9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Articles 2nd August, 2024

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Mains Oriented Articles

GS PAPER - 1

Indian Cities Struggle with Monsoon Preparedness

Source: The post Indian Cities Struggle with Monsoon Preparedness has been created, based on the article “Why Indian cities are never prepared for the monsoon” published in “Indian express” on 2nd August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 1- Urbanization, their problems and their remedies. and GS Paper-3-Disaster Management.

Context: The article discusses how Indian cities are unprepared for monsoons due to poor drainage systems. It highlights the impact of climate change, outdated infrastructure, and neglected urban planning. It also emphasizes the vulnerability of poorer communities during extreme weather events.

For detailed information on Urban Flooding in India read this article here

Why Do Indian Cities Struggle with Monsoon Preparedness?

  1. Outdated Drainage Systems: Delhi’s drainage system, designed nearly 50 years ago, cannot handle heavy rainfall. For example, it struggles with even 50 mm of rain, while areas like Pusa recently recorded 58 mm.
  2. Climate Change Impact: Intense, localized rainfall is becoming common. On July 26, Delhi’s ridge area saw 99 mm of rain.
  3. Poor Urban Planning: Urban planning has not considered natural water flow, leading to water accumulation and flooding. Historical areas like Minto underpass in Delhi, which are low-lying, are particularly vulnerable. Cities like Mumbai and Gurugram also face similar issues due to poor planning.
  4. Vulnerable Populations: The poor and lower-middle-class bear the brunt of these failures. Informal settlements, often ignored in city planning, experience significant disruptions and health risks due to the ineffective handling of stormwater mixed with sewage.
  5. Historical Neglect: Natural water channels have been covered or polluted. For example, the Jarhallia Nallah in Karol Bagh, once a natural drain, is now a polluted waterway.

What Can Be Learned from Historical Water Management?

  1. Learning from Indus Valley: The Indus Valley civilization had advanced water management systems, showcasing hydrological acumen. Modern India rarely takes cues from these effective ancient practices.
  2. Adaptation to Terrain: Historical water systems adapted to natural contours, unlike current radial or block planning. This neglect results in poor drainage and frequent flooding.

What Can Be Done to Improve the Situation?

  1. Integrate Natural Hydrology: Plan urban development considering natural water flow and elevation. Historical systems like those of the Indus Valley can provide useful insights.
  2. Regulate Urban Infrastructure: Implement stricter regulations for commercial buildings and ensure they are not built in vulnerable areas, like the coaching center in Old Rajinder Nagar.
  3. Prioritize Vulnerable Populations: Include informal settlements in master plans to prevent severe impacts on poor and lower-middle-class communities.
  4. Desilt Drains Regularly: Prevent clogging of stormwater drainage by regular desilting, addressing issues like those seen in Mumbai and Gurugram.

For detailed information on Urban Flooding and Building Safety read this article here

Question for practice:

Discuss the factors contributing to the struggle of Indian cities with monsoon preparedness and propose solutions based on historical water management practices.

GS PAPER - 2

The growing partnership between India and the U.K.

Source: The post the growing partnership between India and the U.K. has been created, based on the article “Propelling the U.K. and India story” published in “The Hindu” on 2nd August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2-international relations- Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

Context: The article discusses the recent electoral victories of Modi in India and Starmer in the UK. It highlights the importance of the UK-India partnership, emphasizing trade, security, technology, and education. The article calls for a new roadmap to deepen this collaboration further.

For detailed information on Successes and challenges in the India-U.S. relationship read this article here

Why is India important globally?

  1. Successful G-20 Presidency: India had a highly successful G-20 Presidency in 2023, showcasing its leadership on the global stage.
  2. Moon Landing: India achieved a remarkable moon landing, highlighting its advancements in space technology.
  3. Digital Public Infrastructure: India is a leader in digital public infrastructure, setting examples for other nations.
  4. Economic Growth: India is soon to become the world’s third-largest economy, indicating its significant economic power.
  5. Best ROI on R&D: India offers the best return on investment per dollar on R&D, as demonstrated by the Indian Space Research Organisation’s achievements.

What is the current state of UK-India trade?

  1. The current state of UK-India trade is robust, with bilateral trade reaching £39 billion in 2023.
  2. These investments support employment, with about eight lakh (800,000) people employed between the two countries due to this economic relationship.
  3. The UK-India partnership, guided by the ‘2030 Roadmap,’ has successfully enhanced trade and investment flows, demonstrating a strong and growing economic bond.
  4. The ongoing negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) indicate a commitment to further increase trade and economic collaboration.

How can the UK and India strengthen their partnership?

  1. Finalize the UK-India Free Trade Agreement (FTA): This will lay the foundation for a robust partnership, enhancing trade and investment.
  2. Enhance technology and R&D collaboration: India offers the best ROI per dollar on R&D, evidenced by the achievements of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). UK companies should partner with Indian firms and universities.
  3. Expand healthcare cooperation: Both nations successfully developed malaria vaccines. The UK should increase clinical trials and healthcare research in India.
  4. Boost climate financing and sustainability tech: British banks already provide billions in climate financing to India. Continue supporting innovative sustainability projects.
  5. Implement business environment reforms in India: Facilitative tariff and standards regimes, better IP protection, and transparent government processes will attract more British investment.

What are key areas of alignment?

  1. Science and Innovation: The landmark G2G agreement in 2023 highlights collaboration potential.
  2. Defence and Security: The UK once provided most of India’s defence equipment. Now, the UK has only a 2.5% market share. India aims to indigenize and build reliable defence technology supply chains. India’s Defence Minister visited the UK in January 2024, indicating rising momentum.
  3. Education: UK universities collaborate with Indian industry to develop talent. Transnational Education routes enhance higher education in India.

Question for practice:

Examine the key areas of alignment and suggested strategies for strengthening the UK-India partnership.

Issue with Money Bills

Source: The post issue with Money Bills has been created, based on the article “A verdict on the Money Bill that India awaits” published in “The Hindu” on 2nd August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2- Polity-Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.

Context: The article discusses the Supreme Court of India’s upcoming review of what constitutes a Money Bill. The decision will affect many laws passed without the Rajya Sabha’s approval and impact India’s federal structure and balance of power.

For detailed information on Money bill and Finance bill read this article here

What is the Issue with Money Bills?

  1. What is a Money Bill?: A Money Bill involves matters like taxation, government borrowing, and spending, as outlined in Article 110 of the Indian Constitution. It requires only the Lok Sabha’s approval, with the Rajya Sabha having limited influence.
  2. Issue with Money Bills: The problem arises when legislation with broader implications, beyond financial matters, is passed as a Money Bill. This strategy bypasses the need for approval from the Rajya Sabha, raising concerns about the balance of power in Parliament.
  3. Specific Example – Finance Act 2017: This act, certified as a Money Bill, made extensive changes to tribunal structures, affecting the judiciary’s independence. This is argued to stretch beyond the intended scope of a Money Bill.

What Did Previous Court Rulings Say?

  1. K.S. Puttaswamy vs Union of India (2018):
  2. The Aadhaar Act was upheld as a Money Bill because it involved government expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India. The Act’s Section 7 related to subsidies and benefits funded by the government.
  3. Issue: The ruling did not consider other extensive provisions like biometric data collection and administrative authority.
  4. Rojer Mathew vs South Indian Bank Ltd. (2019):
  5. The Finance Act, 2017, was challenged for being passed as a Money Bill. The Act made broad changes to tribunal structures, which went beyond typical financial matters.
  6. Finding: The court noted the need for clear rules on Money Bills and highlighted the misuse of the Money Bill certification.
  7. Vijay Madanlal Choudhary vs Union of India (2022):
  8. The Supreme Court upheld amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act made through a Money Bill.
  9. Pending Issue: The validity of using the Money Bill route for such amendments remains unresolved.

What are the Implications of the Upcoming Ruling?

  1. Definition of Money Bills: The upcoming Supreme Court ruling will clarify what qualifies as a Money Bill, crucial for determining how laws can bypass the Rajya Sabha.
  2. Impact on Past Legislation: A stricter definition could challenge the validity of past laws like the Finance Act of 2017, which made sweeping changes to tribunal structures but was passed as a Money Bill.
  3. Federal Balance: The ruling will influence the balance of power between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, crucial for maintaining India’s federal structure. This is evident from cases like the Aadhaar Act and Finance Act amendments, where extensive non-financial measures were included under Money Bills.
  4. Judicial Precedents: The decision could redefine or affirm previous court interpretations, impacting how similar cases are handled in the future.

Question for practice:

Examine the issues raised by the Supreme Court of India regarding the definition and use of Money Bills in light of past court rulings and their impact on federal balance and legislation.

Concerns About Bias in Resource Allocation to the state

Source: The post concerns about bias in resource allocation to the state has been created, based on the article “Is the Centre being iniquitous in State transfers?” published in “The Hindu” on 2nd August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper2- Polity-issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure

Context: The article discusses the concerns of opposition Chief Ministers about alleged bias in resource allocation by the Centre. It covers the issues of discretionary grants, the role and powers of the NITI Aayog, tax resource distribution, cesses, and borrowing limits for states.

For detailed information on Issue with Financial Transfers to States read this article here

Why Are the Opposition’s Concerns About Bias in Resource Allocation Valid?

  1. Recent budgets have focused on schemes for Bihar and Andhra Pradesh, raising concerns about political favoritism.
  2. Discretionary grants lack clear criteria, leading to perceived arbitrariness in allocations.
  3. Cesses and surcharges collected by the central government, totaling ₹36 lakh crore between 2015-16 and 2024-25, have not been shared with states.
  4. The NITI Aayog, replacing the Planning Commission, lacks financial powers, reducing its effectiveness in addressing regional inequalities.
  5. Kerala has faced reduced revenue deficit grants and borrowing limits despite investing heavily in social sectors, highlighting unfair treatment in resource distribution.

For detailed information on Concern with NITI Aayog read this article here

What should be done?

  1. Ensure Transparency in Discretionary Grants: Establish clear criteria for discretionary grants to avoid arbitrariness. Recent budgets have shown favoritism towards states like Bihar and Andhra Pradesh, reflecting political motivations.
  2. Strengthen NITI Aayog’s Role: Empower NITI Aayog to provide capital grants through a consultative process with states, ensuring flexibility without the rigidity of centrally sponsored schemes (CSS).
  3. Revise Tax Devolution: Address fiscal inequalities by increasing the devolution share in the divisible pool to 50%. Use grants judiciously to meet specific state needs and balance post-devolution differences.
  4. Limit Cesses and Surcharges: Reduce reliance on cesses and surcharges, which have accumulated ₹36 lakh crore from 2015-16 to 2024-25, with none shared with states.
  5. Support Social Sector Investments: Continue revenue deficit grants for states like Kerala, which invest heavily in social sectors. Kerala faces borrowing constraints despite its fiscal prudence due to significant social investments.

Question for practice:

Discuss the concerns raised by opposition Chief Ministers regarding the alleged bias in resource allocation by the Centre and suggest possible measures to address these issues.

Sub-classification and Creamy Layer in SC/ST Reservations

Source-This post on Sub-classification and Creamy Layer in SC/ST Reservations has been created based on the article “Identifying the ‘creamy layer’: model of OBC reservation” published in “The Indian Express” on 2 August 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-2-Social Justice

Context– The Supreme Court has recently allowed sub-classification of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to provide separate quotas for the more disadvantaged within these groups.

What are the Key Aspects of Ruling?

1) Sub-classification- The court permitted the division of SC and ST categories into sub-categories for more targeted reservations.

2) Creamy Layer Concept– Justice B.R. Gavai emphasized the need for states to develop policies to identify and exclude the creamy layer within SC and ST communities from affirmative action benefits.

3) Implementation– The Supreme Court has given states the authority to decide on and implement a creamy layer exception. States may need to form committees, like the Justice R.N. Prasad Committee for OBC reservations, to set specific criteria.

Read More- The problems with sub-caste reservations

What is Creamy Layer?

1) Origin-The concept emerged from the landmark Indra Sawhney case ruling in 1992.

2) Definition-The creamy layer refers to the more socially, economically, and educationally advanced members within a backward community. This is done to ensure reservation benefits reach those who need them most.

3) Distinction: – The creamy layer is different from sub-classification. Sub-classification involves breaking down a reserved category (like SC) into groups based on socio-economic criteria. The creamy layer, on the other hand, identifies the more advantaged individuals within a specific caste or community.

How is creamy layer among the OBC identified?

The creamy layer criteria were set by a committee led by retired Justice Ram Nandan Prasad after the Indra Sawhney judgment. This report led the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) to define six categories of people whose children are classified as part of the creamy layer:-

A) Constitutional/statutory post holders

B) Group ‘A’ and ‘B’ officers in government, PSUs, universities

C) Colonels and higher ranks in the armed forces and paramilitary

D) Professionals like doctors, lawyers, engineers, etc.

E) Property owners with agricultural or vacant land/buildings

F) Income/wealth tax assessee

2) Income Threshold-The income threshold was raised from Rs 1 lakh to Rs 8 lakh in 2017 but has not been updated since. The NCBC suggested raising it to Rs 15 lakh in 2015, but no action was taken.

3) Reservations and Review Committee Update -Children of group-A officers or those with parents in the creamy layer are ineligible for OBC reservations. A committee led by B P Sharma was set up in March 2019 to review these criteria, but no progress has been made.

What could be the potential criteria for determining the SC/ST creamy layer?

1) Differential Approach-Justice Gavai suggested that criteria for SC/ST creamy layer exclusion may differ from those applied to OBCs. However, he did not provide a clear criterion for how this determination should be made.

2) Educational Consideration-Justice Pankaj Mithal hinted at using educational institutions as a potential criterion, distinguishing between urban and rural educational backgrounds. However, the SC creamy layer issue is complex due to historic caste-based injustices that may not be easily overcome by economic and social mobility.

Question for practice

What are the Key Aspects of Ruling? How is creamy layer among the OBC identified? What could be the potential criteria for determining the SC/ST creamy layer?

The Ongoing Debate on Genetically Modified Crops in India

Source– This post on The Ongoing Debate on Genetically Modified Crops in India has been created based on the article “Contested harvest” published in “The Hindu” on 2 August 2024.

UPSC SyllabusGS Paper-2– Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.

Context- Recently, a two-judge Bench of the Supreme Court of India gave a split verdict on whether to permit genetically modified mustard, DMH-11, for use in farms. DMH-11, developed at Delhi University’s biotechnology department with public funding, features genes that make it appealing for creating new hybrid varieties.

Currently, only GM cotton is allowed in India. Although GM seeds have been developed for crops like rice, wheat, tomato, brinjal, and mustard, none of these have been approved for use.

What are the Key points about DMH-11?

1) Approval Process– To be approved in India, crops must be tested over three seasons in various climates and show consistent improvement over current varieties.

2) Trial Results- Trials by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research over three years showed that DMH-11 met these criteria.

3) GEAC Approval- Based on these results, the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) approved DMH-11 in October 2022, subject to certain tests.

A detailed article on GM Crops in India: Issues and challenges can be read here.

What are the issues with DMH-11?

1) Environmental Concerns- Environmentalists argue that DMH-11 is ‘herbicide tolerant,’ which would require farmers to use certain pesticides. This may harm the environment.

2) Transparency Issues- The developers did not clearly disclose that the crop is herbicide-tolerant.

3) Legal Challenges- The Supreme Court’s split verdict highlights the complexity of the issue, so the case will be reviewed by a larger Bench led by the Chief Justice of India.

A) Justice Nagarathna’s View- She believed the GEAC ignored the ‘precautionary principle,’ which requires careful consideration of new technologies before approval.

B) Justice Karol’s View- He was satisfied with how the approval process was handled.

Way ahead-The Court ordered the Centre to develop a comprehensive policy on GM crops. Further, the Court and government should keep in mind that striving for improvement should not be hindered by the pursuit of perfection.

Question for practice

What are the main features or highlights of DMH-11? What challenges are associated with DMH-11?

GS PAPER - 3

Pumped Storage Projects

Source-This post on Pumped Storage Projects has been created based on the article “The relevance of pumped storage projects” published in “The Hindu” on 2 August 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-3- Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc

Context-The Union Budget 2024-25 introduced a policy to boost pumped storage projects to help integrate renewable energy into the power grid. India currently has 3.3GW of pumped storage, with key sites at Nagarjunasagar, Kadana, Kadamparai, Panchet, and Bhira.

What are types of Pumped Storage Projects?

Pump storage comes in two types: on-river and off-river.

A) On-river projects are hydroelectric plants supplied by rivers.

B) Off-river projects use two reservoirs at different levels. Water is pumped up from the lower to the upper reservoir when there is surplus power and flows down to generate power when needed.

What is the importance of pumped storage projects?

1) Solution for Renewable Power Variability -To tackle the variability and intermittency of renewable power from sources like solar and wind, pumped storage using water has emerged as a globally preferred solution. This method functions like a large natural battery, storing and releasing energy by moving water between reservoirs.

2) Renewable Energy Goal -India plans to reach 500GW of non-fossil fuel energy by 2030. To achieve its renewable energy targets, India must greatly increase its pumped storage capacity.

3) Renewable Power and Stabilizing Supply– They are important for India’s policy of maximizing renewable power use and minimizing curtailment. By storing excess power and releasing it when needed, they provide the flexibility required to stabilize the power supply.

Read More- Investing in pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) helps India’s transition to clean energy

How does pumped storage at Kadamparai operate?

1) Plant Operations and Storage – The Kadamparai plant in Tamil Nadu has four 100 MW units and uses two reservoirs. Water flows from the upper reservoir to the lower one to generate power, and when there’s excess power, it’s used to pump water back up for storage. The upper reservoir contains about 1 TMC feet of water, with minor leaks replenished by rainfall.

2) Solar Energy Use for Pumping-During peak solar times, usually at noon, excess power is used to pump water. Each unit needs 20% more power to pump water than it generates, but this extra power comes from solar energy, so no fuel is used.

3) Capacity -The plant takes about 90 minutes to switch from pumping water to generating power and another 30 minutes to start production.  It can produce 400 MW for 3-4 hours during peak evening hours and may operate at a lower capacity late at night.

Question for practice

What types of pumped storage projects exist? Why is pumped water projects important? How does the pumped storage system at Kadamparai function?

India’s Defence Procurement Challenges

Source-This post on India’s Defence Procurement Challenges has been created based on the article “Weapons and technology – In its procurement decisions, India faces a balance-of-power choice as it weighs its options between western democracies and Russia ” published in “Business Standard” on 2 August 2024.

UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-3- Changes in Industrial Policy and their Effects on Industrial Growth.

Context- The article highlights that international arms procurement decisions are often influenced more by foreign policy and strategic factors than by technology or cost. The AUKUS Alliance (Australia, UK, US) highlights this, as it focuses on providing Australia with nuclear submarine technology to bolster defence against potential Chinese aggression.

What challenges does India face in defence procurement?

1) Impact of Foreign Policy-

A) Choice of Rafale over Gripen -India chose the French Rafale over the Swedish Gripen because of France’s diplomatic influence, nuclear capabilities, and technological edge, even though the Gripen offered superior combat effectiveness, price, and logistics.

B) Project 75-India (Submarine Procurement)– The Indian Navy has struggled for a decade to finalize the purchase of six AIP submarines. German shipbuilder HDW is a strong contender, but Germany’s low-key diplomatic approach to arms sales has complicated the decision.

2) Strategic Dilemma-India faces a dilemma in balancing its options between supporting Ukraine, backed by NATO and Western democracies, and Russia, supported by China and other less democratic countries. Supporting Russia could indirectly benefit China’s military, making India’s decision complex.

What are the steps taken by India to push for Self-Reliance?

1) Innovations for Defence Excellence – Defence Innovation Organisation (iDEX-DIO)-This supports startups and small businesses in the defense sector. iDEX-DIO has engaged over 400 startups and cleared procurement for 37 items worth around ₹2,000 crore.

2) Initiatives by DRDO– DRDO( Defence Research & Development Organisation) is leading military development in platforms, weapon systems, and AI. Key achievements include the Dhanush artillery gun, Tejas fighter jet, and Akash missile system.

Read More- Indigenisation of Defence Sector

3) Indigenization Efforts and Import Reduction – The Ministry of Defence has banned imports of certain items, listed over 26,000 for indigenization on the SRIJAN portal, and successfully produced 7,031 items locally. Defense imports have decreased from 46% to 36.7% since 2018-19, with ongoing efforts towards self-sufficiency.

Question for practice

What challenges does India encounter in defense procurement? What measures has India implemented to promote self-reliance in defense?

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Sturgeon Fishes

Source- This post on Sturgeon Fishes has been created based on the article “Sturgeon, among the world’s most endangered fish, are being heavily poached & trafficked in the Lower Danube, their last stronghold: WWF” published in Down to earth on 30 July 2024.

Why in News?

According to a recent report by the WWF, poaching and trafficking are threatening the survival of four species of sturgeon. Sturgeon are amongst the most endangered fish species globally.

About Sturgeon Fishes

Sturgeon Fishes
Source- Down To Earth
About Sturgeons are a group of ancient fish originating from the late Triassic period more than 200 million years ago. These species have been around since the age of the dinosaurs.
Habitat They usually live in freshwater, coastal waters and inner seas. They are flagship species in their rivers and adjacent seas.
Distribution These fishes are found in the northern hemisphere and in large river systems, lakes, coastal waters and inner seas throughout Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, other European countries and North America.
Feeding Pattern They Mostly feed on benthic organisms found on the bottom of water bodies, like molluscs, invertebrates and small fishes.
Threats Sturgeons are heavily exploited globally for their roe/eggs (caviar) and meat. This has led to a steep decline in populations worldwide.

About the Danube Sturgeons

Danube River
Source- World Map

Six sturgeon species formerly native to the Danube river. Out of these two are locally extinct. The Lower Danube Basin is among the last European regions with self-reproducing sturgeon populations.

a. European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio)- Locally extinct
b. Ship sturgeon (Acipense nudiventris)- Locally extinct
c. Stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus)- Critically Endangered
d. Russian sturgeon (Acipense gueldenstaedtii)- Critically Endangered
e. Beluga (Huso huso)- Critically Endangered
f. Sterlet (Acipense ruthenus)- Endangered since 2022

UPSC Syllabus- Environment (Species in News)

Tarang Shakti Air Exercise

Source- This post on Tarang Shakti Air Exercise has been created based on the article “What is Tarang Shakti, the largest military exercise that India will host?” published in “The Hindustan Times” on “31st July 2024“.

Why in News?

India’s air exercise ‘Tarang Shakti’ will be the first and largest international air exercise ever conducted in India. Invitations have been extended to 51 countries for this exercise.

Tarang Shakti
Source- IAF

About Tarang Shakti

Tarang Shakti It is the first and largest international air exercise ever conducted in India.
Aim This exercise aims to strengthen strategic relations with the international community.
Phases of the Exercise The Exercise will be conducted in two phases-
Phase one- It will be conducted at Sulur in Tamil Nadu from August 6 to August 14. Four countries including France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom will participate with their assets.
Phase two- It will be held at Jodhpur in Rajasthan from September 1 to 14. It will see participation from Australia, Bangladesh, Greece, Singapore, UAE and the USA with their assets.
Assets Participation 1. Assets like F-18, A-18, C-130 aircraft, F-16 aircraft, A-10, KC-130 aircraft, KC-135 aircraft along with all the assets of the Indian Air Force.
2. Eurofighter Typhoon and Rafale from other countries.
3. Indian Navy with MiG-29K aircraft
Other Objectives 1. Showcasing the booming indigenous defence ecosystem in India.
2. Supporting the country’s vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India).
3. Defence industrial expo that will showcase top Indian defence companies and innovative startups.

UPSC Syllabus- Defence Exercises

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