9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Articles 10th July, 2024

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Mains Oriented Articles

GS PAPER - 2

Draft Digital Competition Bill

Source-This post on Draft Digital Competition Bill has been created based on the article “What is the draft Digital Competition Bill?” published in “The Hindu” on 10 July 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-2- Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.

Context- The Ministry of Corporate Affairs formed a Committee on Digital Competition Law (CDCL) to study the necessity of a new law for competition in digital markets. After a year of discussion, the CDCL decided to add an ex-ante framework to the existing Competition Act, 2002.

Ex-ante competition regulation is uncommon. The European Union is the only place where a comprehensive ex-ante competition framework, known as the Digital Markets Act, is currently enforced.

What does “ex-ante framework” mean?

The Competition Act, 2002 currently operates reactively, with the CCI intervening after anti-competitive behavior has occurred. The proposed ex-ante framework for digital markets would enable the CCI to prevent such conduct proactively before it occurs.

What are the reasons behind proposing “ex-ante framework”?

1) Economies of Scale and Scope -Digital enterprises benefit from economies of scale and economies of scope, reducing production costs per unit and total costs with increased services. This accelerates their growth compared to traditional market players.

2) Network Effects-It also enhances utility of digital services as user numbers increase.

3) Effective Regulatory Framework -Markets can quickly and irreversibly favor established players. The current framework is slow that allows offenders to evade scrutiny.

4) Monopolistic Tendencies-A group of Indian startups has backed the draft Bill, arguing that it would address concerns about monopolistic practices by big tech.

Read More- Digital Competition Bill: Its core needs strengthening

What are the key features of the draft Digital Competition Bill?

1) Dominant Digital Enterprises-It is inspired by the EU’s Digital Markets Act. The bill focuses only on “dominant” digital enterprises rather than all. It identifies ten key digital services such as search engines and social networking platforms.

2) Criteria for Determining Digital Dominance-It establishes clear rules for the CCI to determine if digital companies are dominant. It considers financial strength through the “significant financial strength” test and market presence in India through the “significant spread” test.

3) Designation of SSDEs- The CCI can designate “systemically significant digital enterprises (SSDEs)” even if they don’t meet quantitative criteria.

4) Restriction on SSDEs-

A) They must operate fairly, non-discriminatively, and transparently with users. The draft Bill prohibits SSDEs from self-preferencing, restricting third-party app availability, and blocking user settings changes.

B) They cannot use user data from one service to benefit another or unfairly leverage non-public user data.

Why has the draft bill been opposed?

1) Ex-Ante Regulatory Model in India -There are doubts about how well an ex-ante regulatory model will work in India, as it seems to be copied from the EU without considering the differences between these regions.

2) Lack of Evidence-There’s no evidence that this regulatory approach has succeeded in the EU, which raises doubts about its efficacy in India.

3) Impact on Investment– It could deter investments in Indian startups. This is because startups may avoid scaling up to avoid crossing quantitative thresholds.

4) Impact on MSMEs– Limitations on tying, bundling, and data usage could harm Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) that depend on big tech to reduce expenses and reach more customers.

Question for practice

What are the key features of the draft Digital Competition Bill? Why has the draft bill been opposed?

GS PAPER - 3

Challenges in Reducing Tensions in the J&K Region

Source: The post challenges in reducing tensions in the J&K region has been created, based on the article “J&K terror attack: Dealing with Pakistan without playing tit-for-tat” published in “Indian express” and “A new trend: India needs more than troops to combat militants in Jammu” published in “The Hindu” on 10th July 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper3-security

Context: The articles discuss recent terrorist attacks in Jammu and Kashmir, attributing them to Pakistan-sponsored groups. They mention India’s security challenges and diplomatic efforts to address this ongoing conflict, amidst changing regional dynamics and internal pressures within Pakistan.

For detailed information on The Challenge of Cross-border Terrorism in India read this article here

How Severe Is the Terrorism Threat in the J&K Region?

  1. Recent Attacks: In the last two days, seven security personnel were killed, following four attacks in June. These include an ambush in Badnota village, killing five army personnel.
  2. Continued Sponsorship: Despite international scrutiny, Pakistan continues to support terrorist groups operating in Jammu and Kashmir.
  3. Evolving Threats: New terror groups and strategies, such as targeting the Rajouri-Poonch area, show an adaptation in terrorist operations, increasing the complexity of the threat.

How Has the Situation Affected Perceptions?

  1. Shattered Complacency: Recent terror attacks have disrupted the previous perception of Pakistan’s restraint, particularly among India’s strategic community. This reflects a shift in the perceived effectiveness of past peace initiatives and muscular policies.
  2. Misjudged Stability: The belief that revoking J&K’s special status had largely contained the Pakistan problem is challenged by continued attacks. This indicates that major policy moves have not resolved the underlying issues.

What Are the Challenges in Reducing Tensions in J&K Region?

  1. Persistent Terrorism: Despite international scrutiny and India’s strong security measures, Pakistan-sponsored terrorism continues unabated, as evidenced by recent fatal attacks on security forces.
  2. Diplomatic Limitations: The slogan “terror and talks cannot go together” has become a public and political mantra in India, reducing the government’s flexibility in pursuing diplomatic talks with Pakistan.
  3. Pakistan’s Internal Politics: Political turmoil and military dominance in Pakistan complicate any potential diplomatic engagement. The stand taken by former Prime Minister Imran Khan against trading with India adds to the challenges.
  4. Reduced Local Intelligence: The redeployment of troops to the Eastern Ladakh border following the 2020 standoff with China has led to a significant gap in local intelligence in Jammu and Kashmir, affecting the effectiveness of security operations and increasing vulnerability to terrorist tactics.

What Are the Implications for Security?

  1. Increased Security Risks: Recent terror attacks, including the ambush in Badnota village that killed five army personnel, highlight increased security risks for forces operating in Jammu and Kashmir.
  2. Strained Resources: The redeployment of a large number of troops to the Eastern Ladakh border has created a vacuum in local security, reducing the effectiveness of intelligence and response capabilities in Jammu and Kashmir.
  3. Adaptive Terror Tactics: Terrorists are utilizing modern technology and shifting focus to less guarded regions like Rajouri-Poonch, complicating security operations.

What Should India Do Next?

  1. Enhance Security Protocols: India should tighten security measures, especially in vulnerable areas like Rajouri-Poonch, where recent shifts in terrorist activities have been noted.
  2. Diplomatic Engagement: Despite the challenges, India should seek diplomatic avenues to reduce tensions, possibly resuming quiet talks that have sporadically occurred.
  3. Counter-Terrorism Strategies: Strengthen counter-terrorism tactics, including the use of advanced technology to bridge the intelligence gaps caused by troop redeployments to other regions.
  4. International Pressure: Continue efforts to isolate Pakistan internationally, focusing on its role in sponsoring terrorism, while addressing anti-India rhetoric effectively at global forums.

Question for practice:

Discuss the implications of recent terrorist attacks in Jammu and Kashmir on India’s security measures and diplomatic efforts.

Issues with India’s R&D expenditure

Source: The post issues with India’s R&D expenditure has been created, based on the article “Can this Budget be a 1991 moment for science and technology?” published in “Indian express” on 10th July 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper3-Science and Technology

Context: The article emphasizes the need for increased investment in science and technology in India. It suggests reforms like merging scientific institutions, mandating private sector R&D spending, and excluding building costs from R&D figures to boost innovation and development.

For detailed information on India’s R&D Funding Status read this article here

What is the current state of R&D spending in India?

Current R&D Spending: India currently allocates only 0.6% to 0.7% of its GDP to research and development, significantly lower than the targeted 2%.

What are the issues with India’s R&D expenditure?

  1. Low R&D Expenditure: India’s spending on R&D is significantly lower than many other countries, standing at just 0.6% to 0.7% of GDP, compared to countries like the US (2.8%), China (2.1%), Israel (4.3%), and South Korea (4.2%).
  2. Disproportionate Government Spending: The government sector accounts for 56% of India’s total R&D expenditure. This is much higher than in other nations, where private sector involvement is more prominent, like in China (15%), Germany (14%), the UK (7%), and Japan (8%).
  3. Capital Expenditure Bias: A large portion, 44%, of India’s R&D budget is allocated to capital development, such as infrastructure and land acquisition, which contrasts sharply with countries like the UK and the US where virtually none of the R&D budget goes to such expenditures.

What lessons can India learn?

  1. Lessons from Other Countries

Increase R&D Funding: As seen with China, which raised its R&D investment from 0.7% of GDP in the 1990s to 2.1% currently. In 2019, China’s R&D spending reached USD 525.7 billion in PPP terms, vastly exceeding India’s USD 58.7 billion in 2018.

  1. Lessons from India’s Own Successes
  2. Autonomy in Key Sectors: India’s success in space and atomic energy is largely due to the autonomy given to the Space Commission and the Atomic Energy Commission. These bodies are free from bureaucratic delays, fostering more effective project execution.
  3. Integrated Leadership: Effective leadership structures involving senior scientists and high-level government officials have proven successful, as seen with the empowered bodies managing space and atomic energy initiatives, leading to significant advancements.

What should be done?

  1. Promote Private Sector Involvement: Encourage private sector participation by mandating companies to allocate 2% of their profits to R&D, similar to corporate social responsibility rules.
  2. Support State-Level Research: Allow state governments to raise funds exclusively for R&D projects approved by the National Research Foundation. This will decentralize and enhance research capabilities across India.

Question for practice:

Discuss the current state and challenges of R&D spending in India.

India Need to Improve its Manufacturing Sector

Source: The post India need to improve its manufacturing sector has been created, based on the article “The shape of manufacturing 3.0 for Modi 3.0” published in “The Hindu” on 10th July 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper3- Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment.

Context: The article discusses the need for India to enhance its manufacturing sector to create jobs and reduce trade deficits. It highlights the challenges at the state level and suggests the U.S. could help improve business conditions in Indian states to support this growth.

For detailed information on Need to Revive Manufacturing Sector in India read this article here

What is the Current Status of India’s Manufacturing Sector?

  1. Current GDP Share: India’s manufacturing sector contributes only 13% to the GDP as of 2022, down from an earlier aim of increasing it to 25% by 2025.
  2. Comparison with Other Countries: This percentage is lower compared to manufacturing giants like China (28%), Vietnam (25%), and even smaller economies like Malaysia (23%) and Bangladesh (22%).

Why Does India Need to Improve its Manufacturing Sector?

  1. Employment Creation: Half of the workforce is stuck in low-productivity agriculture. Enhancing manufacturing could provide much-needed urban jobs as workers transition from rural areas.
  2. Reduce Trade Deficit: India has a substantial goods trade deficit of $250 billion, with high imports of manufactured goods like electronics. Boosting domestic manufacturing could reduce this deficit.
  3. National Security: Enhancing India’s manufacturing sector is crucial for national security as it reduces reliance on imports for critical supplies. This self-sufficiency is especially important given the rising tensions with neighboring countries like China. A robust manufacturing base helps India maintain stability and readiness in the region.

What Are the Challenges in Improve India’s Manufacturing Sector?

  1. State-Level Regulation: Critical factors like electricity, water, labor regulations, and land acquisition are controlled by state governments, not centrally, which can lead to inconsistencies and inefficiencies.
  2. Ineffective State Policies: The “Business Reforms Action Plan” aimed to improve state business environments has not been updated since the COVID-19 pandemic and relied on often unreliable self-reporting by states.
  3. Focus on Capital-Intensive Industries: There’s an overemphasis on sectors like semiconductors and robotics, which may not create as many jobs as sectors like textiles and furniture.

How Can Manufacturing Benefit India and the U.S.?

  1. Regional Security: A robust manufacturing base supports India’s role in regional security, which is crucial given the strategic challenges posed by China.
  2. Supply Chain Resilience: Manufacturing in India enhances the viability of U.S. supply chains, as some manufacturing shifts away from China.

Question for practice:

Examine how enhancing India’s manufacturing sector could contribute to reducing the country’s trade deficit and improving national security.

Implications of Angel Tax for Startups and Investment

Source-This post on Implications of Angel Tax for Startups and Investment has been created based on the article “Drop the angel tax: Stop taxing startup investments as income” published in “Live Mint” on 10 July 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-3- Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment.

Context– The article discusses the issues associated with imposition of angel tax in India. The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) is reportedly considering relief for startups from this tax.

What is India’s ‘angel tax’?

Angel tax in India, governed by Section 56(2)(viib) of the Income Tax Act since 2012, applies to startups that receive investments from angel investors above the fair market value of their shares. Any excess valuation is taxed as income for the startup.

What are the problems with the imposition of this tax?

1) Flawed Assumptions- A high share premium usually results from valid business decisions. For instance, if a company initially issued few shares at a low value but now has a much higher valuation, it can legally issue shares at a higher price per share under Indian law. However, such scenarios face scrutiny under angel tax regulations.

2) Scrutiny Selection Process- The tax department employs Computer-Aided Selection of Cases for Scrutiny (CASS). An examination of companies receiving notices indicates that one criterion for angel tax is whether a startup, despite facing early-stage losses, issued shares at a premium. These initial losses are common for startups and do not imply a lack of value creation.

3) Issues with Implementation – It is problematic when assessing officers compare startup projections with actual performance without considering deviations in valuation reports. New businesses operate under more uncertainty and the equity risk taken by investors covers it.

What is the impact of imposition of this tax?

1) Startup Funding – Startup funding dipped by an estimated 63% in 2023 compared to the previous year.2023 saw the lowest amount of startup funding raised in six years.

2) Non-Resident Investors- Section 56(2)(viib) was extended to non-resident investors with certain exceptions. However, given that about 85% of Indian startup capital originates from abroad, this extension has been particularly detrimental.

3) Impact on Investment– It turns capital into taxable income, which goes against the goal of attracting more investment to the country.

What measures were taken by the government?

The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) introduced relief measures in February 2019 exempting startups from the angel tax for shares issued up to ₹25 crore, provided certain conditions were met.

Read More- Centre softens angel tax rules

What are the issues with these measures?

3 restrictions severely impacted this exemption:

A) Prohibition on giving loans and advances

B) Restriction on capital contributions to other entities

C) Limitations on investments in shares and securities

2) The restrictions last for seven years after the fund-raise. Since a firm can remain a DPIIT startup for 10 years, these rules can affect routine transactions for up to 17 years. Many startups chose not to take the 2019 exemption because of these strict conditions.

What should be the way forward?

1) Exclude unlisted companies from Section 56(2)(viib), mirroring the exclusion for listed companies. This will protect genuine startups from harassment while still allowing tools to catch fraudulent entities.

2) Removing Section 56(2)(viib) could reverse the decline in startup funding and boost confidence among entrepreneurs and investors. It wouldn’t compromise India’s efforts against unaccounted funds and could greatly benefit the Startup India initiative.

Question for practice

What are the issues associated with Angel tax’s implementation? What are the consequences of imposing this tax?

Draft National Policy on Farmer Producer Organisations

Source-This post on Draft National Policy on Farmer Producer Organisations has been created based on the article “Enabling farmers: New policy on FPOs should improve returns” published in “Business Standards” on 10 July 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-3- Storage, Transport and Marketing of Agricultural Produce and Issues and Related Constraints; E-technology in the aid of farmers

Context-The Department of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare has recently introduced a draft National Policy on Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs). aimed at consolidating existing FPOs and promoting the formation of new ones.

What are the challenges in India’s agriculture sector?

1) Fragmented Land Ownership– Indian agriculture is hindered by fragmented land ownership, with small and marginal farmers owning about 85% of land holdings, according to NABARD. These small plots restrict the adoption of modern farm machinery and limit the value that small farmers can earn from their crops.

2) Unorganized Farmers and Small Producers– Farmers who are not organized lack the ability to negotiate effectively and face challenges storing crops for sale during the off-season. Small producers also cannot take advantage of cost savings from larger-scale production due to their limited inputs and output.

3) Transparency in Agricultural Marketing -In agricultural marketing, there’s a long chain of middlemen, often lacking transparency, which means farmers receive only a small share of the final consumer price.

What is the significance of Farmer Producer Organizations in addressing these challenges?

1) Institutional Support-Each Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO), led by elected farmer directors, is owned by its members who share profits. These cooperatives receive support from institutions like NABARD and government departments for finance and technical expertise.

2) Support Agricultural Operations -FPOs streamline operations, cutting out middlemen that can harm farmers. By pooling resources, farmers can improve yields and get better prices for their crops.

3) Enhancing Farmer Bargaining Power -FPOs strengthen farmers’ bargaining power with buyers and suppliers. They procure inputs, provide market information, facilitate access to finance, and provide storage and processing facilities.

4) Marketing Support– FPOs assist in branding, packaging, and marketing produce to larger buyers.

Read More- Issues associated with India’s agricultural imports

What are the provisions of the new draft Policy on Farmer Producer Organizations?

1) Objective-

A) To consolidate existing FPOs and promote the formation of new ones.

B) To create an ecosystem that supports income-oriented farming and enhances the overall well-being of farmers.

2) Operation– It plans to establish seven to eight active primary-level FPOs in each of the 7,256 blocks in India, with an average membership of 500 farmers per FPO.

3) Supply Chain Model- The policy suggests a three-tiered supply chain model, inspired by Amul’s successful milk model, for agricultural and horticultural produce. This model covers value addition, processing, and marketing, targeting both domestic and international markets.

4) Credit & Financing- It includes funds like the FPO equity grant fund and FPO formation fund, along with support from the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund scheme. This support includes interest subsidies and credit guarantees.

What is the significance of the new policy?

1) The policy will benefit around 25 million farmers nationwide, boosting their income through simpler agribusiness operations and more efficient production practices.

2) It will enhance the value of agricultural and horticultural produce for farmers, benefiting both domestic sales and exports.

3) It will tackle the problem of inefficient management in FPOs, including challenges in hiring and keeping skilled managers.

Question for practice

What are the key provisions of the new draft Policy on Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)? What is the importance of this updated policy?

Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET)

Source-This post on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) has been created based on the article “The innate limitations in executing iCET” published in “The Hindu” on 10 July 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-3- Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.

Context– The iCET initiative reflects broader U.S. strategic interests, as highlighted in a Senate report urging closer military ties with India to reduce dependence on Russian weapons.

This aims to integrate India into global supply chains for advanced military technology, reducing dependence on other countries strategically. However, it faces several structural challenges despite positive talks between national security advisors of both countries.

What challenges does the iCET initiative face in its execution between India and the U.S.?

1) Autonomy of U.S. Defence Companies– U.S. defence firms do not want to transfer technology due to stringent intellectual property rights (IPR) protection and export control laws. They are cautious about sharing military technologies, even in joint ventures that align with U.S. strategic interests.

2) Limited Technology Transfer-Negotiations have secured technology transfers for projects like manufacturing GE F-414 engines and assembling MQ-9 UAVs in India. However, critical know-how remains restricted.
For ex- General Electric agreed to transfer about 80% of the technology to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for engine production, but critical aspects like metallurgy for turbine discs are not included

3) Mercantile Concerns – U.S. defense vendors are accountable to shareholders driven by commercial interests, which limits their willingness to share technology. These commercial concerns, combined with bureaucratic challenges, were the reasons behind the failure of the 2012 Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI) between India and the U.S

4) Prohibition on “Jugaad”- India’s agreements with the U.S. before acquiring these defence assets limited their use of the innovative jugaad approach. Also, most purchases through the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) route were subject to the strict ‘Golden Sentry’ program, which does not allow for jugaad adaptations.

Read More-India-USA relations

How does the jugaad approach contribute to India’s military strategy concerning the iCET initiative?

The jugaad approach involves innovative adaptation of imported platforms by India’s military to enhance operational capabilities. Jugaad has allowed Indian forces to optimize foreign equipment for diverse terrain and climatic conditions.

For ex– it enabled Chetak and Cheetah helicopters, mainly French Alouette III and SA-315B Lama models, to operate at altitudes above 14,000 feet in the challenging Siachen glacier region.

What should be the way forward?

1) Domestic defense officials should push for integrating jugaad principles into iCET projects. Allowing flexibility in modifying U.S. platforms could enhance their effectiveness in Indian contexts.

2) It is essential to overcome bureaucratic inertia and prioritize effective implementation of initiatives like iCET rather than merely focusing on discussions.

Question for practice

What challenges does the iCET initiative face in its execution between India and the U.S.?

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Integrated Tribal Development Programme

Source- This post on the Integrated Tribal Development Programme has been created based on the article “NABARD to launch integrated tribal development programme in Kulathupuzha” published in “The Hindu” on 10 July 2024.

Why in the news?

The Integrated Tribal Development Programme is a key initiative by NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) aimed at promoting sustainable livelihoods for tribal communities.

About Integrated Tribal Development Programme

1. This is a major initiative by NABARD focused on sustainable tribal livelihoods.

2. The programme is based on the ‘wadi’ model of tribal development, which has been developed with the help of both national and international development agencies.

3. Funding: Projects under this programme are funded through the Tribal Development Fund.

4. Objectives of the Tribal Development Fund:

i) Integrated Development: To create replicable models of integrated development for tribal families through sustainable income-generating activities based on the area’s potential and tribal needs.

ii) Institution Building: To build and strengthen tribal institutions, enabling communities to participate in policy formulation, program execution, and improve their social and economic status.

iii) Producers’ Organizations: To build and strengthen producers’ organizations.

About NABARD

1. NABARD is a financial institution set up by the Indian government to promote sustainable agriculture and rural development. It is the main regulatory body for the rural banking system in India.

2. NABARD was established in 1982 as a central regulating body for agriculture financing and rural development.  It was set up under the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act of 1981.

3. Objective: To promote agriculture and rural development through participative financial and non-financial interventions, innovations, technology, and institutional development to ensure prosperity.

5. Activities for Rural Development:

i) Providing refinance support to banks.

ii) Improving rural infrastructure.

iii) Supervising Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and Cooperative Banks.

UPSC Syllabus: Programmes

Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve

Source- This post on the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve has been created based on the article “BR Hills-bound vehicles to pay token green tax” published in “Economic Times” on 10 July 2024.

Why in the news?

The Karnataka Forest Department has recently started collecting a green tax from vehicles entering BR Hills through BRT Tiger Reserve.

About Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve

Aspects Description
About The BRT Tiger Reserve is located in the Chamarajanagar district of Karnataka State.
The reserve is named after the “Biligiri,” a white rocky cliff that has a temple of Lord Vishnu, locally known as Rangaswamy.
The BRT Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2011.
Gographical Location This unique bio-geographical entity is situated between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats in South India.
It was established as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974.
Vegetation The forests are mainly of the dry deciduous type.
They are interspersed with moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, evergreen, and shola patches at varying altitudes.
Flora Major species include Anogeissus latifolia, Dalbergia paniculata, Grewia teliaefolia, Terminalia alata, Terminalia bellirica, and Terminalia paniculata.
Fauna The Tiger Reserve is home to a variety of animals including tigers, elephants, leopards, wild dogs, bisons, sambars, spotted deer, barking deer, four-horned antelopes, sloth bears, wild boars, common langurs, bonnet macaques, and various reptiles and birds.

UPSC Syllabus: Environment

ONGC’s Plan to Achieve Net Zero Emissions by 2038

Source- This post on the ONGC’s Plan to Achieve Net Zero Emissions by 2038 has been created based on the article “ONGC unveils Rs 2 trillion decarbonisation road map for net-zero 2038” published in “Business Standard” on 10 July 2024.

Why in the news?

State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) will invest around Rs 2 lakh crore to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2038.

About the ONGC’s Plan to Achieve Net Zero Emissions by 2038

1.  Targets: By 2030, ONGC will invest Rs 97,000 crore in renewable energy projects, including solar and offshore wind. An additional Rs 65,500 crore will be invested by 2035 mainly in green hydrogen and green ammonia plants.

2. By 2038, another Rs 38,000 crore will be spent primarily on setting up 1 GW of offshore wind projects.

3. These projects will help offset 9 million tonnes of carbon emissions, including both direct (Scope 1) and indirect (Scope 2) emissions.

4. ONGC plans to invest Rs 5,000 crore to eliminate gas flaring by 2030 using advanced technology. In the base year 2021-22, ONGC released 554 million cubic metres of methane into the atmosphere.

5. Solar and Wind Energy Projects: ONGC will spend Rs 30,000 crore to establish 5 GW solar parks and wind turbines by 2030. It will add 1 GW of solar and onshore wind capacity by 2035 and 2038, costing Rs 5,000 crore each.

6. Green Hydrogen and Ammonia Projects: The company will invest Rs 40,000 crore by 2030 and a similar amount by 2035 to develop two 180,000 tonnes per annum green hydrogen or 1 million tonnes green ammonia projects.

7. Offshore Wind Projects:  ONGC aims to install offshore wind turbines to generate 0.5 GW of electricity by 2030, with an investment of Rs 12,500 crore. This capacity will double by 2035 with an additional Rs 12,000 crore investment. By 2038, another 1 GW of offshore wind energy will be added, costing Rs 25,000 crore.

8. Pump Storage Plants: The company plans to invest Rs 20,000 crore to set up 3 GW of pump storage plants to provide electricity when renewable sources are not available.

9. The remaining investment will be directed towards biogas, carbon capture, and other clean energy initiatives.

UPSC Syllabus: Indian Economy

High Seas Treaty and its significance

Source- This post on the High Seas Treaty and its significance has been created based on the article “India to ratify High Seas Treaty: What is the agreement — and its significance?” published in “Indian Express” on 10 July 2024.

Why in the news?

The Indian government has announced that it will soon sign and ratify the High Seas Treaty.

About High Seas Treaty

1) The High Seas Treaty is an international legal framework designed to protect and sustainably use marine biodiversity and other resources in ocean waters beyond national jurisdiction.

ii)  These areas are known as high seas or international waters and make up about 64% of the total ocean area.

iii) This treaty aimed at maintaining the ecological health of the oceans by reducing pollution and conserving marine biodiversity.

2. Scope of the Treaty:

i) The treaty deals with oceans outside the national jurisdiction of any country.

ii)  National jurisdictions typically extend up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline, known as exclusive economic zones (EEZs). High seas are the areas beyond these EEZs.

4. International Governance: The treaty complements the 1982 UN Convention on Laws of the Seas (UNCLOS) which provides broad frameworks for the use and conservation of oceans but does not specify how to achieve these objectives.

5. Objectives of the Treaty:

i) Conservation and Protection: Establishes Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) similar to national parks or wildlife reserves.

ii) Fair and Equitable Sharing: Ensures that benefits from marine genetic resources are shared among all countries.

ii) Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs): Mandates EIAs for activities that could harm marine ecosystems, with the results made public.

iv) Capacity Building and Technology Transfer: Aims to help developing countries benefit from marine resources while contributing to conservation efforts.

6. Ratification Process: The treaty will come into force once 60 countries ratify it. Ratification means a country agrees to be legally bound by the treaty, which often requires legislative or executive approval.

7. India’s Involvement:

i) India participated in nearly 20 years of negotiations that led to the treaty’s finalization.

ii) India’s decision to sign and ratify the treaty aligns with the actions of 91 other countries that have signed, and eight that have ratified it so far.

UPSC Syllabus: International treaties

Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle conferred upon PM Modi

Source- This post on the  has been created based on the article “What is Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle, conferred upon PM Modi?” published in “The Indian Express” on 9 July 2024.

Why in the news?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi received Russia’s highest civilian honor, the Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle, during his visit to Russia. This award was announced in 2019 for his exceptional services in promoting the strategic partnership and friendly relations between Russia and India.

About Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle

Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle
Source: IE

1. Significance:  It is Russia’s highest civilian award given for exceptional services to the Russian Federation.

2. Eligibility:

i) Awarded to prominent government and public figures.

ii) Military leaders and outstanding representatives in science, culture, art, and various sectors of the economy.

iii) Heads of foreign states for outstanding services to Russia.

3. Historical Background:

i) It is named after Saint Andrew, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ.

ii) Saint Andrew is believed to have traveled to Russia, Greece, and other parts of Europe and Asia, spreading the message of Jesus and founding the Church of Constantinople.

iii) The Russian Orthodox Church with more than 90 million followers in Russia traces its roots back to Saint Andrew.

4. Establishment: 

i) It was established by Tsar Peter the Great in 1698.

ii) The award chain consists of 17 alternating links, featuring a gilded image of the State Emblem of Russia, a double-headed eagle.

iii) It includes a badge, a star, and a light blue silk ribbon. For combat distinction, the badge and star are adorned with swords.

iv) It was abolished in 1918 following the Russian Revolution and was later re-established in 1998 by an Executive Order of the President of Russia.

v) This award recognizes individuals who have significantly contributed to Russia’s growth and its relations with other nations, exemplified by PM Modi’s efforts in strengthening the bond between India and Russia.

UPSC Syllabus: International relations 

IIT-M made mineral nanoparticles with water

Source- This post on the IIT-M made mineral nanoparticles with water has been created based on the article “Outstanding work’: IIT-M team makes mineral nanoparticles with water” published in “The Hindu” on 10 July 2024.

Why in the news?

Recently, researchers at IIT Madras have demonstrated a novel method to create mineral nanoparticles using microdroplets of water. This discovery holds potential implications for various fields, including the origin of life and agricultural soil replenishment.

The Role of Water Microdroplets

1. Microdroplets are tiny droplets, about 10 micrometers (μm) in size, which is 100 times smaller than raindrops.

2. They come in different sizes, from large raindrops to very tiny particles called aerosols.

3. The smallest microdroplets are a thousand times smaller than a typical raindrop and are too small to see with the naked eye. Even though they are very small, microdroplets can play a big role in chemical reactions.

4. The research reveals that microdroplets of water can break down minerals into nanoparticles, a process that is not possible with bulk water.

5. Due to their small size and closely packed water molecules, microdroplets are more reactive and capable of engaging in chemical reactions at a much faster rate, sometimes up to a million times faster than bulk water.

Implications for Proto-Cells and Agriculture

i) This research has potential relevance to the study of proto-cells which is the precursors to modern cells.

ii) The study suggests that microdroplets could mimic proto-cells by facilitating biochemical reactions within small compartments, which is exciting in the context of understanding the origins of life.

Agricultural Applications

i) The formation of nanoparticles from microparticles is also significant for agriculture. Silica nanoparticles, for instance, can be absorbed by plants to enhance their growth.

ii) This discovery could lead to methods of converting unproductive soils into fertile lands, thus positively impacting food production and addressing issues related to water and food security.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology

Mitochondrial Disease and Mitochondrial Donation

Source- This post on the Mitochondrial Disease and Mitochondrial Donation has been created based on the article “Mitochondrial donation: All you need to know about this mito disease” published in “Business Standard” on 10 July 2024.

Why in the news?

Scientists are preparing for a clinical trial to determine the safety and effectiveness of mitochondrial donation.

About Mitochondrial Disease

1. About: Mitochondrial disease (Mito) refers to a group of diseases that impair the mitochondria’s ability to produce the energy needed for organs to function properly.

2. Forms: Mito can appear in many forms, affecting one or more organs and potentially leading to organ failure.

3. Inheritance:

i)  Mitochondrial disease can be caused by faulty genes in nuclear DNA (inherited from both parents) or mitochondrial DNA (inherited only from the mother).

ii)  The severity of Mito can vary, even within the same family, where a mildly affected mother might give birth to a severely affected child.

iii) Mito is the most common inherited metabolic condition, affecting 1 in every 5,000 people.

4. Symptoms:

i)  Symptoms can range from mild to severe and can affect any organ, particularly those requiring high energy like the heart, brain, and muscles.

ii) Childhood Mito often affects multiple organs and progresses quickly.

About Mitochondrial Donation

1. Mitochondrial donation is a new IVF-based method that allows people with faulty mitochondrial DNA to have children without passing on the faulty DNA.

2. Procedure:

i) The nuclear DNA from the intending parents is inserted into an egg from a donor with healthy mitochondria.

ii) The resulting egg contains nuclear DNA from the parents and healthy mitochondrial DNA from the donor.

iii)  Sperm is then added to fertilize the egg, allowing the child to inherit nuclear DNA from both parents and mitochondrial DNA from the donor.

3. The procedure requires highly trained scientists and specialized equipment. Both the egg donor and the person with Mito receive hormone injections to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Eggs are retrieved through an ultrasound-guided surgical procedure.

4. Benefits: This significantly reduces or eliminates the risk of the child inheriting mitochondrial disease.

5. Challenges:

i)  Finding donor eggs is a significant challenge for mitochondrial donation.

ii)  Both frozen and fresh eggs are needed for research and clinical trials.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology

ANI files defamation case against Wikipedia

Source- This post on the ANI files defamation case against Wikipedia has been created based on the article “Why has ANI slapped a defamation case against Wikipedia” published in “Indian Express” on 10 July 2024.

Why in the news?

Asian News International (ANI) has filed a defamation case against Wikipedia in the Delhi High Court. ANI claims that Wikipedia allowed defamatory content about ANI on its platform.

Provisions Invoked in ANI’s Defamation Case Against Wikipedia

Wikipedia
Source: IE

1. Information Technology Act, 2000: ANI’s legal argument primarily involves provisions under the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000, particularly concerning the liability of intermediaries for user-generated content.

i) Section 2(1)(w) of the Information Technology Act, 2000: This section defines “intermediary” as any person who on behalf of another person receives, stores, or transmits that message or provides any service with respect to that message. ANI argues that Wikipedia qualifies as an intermediary under this definition.

ii) Section 79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000: Section 79 of the IT Act provides a “safe harbour” for intermediaries, which means that intermediaries are not liable for third-party content if they meet certain conditions.

a) Section 79(1): Grants exemption from liability to intermediaries for third-party content.

b) Section 79(2): Outlines conditions under which this exemption applies, including not initiating the transmission, not selecting the receiver, and not modifying the information contained in the transmission.

c) Exceptions to Protection: Protection is not applicable if intermediaries don’t remove harmful content after being informed by the government. Intermediaries must not tamper with evidence of these messages or content.

iii) Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code: These guidelines require intermediaries to:

a) Implement a grievance redressal mechanism.

b) Appoint a Grievance Officer to handle complaints.

c) Ensure due diligence by removing or disabling access to unlawful content within a specified timeframe upon receiving complaints.

UPSC Syllabus: Governance

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