9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Articles 24 May, 2024

Mains Oriented Articles

GS PAPER - 2

Should doctors, like lawyers, be excluded from the Consumer Protection Act?

Source: The post should doctor, like lawyers, be excluded from the Consumer Protection Act has been created, based on the article “Should doctors be kept out of the Consumer Protection Act?” published in “The Hindu” on 24th May 2024.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2-governance-Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

Context: The article discusses whether doctors should be excluded from the Consumer Protection Act like lawyers, after a Supreme Court ruling. It highlights differing opinions on whether patients should use the Act to address medical issues, exploring the pros and cons of including medical services under consumer law.

For detailed information on Consumer Protection Act read this article here

What did the Supreme Court say about advocates and the Consumer Protection Act?

The Supreme Court ruled that advocates cannot be held liable under the Consumer Protection Act for deficiencies in service.

This decision prompts a reconsideration of including other professionals like doctors under the same act.

Previously, in 1995, the Supreme Court had included medical professionals under the Act in the landmark Indian Medical Association v. V.P. Shantha case.

The Court now suggests re-examining the definition of ‘services’ under the Act, particularly how it applies to the medical profession, indicating a possible shift in how professional services are treated under consumer law.

The issue will be placed before a larger Bench.

What are the arguments for keeping doctors under the Consumer Protection Act?

Consumer Protection for Patients: The Consumer Protection Act provides a necessary legal framework for patients to seek redress against medical malpractice, as highlighted in the Indian Medical Association v. V.P. Shantha case.

Accountability and Transparency: Including doctors ensures accountability and transparency in medical services, as medical practice inherently involves a contract of service with patients.

Accessible Legal Recourse: The Act offers an accessible and quicker route for grievances, compared to the lengthy processes in civil or criminal courts.

Prevent Malpractice: It acts as a deterrent against negligence and malpractice, protecting patient rights and ensuring higher standards of care.

Efficient Redressal Mechanism: The Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions provide an effective and specific forum for addressing medical complaints.

For detailed information on National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) read this article here

What challenges do doctors face under the Consumer Protection Act?

Lengthy Legal Proceedings: Doctors face long and exhausting legal battles that can extend up to 10 years to prove their innocence, draining their spirit and resources.

Frivolous Litigation: Some patients misuse the Act to avoid paying fees or out of dissatisfaction, leading to baseless lawsuits against healthcare providers.

Increased Medical Costs: To safeguard against potential lawsuits, doctors often order numerous medical tests unnecessarily, inflating the cost of medical procedures.

Documentation Burden: The requirement for meticulous record-keeping and documentation to defend against claims adds additional administrative burdens on medical practitioners, impacting their primary focus on patient care.

What should be done?

1. A thorough review of the inclusion of professionals like doctors under the Consumer Protection Act should be conducted, as suggested by the recent Supreme Court decision.
2. Introduce an ombudsman or independent authority specifically for handling medical complaints, which could streamline processes and provide expert evaluation.
3. Doctors should maintain clear communication about risks and treatment outcomes to minimize misunderstandings and disputes.
4. Incorporate mediation into the grievance process to resolve issues amicably before they escalate to formal litigation.

Question for practice:

Examine the potential challenges doctors face under the Consumer Protection Act and propose measures to address them.

Implications of Palestinian recognition by States

Source: The post Implications of Palestinian recognition by States has been created, based on the article “Powerful, symbolic- The recognition of Palestine by more nations is an indictment of Israel” published in “The Hindu” on 24th May 2024.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2– International Relations-Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate.

Context: The article discusses recent international actions related to the Israel-Palestine conflict. Ireland, Norway, and Spain plan to recognize Palestine as a state. The UN General Assembly supported this recognition. The International Criminal Court seeks to arrest Israeli leaders for alleged war crimes. The International Court of Justice will soon give a verdict related to Israel’s actions.

For detailed information on Israel-Palestine relations read this article here

What are the recent international reactions to the Israel-Palestine conflict?

Ireland, Norway, and Spain Announcement: These countries have announced their intent to formally recognize the state of Palestine next week, signaling a shift in their diplomatic stance towards the Israel-Palestine conflict.

UN General Assembly Resolution: A recent resolution passed with the support of 143 countries, including India, called for the recognition of the Palestinian state by the UN Security Council, highlighting a significant shift in international opinion.

Actions by the International Criminal Court (ICC): The ICC Prosecutor has moved to issue arrest warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Yoav Gallant for alleged war crimes in Gaza.

For more information read this Article

Upcoming International Court of Justice (ICJ) Verdict: The ICJ is set to pronounce a verdict on a petition by South Africa that could impose further measures on Israel for alleged genocide actions.

What is the symbolic impact of these international actions?

Recognition of Palestine: The decision by Ireland, Norway, and Spain to recognize Palestine represents a powerful political and symbolic statement against Israel’s current policies, emphasizing international disapproval.

Influence on Israel’s Military Policies: These recognitions aim to influence Israel to reconsider its strategies in Rafah and reduce civilian casualties. They showcase international efforts to affect ground realities through diplomatic pressure.

Global Consensus and Pressure: The collective actions and the forthcoming decisions of international courts underscore a near-global consensus, pushing Israel to rethink its approach. These developments also highlight Prime Minister Netanyahu’s isolation, stemming from his divergence from the widely supported two-state solution.

Question for practice:

Discuss the symbolic impact and international significance of recent actions and resolutions regarding the Israel-Palestine conflict, including recognition of Palestine by Ireland, Norway, and Spain, the UN General Assembly resolution, ICC actions, and the upcoming ICJ verdict.

The challenges of criminal justice system in India

Source: The post the challenges of criminal justice system in India has been created, based on the article “An absconding MP, the colossal failure of the system” published in “The Hindu” on 24th May 2024.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2-government-Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

Context: The article discusses a series of crimes against women in Hassan, Karnataka, involving MP Prajwal Revanna. It highlights police and political failures, delayed action, and the difficulties in apprehending the accused who fled to Germany.

How did the authorities respond in this case?

Initial Inaction: Despite finding evidence like pen drives with videos of the crimes strewn in public places, local police did not act promptly, allowing Prajwal Revanna to flee the country.

Delayed Legal Actions: It was only after Revanna escaped to Germany that the police lodged the first case, formed a Special Investigation Team (SIT), and recorded statements from survivors.

Lookout Circular Issued: After Revanna had already left, a lookout circular (LOC) was finally issued, and his father, HD Revanna, was arrested and then released on bail.

For detailed information on lookout circular (LOC) read this article here

Interpol Involvement: A Blue Corner Notice was issued by Interpol to gather more information about Revanna, rather than a Red Corner Notice which would have sought his arrest.

What does this case reveal about the political and judicial system?

Political Influence: Prajwal Revanna, a member of a powerful political family, faced delayed legal actions, illustrating how political connections can influence law enforcement decisions.

Administrative Delays: The lookout circular, which is an administrative tool issued by the immigration authorities, was not issued until after Revanna had already left the country.

Judicial Delays: The judicial system showed delays in more proactive measures, such as issuing restraining orders or moving quickly with the prosecution once evidence became public.

Election Concerns: The support of Revanna’s candidacy by major political parties, despite the allegations, suggests that electoral prospects may have been prioritized over swift and impartial justice.

What are the broader implications for society?

Erosion of Trust in Law Enforcement: The delay in police action despite having clear evidence, such as videos, undermines public trust in law enforcement’s ability to protect citizens and uphold justice.

Impact on Women’s Safety: The case highlights persistent vulnerabilities in the protection of women, especially when influential individuals are involved, leading to potential underreporting of similar crimes.

Political Accountability: The involvement of political figures in criminal cases and their continued electoral support illustrates a lack of accountability, affecting public perception of political integrity.

Need for Judicial Reforms: The delayed responses and administrative inaction call for urgent judicial and procedural reforms to ensure swift and unbiased justice.

Question for practice:

Discuss how the Prajwal Revanna case sheds light on the intersection of political influence, judicial delays, and administrative shortcomings in addressing crimes against women

Model Code of Conduct

Source-This post on Model Code of Conduct has been created based on the article “Ex-Election Commissioner Ashok Lavasa writes: A message on the Model Code of Conduct for leaders – from Mahabharata and beyond” published in “The Indian Express” on 24 May 2024.

UPSC Syllabus–GS Paper-2– Salient Features of the Representation of People’s Act.

Context-The article discusses India’s national motto “Satyameva Jayate” (Truth alone triumphs) and its relevance to the Election Commission of India (ECI) and the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) during elections.

What is the role of ECI in Indian democracy?

The national motto “Satyameva Jayate” was adopted on January 26, 1950, the day India became a Republic.
The Election Commission of India (ECI), established a day earlier, is responsible for facilitating democratic elections in the country by ensuring fairness and preventing undue influence on voters by candidates, political parties, and their supporters.

What is the significance of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC)?

1) The MCC aims to ensure ethical conduct during elections, restraining candidates and political parties from influencing voters through dishonest means.

2) The MCC prohibits parties and candidates from deepening existing societal divisions or appealing to caste or communal sentiments to secure votes. Such appeals are considered corrupt practices and electoral offenses under Section 123 (3&3A) and Section 125 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

A detailed article on the Model Code of Conduct can be read here.

What are the issues in its implementation?

1) It wouldn’t be fair to expect people to act as “role models” temporarily if they haven’t been doing so in their everyday lives. Political parties and leaders should demonstrate model conduct in what they say and mean consistently.

2) Loopholes in the law make it challenging to prosecute offenders who use clever rhetoric to avoid punishment. For ex- inciting hatred between social groups is punishable by up to three years in prison, a fine, or both, but only if it’s linked to an election. However, proving that such a statement was made concerning an election may require explicit urging to vote or not vote.

What is the lesson drawn from Mahabharata for ensuring integrity in Indian electoral politics?

1) There is a parallel drawn from the Mahabharata story of Yudhisthira’s statement about Ashwathama’s death, where the “whole truth” was not spoken in a manner that Dron Acharya could comprehend. It may have served the larger purpose of securing the victory for the Pandava, but Yudhistara lost his moral high ground by telling partial truth so it is important that politicians ensure that means should justify ends not vice-versa during the elections.

2) There is a need to reconsider the Model Code of Conduct and revive moral integrity because elections shouldn’t result in people and their leaders losing their ethical grounding.

Question for practice

Role of India in contemporary international trade

Source-This post on Role of India in contemporary international trade has been created based on the article “War minus shooting: Role of India in contemporary international trade” published in “Business Standard” on 24 May 2024.

UPSC Syllabus–GS Paper-2-International Relations– Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests & GS Paper-3- Effects of Liberalization on the Economy.

Context-The article highlights the current climate of global trade and compares it with the Cold War era. The recent moves by central banks to increase gold reserves, attempts by China and India to internationalize their currencies, and US tariff hikes on Chinese products are deepening fragmentation in international trade and raising costs.

According to the IMF’s Gita Gopinath, the fragmentation is much smaller than during the Cold War.However,the two emerging blocs are now led by the US and China.

What challenges does India face in global trade integration?

India, a former leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, faces the dilemma of positioning itself between the US and China blocs.

1) India is not able to reduce its dependency on Chinese imports despite attempts such as the production-linked incentive scheme.India’s economy is closely linked to Chinese imports, with a huge trade deficit of $85.08 billion in 2023-24.

2) India did not join the RCEP trade agreement, marginalizing itself from the largest trading arrangement in Asia and limiting its ability to influence trade rules and norms.

3) India has its own focus areas in international trade, as seen in initiatives like the Chabahar port agreement with Iran, despite facing threats of sanctions from the United States.

4) India’s lack of deeper integration with the global economy limits its ability to play a connector role compared to countries like Singapore.

5) India has tried to make the rupee acceptable for international payments but remains dollar-dependent due to the lack of a significant alternative system. The rupee trade system faced challenges, as Russia did not want it.

Read more- India-China Trade: Status and Concerns

What are the steps taken by China to reduce its dependence on dollars?

1) China is trying to diversify its currency reserves and reduce dependence on the US dollar by internationalizing the Yuan.

2) It has established the China International Payments System (CIPS) as an alternative to SWIFT.However,it still relies on a memorandum of understanding with SWIFT.

3) According to experts, if the Yuan lacks full convertibility in the capital account, it will find it difficult to challenge the dominance of the US dollar.

Question for practice

What challenges does India face in global trade integration?

GS PAPER - 3

Issue with Indian household savings

Source: The post issue with Indian household savings has been created, based on the article “Rising debt strains household savings” published in “The Hindu” on 24th May 2024.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3-Indian economy – Mobilisation of resource

Context: The article discusses a decline in the amount of money Indian households save after paying their debts. It argues that this isn’t just a change in where people put their money but a sign of deeper economic issues, like increasing debt and slower income growth.

For detailed information on Status of household savings in India read this article here

What is the main issue with Indian household savings?

Decline in Net Financial Savings: The main issue is the significant decline in household net financial savings to GDP, which fell by 2.5 percentage points during 2022-23. This shows households are saving less in financial forms like bank deposits or stocks.

Increase in Household Debt: Alongside the decrease in savings, there was a rise in the household borrowing to GDP ratio by 2 percentage points, indicating that households are taking on more debt.

Mismatched Compensation: Although there was a slight increase in physical savings (up by 0.3 percentage points), it did not offset the reduction in financial savings, leading to an overall drop in the household savings to GDP ratio by 1.7 percentage points.

How does the government interpret this trend?

Shift in Savings Composition: The government, represented by the Chief Economic Advisor (CEA), interprets the trend as a shift in savings from financial assets to physical investments, suggesting households are not actually saving less but changing where they save.

Increase in Total Savings: Despite the decline in net financial savings, the CEA points out that the nominal value of total household savings has increased, indicating growth in the overall savings pool during 2022-23.

What are the signs of structural economic shifts?

Increased Debt and Interest Payments: Post-COVID, there has been a noticeable increase in the household debt-income ratio and interest payments, indicating higher financial stress among households.

Fisher Dynamics at Play: The scenario described aligns with Fisher dynamics, where rising interest rates combined with slower income growth lead to growing household debt relative to income. This dynamic is confirmed by the average growth rate of household disposable income being consistently lower than the average lending rate from 2019-20 to 2022-23.

Historical Comparison: The current period contrasts with earlier periods, like 2003-04 to 2007-08, when household income growth generally outpaced the lending rate. This shift suggests a structural change in the economy’s functioning.

What challenges does the Indian economy face?

Growing Debt Burden: The gap between lending rates and income growth is increasing. This raises the debt-income ratio, leading to higher interest payments for households.

Reduced Consumption: Higher debt prompts households to cut back on spending. The consumption to GDP ratio dropped in 2023-24, showing this trend.

Policy Adjustments Needed: These issues highlight the need for policies that boost household income. This would help close the gap between interest rates and income growth and stabilize demand.

Question for practice:

Evaluate the interpretation of the Indian government regarding the trend in household savings, considering the decline in net financial savings and the increase in total savings.

Integrated theatre commands

Source-This post on Integrated theatre commands has been created based on the article “Why Indian armed forces will shift to integrated theatre commands” published in “The Indian Express” on 24 May 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-3– Various Security Forces and Agencies and their Mandate.

Context-The article highlights the significance of integrated theatre commands for ensuring cohesiveness in the functioning of the armed forces. The Indian Armed Forces are finetuning the final draft for the creation of integrated theatre commands.

What are the Integrated Theatre Commands?

Objective-This ambitious defence reform aims to integrate the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force to operate jointly in specific adversary-based theatres with defined military goals during conflicts or wars.

Global practice-All most major militaries in the world have including USA, China and France have the theatre command set up.

Creation of DMA-The government initiated this reform in 2019 by creating the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and setting up the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) to oversee the transition.

A detailed article on Integrated Theatre Commands in India can be read here.

What is the significance of Integrated theatre commands?

1)  Rationalizing manpower and resources-Currently, the three services operate individually under their respective operational commands. With theatre commands, their personnel, assets, infrastructure, and logistics would be integrated to operate cohesively towards defined military goals in specific theatres.

2) Streamlining Command Structure -The theatre commands will streamline the existing command structure by transforming three service command headquarters into theatre command headquarters. Additionally, the Andaman and Nicobar Command may be incorporated into one of the theatre commands.

3) Unique Structure of India’s Theatre Commands -Indias theatre commands would not follow any global military order and would be based on India’s unique security situation.

Read more-

What are the proposed theatre commands and headquarters?

Plans include making Mumbai the first common defence station for all three services and establishing more joint logistics nodes nationwide to enhance logistical integration, streamline supply chains, and facilitate officer postings across services.

Further, the latest draft envisions three adversary-based theatre commands:

1) Western Theatre Command facing Pakistan -proposed headquarters in Jaipur)

2) Northern Theatre Command facing China -proposed headquarters in Lucknow)

3) Maritime Theatre Command for threats in the Indian Ocean Region -proposed headquarters in Coimbatore, Karwar, or Thiruvananthapuram.

What are the proposed leadership structures for the theatre commands?

1) Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (HQIDS) is likely to operate under the CDS.

2)  Three theatre commanders who will be of rank of General or equivalent, will head the theatre commands.They would be responsible for operations

3) Theatre commanders will report to a National Defence Committee, likely headed by the Defence Minister

4) Plans are in place for the appointment of a Vice Chief of Defence Staff (Vice CDS) to oversee strategic planning, capability development, and procurement, along with a Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Deputy CDS) to handle operations, intelligence, and asset allocation. The Deputy CDS is likely to be a Lieutenant General or equivalent.

5) Service Chiefs would be responsible for raising, training, and sustaining individual services.

6) Strategic Forces Command will continue independently.

Over the past five years, several drafts have been crafted to determine the optimal model for India’s theatre commands. However, the government has yet to grant final approval for the plan’s implementation.

Question for practice

What is the significance of Integrated theatre commands? How can proposed theatre commands and headquarters help in achieving the objective of Integrated theatre commands?

Can gold replace financial assets?

Source-This post on Can gold replace financial assets? Has been created based on the article “Limits of the global gold rush” published in “Business Standards” on 24 May 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-3– Indian Economy

Context-The article discusses the limitations of gold as a primary reserve asset. The international gold prices have surged by over 30% in the past two years, driven by increased demand.

Why have international gold prices reached record highs recently?

1) Generally, it is believed that low-interest rates should cause gold prices to remain low because gold does not generate cash flow.However,prices have increased despite the rise in global interest rates.

2) Gold prices have risen despite a relatively strong US dollar, which is usually inversely related to gold prices.

3) The major reason for increasing gold prices is sustained buying by central banks. Central banks accumulated 290 tonnes of gold in Q1 2024, a record for the first quarter, led by China, India, and Turkey.

Why are central banks buying significant amounts of gold?

1) Gold has historically been an important component of central bank reserves, and many central banks are now buying gold for diversification purposes.

2) Some are also seeking to reduce their dependence on US treasuries due to geopolitical tensions and the risk of asset seizure. This was evidenced by the freezing of Russia’s reserves by Western countries after the Ukraine invasion

3) Gold, when physically stored within a country, poses no such risk of asset seizure and is free from any default concerns.

Read more- Gold drives trade deficit to new high

 What are the limitations of gold as a primary reserve asset?

1) Gold is at best a diversifier and unlikely to be a major driver against the US dollar’s dominance for large central banks. For ex- about 60% of global forex reserves and over 80% of global trade are still denominated in US dollars.

2) Increasing gold’s position in large central bank reserves can push prices and increase investment risk due to its limited supply.

3) The limited supply of gold suggests that even slight changes in demand can result in significant price fluctuations. When considering this factor alongside its emotional value and the potential market effects of major central banks selling their reserves, it indicates that gold is likely to maintain a minor role in the global economy during periods of geopolitical and financial instability.

4) Large transactions involving gold can disrupt central banks’ efforts to maintain currency stability and smooth capital flows, as they require liquid forex reserves for this purpose.

Question for practice

What are the reasons behind central banks acquiring substantial quantities of gold? What are the drawbacks of relying on gold as the main reserve asset?

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Foreigners Tribunals (FTs)

Source-This post on Foreigners Tribunals (FTs) has been created based on the article “Supreme Court halts deportation of Cooch Behar woman declared foreigner by tribunal”  published in “Bar and Bench” on 24 May 2024.

Why in News?

The Supreme Court recently stopped the deportation of a woman who had been declared a foreigner by a Foreigners’ Tribunal in Assam.

About Foreigners Tribunals (FTs)

1.  Foreigners Tribunals were established under the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964, which was enacted by the Central government utilizing powers from Section 3 of the Foreigners Act, 1946.

2. Geographical Application: While applicable across India, FTs are currently operational only in Assam. In other states, suspected illegal immigrants are presented before local courts under the Foreigners Act, 1946.

3. Recent amendment: Initially, only the Central government could establish FTs. The 2019 amendment to the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order granted this power to state governments as well.

4. Role and Functions of FTs

a) Detection of Suspected Foreigners: The superintendents of police (SPs) and district commissioners identify suspected foreigners. The Election Commission of India can also refer cases of ‘Doubtful’ voters to the local SP, who then refers them to the FTs.

b) National Register of Citizens (NRC): Individuals excluded from the final draft of the NRC released in August 2019, can appeal to the FTs to establish their citizenship.

5. Procedures Followed by FTs

a) Issuance of Notices: Upon receiving a referral, the tribunal serves the suspected individual with a copy of the grounds of suspicion and a show-cause notice within 10 days, indicating the burden of proof lies with the individual to demonstrate they are not a foreigner.

b) Opportunity for Defense: The FT provides the individual a fair chance to make a representation in person or via a lawyer and to present evidence supporting their claim of citizenship.

c) Consequences of Non-Compliance: If the individual fails to prove their citizenship and cannot secure bail, the FT orders their detention and transfer to a detention center.

6. Legal Authority and Precedence: SC held that the decisions of the FTs on a person’s nationality are binding and hold more weight than those of the Government, NRC verification authority, or other credentials.

UPSC Syllabus: Polity and nation

Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)

Source-This post on Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has been created based on the article “Supreme Court Upholds ICAI Rule Limiting Number Of Tax Audits By Chartered Accountants Per Yer; Declares It Operative From April 1, 2024” published in “Live Law” on 24 May 2024.

Why in News?

The Supreme Court recently confirmed a regulation from the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) that limits chartered accountants to accepting no more than the “specified number of tax audit assignments” in a financial year.

About Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)

Aspects	Description
About	ICAI is a statutory body created by the Chartered Accountants Act of 1949, tasked with regulating the Chartered Accountancy profession in India.
Operated under	It operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India.
Location	The headquarters are located in New Delhi.
Global Standing	It ranks as the second-largest professional body of chartered accountants globally.
Governance	1. Council Structure: The affairs of the ICAI are overseen by a Council according to the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949, and the Chartered Accountants Regulations, 1988. 2. Council Composition: The Council comprises 40 members, with 32 elected by Chartered Accountants and 8 nominated by the Central Government. 3. The nominees typically represent entities like the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the Securities and Exchange Board of India, and the Ministries of Corporate Affairs and Finance, among other stakeholders.
Functions	Regulation: It oversees the Chartered Accountancy profession. Education and Examination: Manages the education and examination of the Chartered Accountancy course. Professional Development: It facilitates continuing professional education and conducts post-qualification courses. Standard Setting: It formulates accounting standards and prescribes standard auditing procedures. Ethical Standards: It establishes ethical standards for the profession. Quality Assurance: It monitors quality through peer reviews and ensures the performance standards of its members. Disciplinary Actions: It exercises disciplinary jurisdiction over members. Financial Reporting Review: It conducts reviews of financial reporting. Policy Advisory: It provides input on policy matters to the government.

UPSC Syllabus: Polity & Governance

Travel & Tourism Development Index 2024

Source-This post on Travel & Tourism Development Index 2024 has been created based on the article “India ranks 39th on the World Economic Forum’s Travel & Tourism Development” published in “Times Travel” on 24 May 2024.

Why in News?

India has raised its ranking in the newly released Travel & Tourism Development Index compared to the previous report.

About Travel & Tourism Development Index 2024

1.This index is second edition and it has evolved from a flagship series produced by the World Economic Forum since 2007.

2. It is developed in partnership with the University of Surrey and incorporating insights from top Travel & Tourism (T&T) stakeholders, thought leaders, and data partners.

3. It evaluates the factors and policies that facilitate sustainable and resilient T&T development.

4. India holds the 39th position, making it the highest-ranked nation in South Asia and among other lower-middle-income economies. This is a notable rise from the 54th position in 2021.

2.  Factors Influencing India’s Improved Ranking:

a) Cultural and Natural Attractions: India’s rich cultural heritage and diverse landscapes contribute significantly to its appeal as a travel destination.

b) Investments in Tourism: Increased investments in tourism infrastructure, along with efforts to enhance sustainability and safety in travel and tourism, have positively impacted India’s ranking.

c) Competitive Advantages: India is highly ranked for its price competitiveness (18th), air transport (26th), and ground and port infrastructure (25th).

It stands out as one of only three countries ranked in the top 10 across all resource pillars, with Natural Resources at 6th and Cultural and Non-Leisure Resources at 9th.

Challenges and Current Performance

a) Performance Decline Since 2019:  Despite the overall improvement, India’s TTDI score in 2024 is 2.1% lower than in 2019, influenced by global inflation and supply issues.

b) Recovery from Pandemic: While there has been a decline in price competition, and air transport and tourist services have not fully rebounded to 2019 levels, there is optimism as the sector begins to recover post-pandemic.

Global Tourism Trends and Outlook

The lifting of COVID-19 travel restrictions and increased travel demand are expected to drive a significant resurgence in international tourist arrivals.

The travel and tourism sector’s contribution to global GDP is anticipated to return to pre-pandemic levels this year, boosting the global industry.

UPSC Syllabus:  Index and Reports 

Ujani Dam 

Source-This post on Ujani Dam has been created based on the article “6 Drown As Boat Capsizes In Dam Backwaters In Pune” published in “NDTV” on 24 May 2024.

Why in News?

Recently, a boat capsized in the backwaters of Ujani Dam in Maharashtra’s Pune district, drowning six persons, including two children.

About Ujani Dam

1. Ujani Dam is situated on the Bhima River near Ujjani village in the Solapur district of Maharashtra.

2. This earth-fill and masonry gravity dam was built between 1977 and 1980. It stretches 2,534 meters in length and stands 63 meters high.

3. The dam’s structure, including a 602-meter-long spillway, is supported by massive basaltic rock formations.

4. Purpose: The dam was primarily constructed to provide irrigation water and hydroelectric power to the region.

5. Capacity and Storage: Ujani Dam has a capacity of 117 thousand million cubic feet (TMC), divided into 54 TMC of live storage and 63 TMC of dead storage.

The dam has a hydroelectric power generation capacity of 12 MW.

6. Environmental Concerns:  The water quality in Ujani Dam is notably poor, containing hazardous pollutants. This pollution primarily comes from Pune and other smaller cities along the Bhima River and its tributaries.

About Bhima River

1. It is also known also as the Chandrabagha River. It is a major river in southwest India and primarily a tributary of the Krishna River.

2. It originated in the Bhimashankar hills near Karjat, located on the western side of the Western Ghats, in Pune District, Maharashtra.

3. It flows southeast through Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana, merging into the Krishna River at Kadlur (Raichur), Karnataka.

4. It is bordered by the Western Ghats to the west, the Balaghat Range to the north, and the Mahadeo Hills to the south. Its major Tributaries includes rivers such as Sina and Nira.

5.  Pandharpur which is an important pilgrimage center is situated on the right bank of the Bhima River.

UPSC Syllabus: Environment, Geography

eVTOL Aircraft

Source-This post on eVTOL Aircraft has been created based on the article “Is eVTOL a boon or bane? It depends on how we put it to use” published in “Down to Earth” on 24 May 2024.

Why in News?

The ePlane Company, incubated by the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, plans to launch its e-flying taxis in Bengaluru this year. However, the Indian government has not yet finalized policies for eVTOL flying taxis.

About eVTOL Aircraft

1. An eVTOL (electric vertical take-off and landing) aircraft is a type of VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) aircraft that utilizes electric power for hovering, takeoff, and vertical landing. These aircraft represent a significant advancement in aerospace technology.

2. It is designed primarily for low-altitude urban air mobility. It typically accommodates a small number of passengers, with models ranging from six to eight seats.

3. Technology Behind eVTOLs:

i) Distributed Electric Propulsion: eVTOLs incorporate distributed electric propulsion technology, which involves integrating a sophisticated propulsion system directly with the airframe.

ii) This system includes multiple motors that serve various functions, enhancing the aircraft’s efficiency and safety.

iii) The development of eVTOL technology has been driven by advancements in electric propulsion, which in turn have been supported by progress in motor, battery, fuel cell, and electronic controller technologies.

iv) This growth is also spurred by the demand for innovative vehicle technologies that facilitate urban air mobility (UAM).

4. Applications of eVTOL Aircraft: eVTOL aircraft are used in a variety of applications including:

a) Air taxis for quick urban transportation.

b)  Delivery services for goods and packages.

c)  Emergency Medical Services (EMS) for rapid medical assistance.

d)  Cargo transport in urban and suburban areas.

e)  Recreational purposes for leisure and sightseeing.

Advantages of eVTOL Aircraft

1. Cost-Effectiveness: eVTOLs are cheaper to operate and maintain compared to helicopters, potentially lowering user costs.

2. Urban Accessibility: Their ability to take off and land vertically enables them to operate in tight urban spaces without needing runways.

3. Time Efficiency: Capable of speeds up to 200 km/h, eVTOLs can significantly reduce travel times, especially in congested areas. Their speed and maneuverability make them ideal for urgent medical and other emergency services.

4. Environmental Benefits: As electric vehicles, eVTOLs generate no emissions, supporting cleaner urban environments. Some models are designed for quieter operations, making them suitable for noise-sensitive urban areas.

Disadvantages of eVTOL Aircraft

1. Regulatory Challenges: Lack of existing regulations could delay integration and operational approval for urban use.

2. Safety Concerns: Ensuring the safety of eVTOL operations in crowded cities is crucial for their acceptance.

3. Infrastructure Needs: Requires investment in specific infrastructure like landing zones and charging stations.

4. Air Traffic Control: Integration into current air traffic systems is necessary to avoid collisions and manage flight paths.

5. Limited Range and Capacity: Most eVTOLs are suitable only for short trips and small groups, limiting their broader application.

6. Public Acceptance: Overcoming public skepticism regarding safety, privacy, and aesthetic impacts is essential for widespread adoption.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology

Stone age and related study

Source-This post on Stone age and related study has been created based on the article “Was the Stone Age actually the Age of Wood?” published in “Indian Express” on 24 May 2024.

Why in News?

New research suggests that the Stone Age, a longprehistoric period known for human and ancestral use of stone tools, could be just as aptly called the ‘Wood Age’.

About the new research and its findings

1. New research from Schöningen, Germany, where wooden tools dated between 300,000 and 400,000 years old were found, suggests these weren’t just simple sticks but complex tools requiring skill and time to create.

2.  The study reveals a variety of woodworking techniques such as splitting, scraping, and abrasion, indicating a sophisticated understanding of wood manipulation.

3. Thomsen’s Chronology: Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, a 19th-century Danish archaeologist, categorized human prehistory into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. This chronology, though refined, largely shapes our understanding of human technological progress.

4. The study also reveals that despite the abundance of wood as a resource, archaeological evidence of its use is scarce compared to stone, bone, and clay due to preservation issues.

5. Importance of Schöningen Findings: The site in Schöningen provided well-preserved wooden tools due to its damp, oxygen-poor soil conditions.

This discovery challenges the notion that early humans primarily used stone, highlighting a potentially greater role for wood.

 Schöningen’s Insights into Early Human Behavior

1. Discovery of Spears: In the mid-1990s, archaeologist Hartmut Thieme discovered wooden spears alongside stone tools and remains of wild horses, suggesting early humans were not mere scavengers but skilled hunters.

2. Complex Tool Use: Further analysis of these tools using advanced technology like 3-D microscopy and micro-CT scanners revealed sophisticated techniques such as wood splitting, previously thought unique to modern humans.

About stone age

1.  The Stone Age is a prehistoric period that spanned from about 3.4 million years ago to 12,000 years ago.

2. This era accounts for 99% of human history and is noted for the initial use of stones for tools, weapons, and fire-making by early humans.

3. This period marks the evolution from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural societies, including the domestication of animals and the innovation of tool usage.

Divisions of the Stone Age

1. Palaeolithic Period (Old Stone Age): From the first use of stone tools up to the end of the last Ice Age, approximately 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago.

It is characterized by a nomadic existence with groups living in caves or forests. Technological and Cultural Development Included the creation of simple stone tools and cave paintings.

2. Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age): This follows the Palaeolithic, lasting from the end of the last Ice Age to the onset of agriculture. A warmer climate which supported early farming developments and the domestication of animals.

This featured more sophisticated stone tools, including the prepared-core technique, allowing the production of similarly shaped tools from the same stone.

3. Neolithic Period (New Stone Age): It begins with the start of farming and lasts until the introduction of metal tools, marking the beginning of the Bronze Age. Transition from nomadic to sedentary lifestyles, forming villages and towns has been seen.

This age witnessed animal domestication, the advent of agriculture, and the creation of pottery and textiles.

UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

AI Agents

Source-This post on AI Agents has been created based on the article “What are AI agents, which power OpenAI’s GPT4o and Google’s Project Astra?” published in “The Indian Express” on 24 May 2024.

Why in News?

GPT-4o and Project Astra are also termed as ‘AI agents’. These surpass traditional voice assistants like Alexa and Siri. This signals a shift from simple chatbots to advanced, multimodal AI agents.

About AI Agents

1. Definition: AI agents are advanced AI systems that interact in real-time with humans using multiple modes of communication such as text, voice, and images.

Unlike traditional language models that operate solely on text, AI agents can also process voice and visual inputs.

2. Functionality: They perceive their environment via sensors, process this information with AI algorithms, and take actions based on this data. This allows them to adapt to new situations and handle a variety of scenarios.

Differences from Large Language Models (LLMs)

1. Enhanced Interaction: They provide more natural and immersive interactions by integrating voice, vision, and environmental sensing, unlike LLMs which are restricted to generating text.

2. Contextual Awareness: They understand and respond based on the context of interactions, which makes them capable of offering personalized and relevant responses. They have autonomy to perform complex tasks such as coding and data analysis.

 Potential Uses of AI Agents

1. Versatile Assistants: They can manage tasks ranging from giving personalized recommendations to scheduling appointments, ideally suited for customer service.

2. Educational Tools: They can act as personal tutors, adapting to different learning styles and offering customized instructions.

3. Healthcare Support: They can assist medical professionals by providing diagnostic support and real-time patient monitoring.

Risks and Challenges

1. Privacy and Security: As they can access and use a lot of personal and environmental data, there is a significant concern about how this information is protected and used.

2. Bias: They might also replicate biases present in the data or algorithms they were trained on. This can result in unfair or harmful decisions.

3. Regulation Needs: As AI agents become more widespread, there needs to be strong rules and guidelines to ensure they are used responsibly and safely.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology