of violence against women, reminiscent of the actions taken after the 2012 Delhi rape incident.
  5. The court’s action indicates a proactive stance in ensuring workplace safety, particularly for vulnerable groups like women in high-risk professions.

What Should be Done?

  1. Beyond implementing harsher laws, there is a need for societal change.
  2. Justice R. Banumathi emphasized in 2017 that changing societal mindsets and raising awareness about gender justice are crucial to reducing violence against women.

For detailed information on Protection of Women from Sexual Harassment Act (POSH Act) read this article here

Question for practice:

Discuss the potential impact of the West Bengal government’s guidelines, introduced after the tragic incident at Kolkata’s R.G. Kar Hospital, on women’s workforce participation and gender equality.

Economic Implications of China’s Slowdown for India

Source-This post on Economic Implications of China’s Slowdown for India has been created based on the article “India has reason to be wary as China fumbles” published in “LiveMint” on 21 August 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-2- Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests

Context– Recent data shows that China experienced a record $15 billion net outflow of foreign investment from April to June. This raises concerns about China’s slowing economic growth, which could have important effects on the global economy, including India.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has confirmed that China’s economy is slowing down. After growing at 5.2% in 2023, it is projected to slow to 5% in 2024 and further to 3.3% by 2029.

What are the Challenges faced by Chinese economy?

1) Internal Challenges-

A) Stagnant Consumption: Demand within the country remains sluggish.

B) Real Estate Issues: The real estate sector is experiencing decreased demand.

C) High Government Debt: Elevated debt levels are constraining economic flexibility.

D) Decelerating Productivity: Productivity growth is slowing.

E) Aging Population: The demographic shift towards an older population is impacting economic growth.

2) External Challenges-

A) China’s export sector is facing obstacles like tariffs and trade restrictions, especially from the US and Europe, which are affecting its global trade.

B) China’s steel sector, the world’s biggest, is struggling. Steel prices have dropped to their lowest in years, numerous mills are reporting financial losses. This situation is aggravated by decreased investment in real estate and increased export duties, such as those imposed by the EU on Chinese electric vehicles.

Read more- Strengthening China-India Relations

What are the Economic Implications for India?

1) Steel Industry– Domestic steel prices in India have hit a three-year low, even though consumption rose by 12% in 2023-24 due to increased government spending and private investment. This drop threatens recent growth trends and could impact government programs like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) for specialty steel.

2) Chinese Imports on India’s Trade Deficit– Increased imports of subsidized Chinese steel and a rising influx of cheap Chinese manufactured goods are likely to widen India’s trade deficit with China. This growing trade imbalance may also reduce demand for Indian goods and services in the Chinese market

3) Potential Chinese Stimulus Effects- If China launches a stimulus program with subsidies and low-cost loans for its manufacturers, it could lead to tougher competition for Indian businesses due to a rise in cheaper Chinese products.

Way ahead- The Economic Survey’s suggestion to boost Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) needs careful thought. The government should create a practical FDI policy that focuses on real benefits and uses the opportunity to tackle ongoing border issues.

Question for practice

What difficulties is the Chinese economy encountering? And how might these issues impact India’s economy?

Crimes Against Women in India

Source-This post on Crimes Against Women in India has been created based on the article “Kolkata rape and murder: When the law fails women” published in “The Indian Express” on 21 August 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-2- Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.

Context-The recent rape and murder of a young doctor in Kolkata has once again brought attention to the issue of women’s safety in India. Despite strengthened rape laws since the infamous 2012 Delhi gang rape case, the problem persists.

What are the atrocities faced by the women in India?

1) Dowry Deaths- In 2022, India reported 6,516 dowry deaths, or one every 90 minutes. The problem is worsened by low conviction rates, as accused individuals often pay “blood money” to victims’ families. This practice, sometimes accepted by the police and courts, weakens the justice system and lets offenders escape serious punishment.

2) Domestic Violence -It is inadequately tackled across different social and economic backgrounds. The maximum three-year prison term limits effective punishment. As a result, offenders are often released on bail due to lenient rules for minor crimes, leaving victims feeling ignored and unsupported.

3) Stalking and Harassment– They are poorly addressed due to weak legal responses. Lenient bail rules allow offenders to keep engaging in abusive behavior. For example, in the Kolkata case, the accused, who had a history of violence, faced minimal legal consequences.

Read more- Women Safety in India- Challenges and Way Forward

What should be the way forward?

1) Comprehensive Legal Response – To enhance women’s safety, the law should cover all types of abuse and impose penalties based on the severity of the crime. Serious offenses like forcible disrobing or persistent stalking should have harsher penalties than minor harassment.

2) Reform of Bail and Judicial Procedures– The bail system, along with other judicial processes, needs reform. In 2022, 64% of dowry death cases were settled without a trial, and only 35% of those that went to trial resulted in convictions. This shows that perpetrators do not fear legal consequences.

3) Need for Fast-Track Justice – The criminal justice system must handle cases involving crimes against women more quickly. Sentences should be proportional to the severity of the crime. Additionally, courts need to take a firm stance against out-of-court settlements, which are promoted by the slow legal process and societal norms.

Question for practice

What are the atrocities faced by the women in India? What should be the way forward?

GS PAPER - 3

Need for sustainable mass employment in India

Source: The post need for sustainable mass employment in India has been created, based on the article “A ground plan for sustainable mass employment” published in “The Hindu” on 21st August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3- Economy-employment

Context: The article discusses the need for sustainable mass employment in India. It emphasizes creating jobs with dignity, improving skills through education and vocational training, and involving communities in these efforts. It also highlights the importance of public and private sector roles.

For detailed information on India Employment Report 2024 read this article here

Why is there a need for employment reforms?

  1. Low Wages: A wage earner in the top 10% makes only ₹25,000 per month, indicating wage disparity.
  2. Short-Term Skilling Issues: Short-duration skill programs have low long-term placement rates due to inadequate wages, especially in urban areas.
  3. Regional Disparities: States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala, with better education and skills, have higher consumption levels, while Odisha, despite skilling efforts, lags due to insufficient education infrastructure.
  4. Public Employment Gaps: India’s public employment per capita is much lower than in developed countries, highlighting the need for government intervention in creating sustainable jobs.

What are the incentives taken by the government for employment reforms?

  1. Budget Allocation: The government has allocated ₹2 lakh crore over five years to create jobs and skill opportunities for 4.1 crore youth.
  2. MGNREGA Focus: 70% of MGNREGA funds are directed to water-scarce and high-deprivation areas, emphasizing livelihood security through skills and better wage rates.
  3. Community-Based Programs: Initiatives like community cadres of crèche caregivers and expanding apprenticeships aim to improve job readiness and support women’s employment.
  4. Support for Women-Led Enterprises: Programs like the Start-Up Village Enterprise Programme (SVEP) and the Rural Livelihoods Mission help women access capital and scale their businesses, supported by innovations from the Reserve Bank Innovation Hub.

What are solutions for improving employment with dignity?

  1. Community-Based Skilling: Encourage local communities to identify skill needs and connect with employers through registers and planning.
  2. Integration of Services: Converge education, health, and employment services at the local level to enhance community accountability and effectiveness.
  3. Education Reform: Introduce vocational courses alongside traditional degrees in colleges to improve employability.
  4. Standardizing Training: Standardize courses like nursing to international levels to improve quality and employability.
  5. Support for Caregivers: Develop community-based caregiver programs for better childcare and women’s employment.
  6. Enhancing Technical Education: Improve infrastructure and curricula in ITIs and polytechnics to meet current industry standards.
  7. Fostering Enterprise Skills: Introduce enterprise and technology education in schools to encourage innovation and business skills.
  8. Apprenticeship Reforms: Create a co-sharing model of apprenticeships with industries to ensure practical training and job readiness.
  9. Access to Capital: Streamline capital loans for women-led and first-generation enterprises to facilitate business scaling.
  10. Skill Accreditation: Launch a universal accreditation for skill providers to ensure quality and relevance of training.
  11. Focused Use of MGNREGA Funds: Direct a significant portion of MGNREGA funds to skill development in deprived regions to enhance productivity and wage levels.
  12. Expanding Apprenticeships: Increase the scale of apprenticeships to improve skill acquisition and ensure fair wages.

Question for practice:

Discuss the challenges and solutions for creating sustainable employment with dignity in India.

Crop Diversification Challenges

Source-This post on Crop Diversification Challenges has been created based on the article “It makes most sense for farmers to keep growing rice and wheat” published in “Live Mint” on 21 August 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-3- Major Crops – Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country, – Different Types of Irrigation and Irrigation Systems; Storage,

Context- India’s agriculture is largely focused on growing rice and wheat. Despite various government efforts to increase oilseed and pulse production, the country still often faces shortages. India imports about 60% of its oilseeds and experiences price hikes for pulses like tur and urad due to fluctuating outputs.

What are the Reasons for the Preference for Rice and Wheat in India?

1) Subsidies on Power and Water: Many Indian states offer large subsidies on power and water, which lower the cost of growing rice and wheat. This support makes producing these crops more affordable and attractive compared to other options.

2) Minimum Support Price (MSP) Scheme: The Food Corporation of India (FCI) operates an open-ended procurement scheme, where it purchases any quantity of rice and wheat at a Minimum Support Price (MSP). This price, set using a cost-plus formula, guarantees farmers a steady return on their crops.

3) Guaranteed Returns: The MSP system guarantees a stable income for rice and wheat farmers, even when market prices fluctuate. Other crops don’t have this guaranteed price.

4) Government Export Policies: -T The government’s shifting policies on rice and wheat exports lead farmers to produce lower-quality crops. This uncertainty keeps them focused on these crops.

A detailed article on Crop Diversification: Need, Advantages and Challenges can be read here.

5) Economic Incentives- Farmers aim to maximize income by comparing harvest prices with cultivation costs. For 2022-23, rice and wheat are the most profitable due to high yields, despite lower net gains of ₹12-17 per kilogram.

Source-LiveMint

What should be the way forward?

1) To encourage crop diversification, there is a need to create systems for procuring and distributing pulses and oilseeds like those for rice and wheat. Currently, there is no policy for regularly stocking and distributing these crops through fair price shops.

2) The existing open-ended procurement approach is outdated and should focus on small farmers instead of large producers.

3) States should set clear limits on power and water subsidies to encourage farmers to grow different crops.

Question for practice

What factors contribute to the preference for rice and wheat in India?

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) 

Source- This post on Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)  has been created based on the article “CAS arbitrator calls Vinesh’s axing draconian, but sticks to rules” published in “Hindustan times on 21 August 2024.

Why in News?

The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) recently upheld the decision to disqualify Vinesh Phogat from the Paris Olympics for exceeding the weight limit by 100 grams. Court of Arbitration for Sport 

About Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)

Court of Arbitration for Sport, CAS (Tribunal arbitral du sport, TAS ...
Source: Depositphotos
Aspects  Description
About 1. The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) is an independent body. It handles disputes related to sports through arbitration and mediation. It operates separately from any sports organization.
2. CAS has nearly 300 arbitrators from 87 different countries, all experts in arbitration and sports law. Every year, around 300 cases are handled by CAS.
3. CAS procedures are conducted in French or English, although another language may be used under certain conditions.
Establishment CAS was established in 1984 and operates under the administrative and financial control of the International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS).
Headquarter CAS is based in Lausanne, Switzerland, with additional offices in Sydney, Australia, and New York, USA.
Function of CAS 1. Legal Dispute Resolution: The main function of CAS is to resolve sports-related legal disputes through arbitration. The decisions made by CAS have the same enforceability as court judgments.
2. Mediation Services: CAS can also help parties resolve their disputes amicably through mediation, provided this option is permitted.
3. Special Tribunals for Major Events: CAS sets up temporary tribunals for major events like the Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games, using special procedural rules tailored to each event.
Types of Disputes CAS Handles CAS can handle any disputes related to sports, whether they are of a commercial nature (like sponsorship agreements) or disciplinary issues (such as doping cases).
Who Can Bring a Case to CAS Any individual or organization involved in sports, such as athletes, clubs, sports federations, event organizers, sponsors, or TV companies, can bring a case to CAS.
Applicable Law Parties can choose the applicable law. If they don’t, Swiss law applies.
Decisions are based on the regulations of the relevant sports body, with the law of the body’s home country as a fallback.

UPSC Syllabus: International organisation

DRIPS Portal

Source- This post on DRIPS Portal has been created based on the article “Union Minister Shri Manohar Lal Khattar Launches online portal DRIPS (Disaster Resilient Infrastructure for Power Sector)” published in “PIB on 21 August 2024.

Why in News?

Recently, the DRIPS (Disaster Resilient Infrastructure for Power Sector) portal was launched by Ministery of Power and Ministery for Housing and Urban Affairs.

About DRIPS (Disaster Resilient Infrastructure for Power Sector) portal

portal DRIPS (Disaster Resilient Infrastructure for Power Sector)
Source: PIB
Aspects  Description
About The DRIPS portal is a comprehensive Disaster Response Platform for swiftly identifying and deploying essential resources during disaster situations.
Launched by Ministery of Power and Ministery for Housing and Urban Affairs
Purpose To enhance disaster preparedness and response in India’s power sector by providing a centralized platform for rapid identification and deployment of resources during emergencies.
Aim The portal aims to address the vulnerabilities exposed by recent natural disasters, such as cyclones and floods, particularly in coastal states and Union Territories.
Features 1. Enhanced Coordination and Effectiveness: It aims to reduce human error and improve the coordination among power sector entities, leading to a more effective emergency response.
2. Rapid Service Restoration: The system benefits power generators, distributors, and consumers by ensuring the swift restoration of power services during emergencies.
3. Centralized Point of Contact: DRIPS serves as a single contact point for all designated nodal officers from various departments within the power sector and other relevant agencies in affected districts and states.
4. Inventory Management: The portal manages an inventory of critical power system equipment and supplies, essential for emergency response efforts.
5. National Power Portal Integration: The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) is responsible for developing and hosting inventory on the National Power Portal.
Benefits of DRIPS 1. Transparent and Coordinated Response: The portal promotes transparency and coordination in the power sector during emergencies, reducing human error.
2. Utility for Generators, Distributors, and Consumers: It benefits not only power generators and distributors but also consumers by ensuring faster restoration of services.

UPSC Syllabus: Disaster management

JAL VIDYUT DPR portal 

Source- This post on JAL VIDYUT DPR portal has been created based on the article “Union Minister Shri Manohar Lal Launches Online Portal for Monitoring Survey and Investigation Activities of Hydro Electric Projects and Pumped Storage Projects (JAL VIDYUT DPR)” published in “PIB on 21 August 2024.

Why in News?

Union Minister Shri Manohar Lal, Minister of Power and Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs recently launched the JAL VIDYUT DPR portal. The event took place on 20th August 2024 in New Delhi.

About JAL VIDYUT DPR portal

1. Developed by: The JAL VIDYUT DPR portal is a digital platform developed by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA).

2. Purpose:  It is designed to monitor survey and investigation activities related to Hydro Electric Projects and Pumped Storage Projects (PSPs).

3. Aim: It aims to expedite workflows and streamline communication between developers and appraising agencies. It aligns with the government’s ease of doing business initiatives by reducing timelines for appraisals and approvals of DPRs.

4. Key Features and Benefits

1. Strategic Initiative for Hydropower Development: The portal supports the development of hydropower and PSPs which are essential for grid stability and energy transition.

2. Improved Project Management and Coordination: It provides a comprehensive overview of a project’s development status. It enhances coordination among various stakeholders during the Detailed Project Report (DPR) preparation process.

3. Centralized Digital Platform: It also offers a single platform for monitoring all survey and investigation activities related to Hydro and PSP projects.

4. Enhanced Efficiency and Transparency: It enables real-time tracking of tasks and pending actions.

UPSC Syllabus: Indian Economy

PROMPT Portal

Source- This post on PROMPT Portal has been created based on the article “Union Minister Shri Manohar Lal Khattar Launches Portal for Online Monitoring Of Projects – Thermal (PROMPT)” published in “PIB on 21 August 2024.

Why in News?

Recently, the Union Minister of Power and Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs, launched the Portal for Online Monitoring of Projects Thermal (PROMPT) in New Delhi.

About the PROMPT Portal

PROMPT Portal
Source: PIB

1. About: The Portal for Online Monitoring of Projects – Thermal (PROMPT) is a digital platform to monitor thermal power projects online.

2. The portal was developed with the assistance of NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation)

3. Benefits of PROMPT:

i) Real-Time Tracking and Analysis: The portal offers a centralized platform to monitor all aspects of project execution, allowing for quick identification and resolution of potential issues.

ii) Transparency and Accountability: By digitizing the monitoring process, the portal increases transparency in project management, reducing delays, cost overruns, and improving overall project efficiency.

iii) Resource Optimization: The portal ensures resources are available when needed, helping to meet the country’s electricity demand at an affordable price, ultimately benefiting consumers.

About Central Electricity Authority (CEA)

1. The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) of India is a is a statutory organization that operates under the Ministry of Power.

2. It was established by the Electricity Supply Act of 1948 and now governed by the Electricity Act of 2003.

3. The CEA plays a crucial role in planning and managing India’s power sector.

4. Its primary mandate is to advise the government on electricity generation, transmission, and distribution, ensuring a reliable and efficient power supply across the country.

UPSC Syllabus: Indian Economy

US FDA Approves First Nasal Spray for anaphylaxis

Source- This post on US FDA Approves First Nasal Spray for Severe Allergies has been created based on the article “US FDA approves first nasal spray to treat severe allergies: Here’s how it can change treatment” published in “Indian Express on 21 August 2024.

Why in News?

Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Neffy. It is the first-ever nasal spray designed to treat anaphylaxis, which is a severe and life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention and an injection of epinephrine. The US FDA has approved the 2 mg version for treatment.

US FDA Approves First Nasal Spray for Severe Allergies

Nasal spray - allergies
Source: IE

1. It has been designed for the emergency treatment of Type I allergic reactions. This approval is for adults and children weighing at least 30 kg.

2, Impact of FDA Approval: The approval of Neffy could be transformative, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where access to epinephrine auto-injectors is limited. Neffy also showed comparable effects on increasing blood pressure and heart rate, where both are critical factors in treating anaphylaxis.

3. Benefits for Children: Neffy’s nasal spray format is expected to be particularly beneficial for children, who often fear injections and may struggle with self-administration. It is a simpler, more accessible method of administering life-saving treatment.

Note: Epinephrine is a hormone and neurotransmitter used to treat allergic reactions, restore cardiac rhythm, and manage conditions such as mucosal congestion, glaucoma, and asthma, making it the only life-saving treatment for anaphylaxis.

About Anaphylaxis

1. Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur rapidly after exposure to an allergen.

2. Symptoms can appear within seconds or minutes of exposure to the allergen, such as peanuts, bee stings, certain foods, some medications, insect venom, or latex.

3. Symptoms:  It includes sudden drop in blood pressure, narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing, rapid and weak pulse, skin rash and nausea and vomiting.

4. Immune Response: Anaphylaxis triggers the immune system to release a large amount of chemicals, leading to shock.

5. Treatment: It requires an immediate injection of epinephrine. Without prompt treatment, anaphylaxis can be fatal. If epinephrine is unavailable, emergency medical care should be sought immediately.

Note: The most common allergens include certain foods like nuts, milk, fish, and specific fruits; medications such as vaccines, anti-inflammatories, and antibiotics; and insect venom, particularly from wasp and bee stings.

Status of Anaphylaxis in India

The incidence of anaphylaxis in India is under-reported, partly due to the condition being spread across various medical specialities.

It has been found that food-induced anaphylaxis is becoming more common in India, making Neffy a promising development for the country’s healthcare.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology

India-Malaysia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership

Source- This post on India-Malaysia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership has been created based on the article “India, Malaysia upgrade strategic partnership, discuss BRICS membership” published in “The Hindu” on 21 August 2024.

Why in News?

Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim upgraded the bilateral relationship to a ‘Comprehensive Strategic Partnership’. This step builds on the Strategic Partnership of 2010 and the Enhanced Strategic Partnership of 2015.

Key Takeaways

Prime Minister Narendra Modi with his Malaysian counterpart Anwar Ibrahim during a meeting at Hyderabad House in New Delhi on August 20, 2024.Prime Minister Narendra Modi with his Malaysian counterpart Anwar Ibrahim during a meeting at Hyderabad House in New Delhi on August 20, 2024.Prime Minister Narendra Modi with his Malaysian counterpart Anwar Ibrahim during a meeting at Hyderabad House in New Delhi on August 20, 2024.Prime Minister Narendra Modi with his Malaysian counterpart Anwar Ibrahim during a meeting at Hyderabad House in New Delhi on August 20, 2024.Prime Minister Narendra Modi with his Malaysian counterpart Anwar Ibrahim during a meeting at Hyderabad House in New Delhi on August 20, 2024.1. Key Agreements: Multiple agreements were signed covering critical areas such as worker mobility, digital technology, culture, tourism, sports, and education.

2. BRICS Membership Support: India has agreed to support Malaysia’s interest in joining BRICS.

3. Geopolitical Considerations: Discussions also covered geopolitical challenges in the Indo-Pacific region, highlighting India’s role in regional stability and its commitment to international law.

4. Cultural and Strategic Cooperation: The leaders emphasized the shared multicultural and multi-ethnic fabric of both nations. They further discussed expanding cooperation in digital technology, trade, agriculture, education, and defense.

6. Strategic Rice Export Agreement: India agreed to a one-time export of 2,00,000 metric tonnes of white rice.

7. Discussion on Extradition and Counter-Extremism: Both leaders also emphasized the need to tackle extremism and radicalism.

What are the differences between normal and comprehensive strategic partnership?

Point of differences Normal Partnership  Comprehensive strategic partnership
Definition It involves two entities (countries) working together on specific goals or challenges. It involves two or more entities (countries) working across broad domain and objectives. 
Scope It usually focused on particular projects, joint ventures, or sharing resources. It usually focuses on economic, technological, cultural, and political cooperation.
It often includes both bilateral and multilateral cooperation.
Level of commitment Moderate High
Duration Might be short-term or long-term, depending on the agreement. Usually long-term along with regular high-level dialogues and joint planning.
Formalities Formalized through agreements or memorandums of understanding (MOUs) Formalized through detailed agreements or treaties, often involving state visits, high-level meetings, and joint statements.
They may include defense pacts, economic agreements, and cultural exchanges.

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UPSC Syllabus: International relations

Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission

Source- This post on Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission has been created based on the article  Jupiter probe to stage first lunar-earth double fly-by manoeuvre” published in “The Hindu on 21 August 2024.

Why in News?

The European Space Agency’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) is returning towards Earth on August 19-20. It will perform a lunar-earth double fly-by manoeuvre, and then continue its journey to Jupiter.

About the JUICE Mission

1. About: Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission is to explore Jupiter and its three large moons: Callisto, Europa, and Ganymede. These moons are of particular interest because they may harbour conditions that could support life.

2. Initiated by: This mission has been initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA).

3. Launch duration: The JUICE mission was launched in 2023. It will reach Jupiter and its moons by 2031, after an eight-year journey.

4. Significance: This mission is the first-ever lunar-Earth flyby combined with the first-ever double gravity assist manoeuvre.

Double gravity assist manoeuvre as part of the mission
Initially, JUICE will use the Moon’s gravity to set the correct path toward Earth (First Gravity assist manoeuvre). Then, it will use Earth’s gravity to slow down, and take a shortcut towards Venus. (Second assist manoeuvre)
After this double flyby, JUICE will continue its journey to Jupiter with additional gravity assists from Venus in 2025 and Earth again in 2026 and 2029. These assists are crucial for steering JUICE without needing a large rocket.

About gravity assist technique

1. About: Gravity assist is a method to change a spacecraft’s speed and direction by flying close to a planet or moon. This allows the spacecraft to use the gravitational pull to speed up, slow down, or change its course without using much fuel.

2. Significance of the technique: The gravity assist method is a proven way to navigate the solar system efficiently. For ex- By taking advantage of the Moon’s and Earth’s positions, JUICE can reach Jupiter with a smaller rocket and less fuel, making the mission more feasible.

3. Challenges: The double flyby is complex and risky. Any mistake could throw the spacecraft off course, requiring more fuel to correct, which could endanger the mission.

Difference between Gravity Assist Manoeuvre and Double Gravity Assist Manoeuvre

Gravity Assist Manoeuvre Double Gravity Assist Manoeuvre
1. In a gravity assist, the spacecraft flies close to a single planet or moon.
2. The gravity of that body pulls on the spacecraft, altering its speed and direction.
3. This can either speed up or slow down the spacecraft without using additional fuel.
1. In a double gravity assist, the spacecraft performs gravity assists with two different celestial bodies.
2. The first gravity assist changes the spacecraft’s trajectory and speed, preparing it for the second assist, which further refines its path.
Example: A spacecraft passing close to Jupiter to gain speed and head towards Saturn. Example: A spacecraft using a gravity assist from Venus to gain speed, followed by another assist from Earth to adjust its course towards Mars

Read more: JUICE Mission

UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology

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