9 PM Daily Current Affairs Brief – December 30th, 2023

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Mains Oriented Articles

GS PAPER - 2

Indian Navy in a threatening Red Sea

Source: This post has been created based on the article “Indian Navy in a threatening Red Sea” published in “Indian Express” on 30th December 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 International Relations – Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests.

News: The article discusses the importance of shipping trade and why the Indian Ocean is more vulnerable to interventions by state and non-state actors. It also mentions the challenges in front of the Indian Navy in dealing with the Houthi threat in the Red Sea.

The recent attacks by Yemen-based Houthi rebels have begun posing a serious threat to merchant ships in the Red Sea.

Why is shipping trade important?

1) Shipping is the cheapest and most efficient method of transporting goods over long distances, forming the bedrock of the global economy.
For instance, the waters of the Indian Ocean carry 80% of the world’s oil.

2) Trade warfare or waging war on seaborne commerce has historically been a favoured strategy to coerce an enemy by striking at the very roots of its security and prosperity.

Why is shipping trade in the Indian Ocean more vulnerable?

The Indian Ocean has a number of narrow passages called “choke points”. These constrict shipping traffic into a narrow sea lane, making them vulnerable to interventions by states, pirates and terrorists. These include Malacca Strait, Hormuz Strait and Bab al Mandab Strait.

It is at Bab al Mandab Strait where the Iran-backed Houthi rebels have launched missile and drone attacks on US Navy units and merchant shipping.

Indian Ocean Choke-Points. Source: Carnegie Endowment.

What could be the reasons for this attack?

The underlying reasons for these attacks could be manifold:

  1. Clash of Regional and Global Powers: The conflict between the Yemen Republic and the Houthis is seen as a Saudi Arabia-Iran proxy war, which has assumed wider multilateral dimensions.
    Countries like USA, Jordan, UAE, Qatar, Sudan, Bahrain and organisations like Al Qaeda and Hezbollah either participate or support one or the other side.
  2. Ideological Objectives: The Houthis have claimed that their aim for attacking shipping is to pressurise Israel to end its bombardment of Gaza, targeting only those ships which are in any way “linked” to Israel.

What has been the world’s response?

The US, due to its deep ties to Israel, launched “Operation Prosperity Guardian” with the aim of safeguarding Red Sea shipping.

However, it is being seen as provocatory against Iran, and hasn’t received wider support by 3 important NATO countries — France, Italy and Spain.

India: India’s deployment of 4-5 warships as a show of “naval presence” reflects its status as a maritime power.

What will be challenges in front of the Indian Navy?

According to the author, the Indian Navy will be constrained by two factors:

  1. Jurisdictional Issues: The state in which a ship is registered has the primary responsibility for maintaining security and law enforcement on ships in international waters. A warship of any other state wanting to board a merchant vessel in peacetime will need the consent of the flag state.
  2. Drone Warfare: Navies are struggling to devise counter-measures to the evolving dangers of drone attacks.
    The smaller, low-flying drones are hard to spot by radars and target. Soft-kill measures (jamming the drone’s radio signals) or hard-kill/kinetic systems (missiles or rapid-firing guns) can be utilised.

India must use its good relations with Iran, as well as with Israel, to urge moderation and restraint in order to restore peace in the Indian Ocean.

Question for practice:

Why is shipping trade in the Indian Ocean more vulnerable? What will be challenges in front of the Indian Navy while dealing with terrorism and piracy in ensuring maritime security?

On the Qatar Death Row Issue – A quiet reprieve

Source: This post on the Qatar Death Row Issue has been created based on the article “A quiet reprieve” published in “The Hindu” on 30th December 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 International Relations – Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests.

News: The article discusses the recent commuting of the capital punishment handed down in October to 8 former Indian naval personnel by Qatar. It also highlights the possible future course of action that the government can follow to ensure the best possible results for the naval personnel.

A detailed article on India-Qatar Relations can be read here.

Recently, the Qatari Court of Appeals reduced the capital punishment handed down in October to 8 former Indian naval personnel, commuting it to a jail term.

However, since the conviction was upheld, the government and the men’s families must now reassess their legal strategy and evidence of their innocence before filing a review petition with Qatar’s Court of Cassation.

Read more about this issue here.

What are the options if all avenues of judicial appeal are exhausted?

The government will have three options:

First, to press for a review of the conviction with Qatar’s ruling Emir, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani.

Second, if that fails, the men could appeal for clemency and ask for a pardon, that Qatar’s rulers have given in the past.

Third, the men could serve out their terms in India (according to a 2015 bilateral Agreement on Transfer of Sentenced Persons). However, this option would require them to accept the conviction.

What was the role played by diplomacy in getting the death sentence commuted?

  1. India’s Prime Minister reached out publicly to the Qatari leadership when he met Qatar’s Emir on the sidelines of COP28 recently.
  2. India chose not to react to the case with public rhetoric (such as negative media reporting against Qatar). This could have been counterproductive.
  3. India also did not allow the case to be influenced by the growing tensions in the region due to the Gaza conflict.

What should be done?

  1. Reviewing Intelligence Operations: If the case is in any way connected to India’s intelligence services, then an appropriate review should be undertaken (of operations that could risk Indian lives overseas).
  2. Diplomatic and Political Efforts: The government must be seen to be pursuing diplomatic and political efforts at the highest level, to convey that the men are a priority for India.

Question for practice:

India’s diplomacy an important role in getting the death sentence of 8 Indian naval personnel commuted by Qatar. Explain. Also analyse the various options India can explore to secure the future release of its citizens.

Rehabilitation of the Disabled – A call for disability inclusion that must be heeded

Source: This post on Rehabilitation of the Disabled has been created based on the article “A call for disability inclusion that must be heeded” published in “The Hindu” on 30th December 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 Social Justice – Issues relating to Health.

News: The article discusses neuropsychiatric disorders. It also highlights the steps needed to revamp rehabilitation services for Persons with Disabilities, especially with regards to people with neuropsychiatric disorders.

According to the author, 2 important areas for Persons with Disabilities should be in the focus– 1) activities of daily life and 2) quality of life, especially with regards to people with neuropsychiatric disorders (both psychiatric and neurological issues).

Note: Neurology is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of conditions involving the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves). Psychiatry is a medical specialty devoted to mental conditions. These include matters related to mood, behavior, cognition, etc.

What are neuropsychiatric disorders?

  1. These include disorders such as autism, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and intellectual disability in childhood.
  2. Mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, eating disorder, addictions, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder.
  3. Traumatic brain injury, spinal injury, epilepsy, stroke.
  4. Neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s dementia and Parkinson’s disease that appear in old age.

What is the current status of disabilities and rehabilitation services?

Nearly 1 billion people are suffering from disabilities worldwide, with 80% of these in developing countries.

According to a report by the WHO, 2.41 billion individuals had neuropsychiatric conditions that would benefit from rehabilitation. However, it has not been prioritized in countries and is under-resourced.

What should be done to improve rehabilitation services for people with neuropsychiatric conditions?

A large number of people are affected by neuropsychiatric conditions around the globe, leading to a large requirement of rehabilitation facilities. The following can be done to improve them:

  1. Widening the Coverage: Rehabilitation services must be designed to address the wide spectrum of neurological and mental health problems as opposed to being narrow in concept and led only by specialists.
  2. Generating Awareness: There is a need to build awareness in the public that disablement does not need to be endured and can be treated or even reversed.
  3. Regarding it as an Essential Service: There is also a need to encourage medical professionals, medical service providers as well as public health professionals to start considering rehabilitation as an essential service.
  4. Developing Human Resources: Rehabilitation requires a range of professionals: physical and occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, psychological therapists and professional caregivers. Improving their training and empowering their professional /career growth is important in order for these services to develop and evolve.
  5. Developing Holistic Rehab Services: Rehabilitation services need to be multidisciplinary, multicomponent and holistic.
  6. Utilising New Scientific Care Methods: There is a need to consider unique methods of care that have emerged through scientific advances.
    For instance, Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) procedures have been useful in the care and rehabilitation of neurological and mental health conditions.
  7. Collaboration among Public and Private Sector: It is crucial for governments, the public and private sectors to collaborate and find innovative solutions for persons with disabilities.

Question for practice:

What are neuropsychiatric disorders? What can be done to revamp rehabilitation services for Persons with Disabilities, especially in the context of people with neuropsychiatric disorders.

GS PAPER - 3

On the PM-Kisan Scheme – Not the way forward

Source: This post on the PM-Kisan Scheme has been created based on the article “On the PM-Kisan model: Not the way forward” published in “Indian Express” on 30th December 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3 Agriculture – Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies.

News: The article discusses the significant features of the PM-Kisan scheme. It suggests the reforms that can be undertaken in the scheme to make it better for Indian farmers.

The Government is undertaking a drive to increase the total number of farmer-beneficiaries under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-Kisan), from the current 8.12 crore to about 8.75 crore.

What are the significant features of the PM-Kisan scheme?

PM-Kisan’s is a direct income support (DIS) programme. Its significant features include:

  1. Not dependent on Crops Grown: This payment is irrespective of which crops she grows in whatever quantities and sells to whomsoever at any price.
  2. Not dependent on the Inputs Used: The payment is also indifferent to inputs used, whether chemical fertilisers and insecticides or organic manure and biological control of pests and diseases.

Thus, it’s a subsidy that is not market-distorting or encouraging chemicals-based agriculture (as against natural farming).

What are some changes that can be made?

Within the overall framework of PM-Kisan, certain refinements can be made:

1) Income Support on a Per-Acre Basis: For instance, Telangana government’s Rythu Bandhu scheme provides farmers up to Rs 12,000 per acre per year.

2) Upper Limits on the Per-Acre Payment: The payment under PM-Kisan can be made on a per-acre basis up to a limit of, say, 10 acres. This would address concerns over large landowning farmers getting a higher amount compared to poor farmers with less land.

3) Additional Payment by State governments: State governments can top up the amount under PM-Kisan with an equivalent income support (as a per-acre transfer).

Where will the provisioned money come from?

According to the author, the money for moving from per-farmer to per-acre payments can come from the following sources:

1) Savings from ending all market-distorting subsidies: This includes subsidies on farm inputs (fertiliser, electricity and water) or output (procurement of grain at MSP beyond necessary stocking requirements).The savings can be redirected towards PM-Kisan.
For e.g. the Centre’s fertiliser subsidy (around Rs 1,75,100 crore), if distributed among the 8.75 crore beneficiaries, would work out to over Rs 20,000 per farmer.

2) Additional savings from similar inefficient and environmentally-disastrous subsidies by states.

For more information regarding Issues with Farm Subsidies in India, read here.

Question for practice:

What are the significant features of the PM-Kisan scheme? Analyse its impacts on Indian agriculture and suggest steps to make it better for Indian farmers.

Issue of releasing post-disaster relief aid to the states – Rift over relief

Source: This post on issue of releasing post-disaster relief aid is created based on the article ‘Rift over relief’, published in The Hindu on 30th December 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3 – Disasters and disaster management

News: Recently a conflict between Central and Tamil Nadu government came into light. The conflict was regarding flood relief measures following heavy rainfall in Tamil Nadu. In this regard, Article highlights challenges of criteria for releasing post-disaster relief aid to the states.

T.N. government has demanded ₹21,692 crore in total from the Union government, as relief fund due to disaster from Cyclone Michaung. Whereas central government has issued ₹450 crore to the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) and ₹500 crore for a flood mitigation project in Chennai.

Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister asked for assistance, including interim relief funds and a contribution from the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund.

What is the criterion for classification of disaster and post-disaster reliefs?

There is no provision to declare any natural disaster as a “national disaster”.

10th Finance Commission (1995-2000) provided some clarification on declaring a disaster as a “calamity of rare severity”.

A disaster can be declared a Calamity of rare severity on a case-to-case basis, considering:

  1. The intensity and magnitude of the calamity
  2. Level of assistance needed,
  3. Capacity of the state to tackle the problem

As per the National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009, the National Crisis Management Committee headed by the Cabinet Secretary deals with major crises that have serious or national ramifications.

For calamities of severe nature, inter-ministerial central teams are deputed to the affected states for assessment of damage and relief assistance required.

An inter-ministerial group, headed by the Union Home Secretary, studies the assessment and recommends the quantum of assistance from the NDRF/National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF). For example, Significant disasters, like the 2013 Uttarakhand floods and 2018 Kerala floods, were classified as severe after assessments.

What are the suggestions for reforming the criterion for disaster relief funds?

Clear guidelines: There is a need for clear guidelines for disaster relief and debates the exclusion of long-term restoration works from SDRF/NDRF funding.

Scheme funds for disaster relief: A parliamentary committee recommended in 2021 that states should be allowed to use more than the allocated 25% flexi-fund of centrally sponsored schemes for post-disaster restoration.

Relief for MSME: There is also a need for relief to micro, small, and medium enterprises, which are not covered under current norms but are significant employers in the state.

Consultation with vulnerable states: A consultation with cyclone-vulnerable states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, and Gujarat is required to develop new disaster management norms.

Question: Discuss the existing criteria for releasing post-disaster relief aid to states. Also, suggest some measures to reform the criterion for distribution of disaster relief funds.

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Achievements of NTCA

Source- This post is based on the article “Achievements of National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) during the year 2023” published in “PIB” on 29th December 2023.

Why in the News?

This article explores the accomplishments of the National Tiger Conservation Authority in the year 2023.

What are the Achievements of the NTCA in 2023?

1) The Centrally Sponsored Scheme – Project Tiger that has put the endangered wild tigers of India on assured path of recovery has completed 50 years of successful implementation.

2) India now hosts over 70% of the global wild tiger population, with a minimum of 3,167 tigers, according to the 5th cycle of the All India Tiger Estimation 2022 summary report.

3) The Prime Minister inaugurated the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) during a special program, aiming to conserve seven major big cat species—Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma through collaborative efforts of the range countries.

4) Successful reintroduction of the cheetah Project for translocation of cheetahs from South Africa and Namibia to Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh was launched. Work is also under progress at Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh for establishing the second home for cheetah meta population.

5) Tiger Reserves undergo Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) every four years by NTCA following the IUCN framework. It is a crucial tool to enhance the management of Tiger Reserves and their landscape connectivity.

6) With the declaration of the new “Rani Durgavati” Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh, India now has a total of 54 tiger reserves, covering more than 2.30% of its geographical area.

7) Currently, 23 tiger reserves in India have received CA|TS accreditation. Conservation Assured Tiger Standards (CA|TS) is a criteria set ensuring that tiger sites meet international standards for successful conservation.

8) In 2022-23, Pench Tiger Reserves in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, along with Satpura Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh, jointly received the Tx2 award. This international recognition is bestowed by a consortium of organizations including GEF, UNDP, IUCN, WWF, and GTF.

What is NTCA?

The National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body established under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Click Here to read more

UPSC Syllabus- Environment

Centre, Assam sign peace pact with ULFA faction

Source- This post is based on the article “Centre, Assam sign peace pact with ULFA faction” published in “The Hindu” on 29th December 2023.

Why in the News?

The Central Government, Assam government, and the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) have entered into a tripartite agreement aiming for enduring peace, prosperity, and comprehensive development in Assam.

What are the Key Points of this Agreement?

1) ULFA representatives agree to renounce violence, surrender weapons, vacate camps,  participate in democratic process, and uphold national integrity.

2) Out of the 126 Assembly seats in Assam, 97 seats would be reserved for indigenous people, and future delimitation exercises will adhere to this principle.

3) The government has pledged investment of ₹1.5 lakh crore, staggered through the years.

4) A time-bound program will be made by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, to fulfill the demands of ULFA and a committee will also be formed for its monitoring.

Note- The agreement was signed with the pro-talks faction of ULFA under Arabinda Rajkhowa while the other faction led by Paresh Baruah (known as ULFA-I) has not joined the peace process.

What is ULFA?

1) The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) is a militant outfit operating in Assam.

2) It was founded in 1979 by Paresh Baruah during anti-foreigners movement. Subsequent to internal conflicts, the organization splintered into various factions.

3) It advocated for a sovereign state for the Assamese people in response to an influx of Bengali-speaking individuals following the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.

4) The Government of India banned the organisation in 1990 under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act citing it as a terrorist organisation.

5) Rajkhowa faction of the ULFA signed a ceasefire agreement with the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government only in 2011, and has since been in negotiations with the Centre for a peace deal.

UPSC Syllabus- Internal Security

Huntington’s Disease

Source- This post is based on the article “For Huntington’s disease clues, scientists are looking in fruit flies | Explained” published in “The Hindu” on 28th December 2023.

Why in the News?

Recently researchers have advanced their comprehension of Huntington’s disease through the examination of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster)

What are the Findings of the Study?

1) Individuals with Huntington’s disease harbor a mutated form of the HTT gene, responsible for encoding a protein known as huntingtin (Htt).

2) Nerve cells require Htt protein for their normal functioning and survival. However, a mutated gene encoding for an abnormal Htt protein leads to the destruction of neurons controlling movement, cognition, and memory.

3) The mutant HTT gene is considered to be a dominant gene i.e the disease is triggered even if one copy of the gene, inherited from either parents, is mutated.

4) The scientists genetically engineered fruit flies to express the mutated human HTT gene into their nervous system.

5) The research found that excessive expression of Yod1 gene removed all disease-like effects in the flies, including neurodegeneration. This indicates a possible avenue for therapeutic intervention in humans.

What is Huntington’s disease?

Hungtingstons disease
Source- Medium

1) Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.

2) It is caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene (HTT), leading to the production of a defective form of the huntingtin protein which in turn affects the neurons in the brain.

3) Symptoms: includes involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and emotional disturbances and typically manifest in adulthood

4) Treatment: it is currently incurable and treatment cannot reverse its progression or slow it down. However, health care providers can offer medications to help with certain symptoms.

UPSC Syllabus- Science & Technology

11th century Jain sculptures discovered in Mysuru district

Source– This post is based on the article “11th century Jain sculptures discovered in Varuna” published in “The Hindu” on 29th December 2023.

Why in the News?

Three 11th-century Jain sculptures were recently discovered in Varuna village of Mysuru district, during drainage work. While

What are the Key Findings?

1) Of the three sculptures, one has suffered severe damage and is beyond recognition,. However, the other two were in relatively good condition.

2) One of the sculptures portrays a Jain Tirthankara, but it is difficult to ascertain exact identity in the absence of any symbols.

3) These sculptures have been shifted to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) museum at the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalay in Madhya Pradesh.

Who is a Jain Tirthankara?

Jain 24 Tirthankaras
Source- Wikipedia

1) In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a spiritual teacher and savior of the righteous path (dharma).

2) According to Jains, Tirthankaras are supreme preachers of dharma. Having conquered the cycle of death and rebirth (samsara) themselves, they pave the way for others to follow.

3) Upon realizing the true nature of the self or soul, the Tirthankara achieves kevala jnana (omniscience).

4) The Jain tradition recognizes 24 Tirthankaras who contributed towards the development of the Jain religion.

5) The first Tirthankara is Rishabhanatha and the 24th and last tirthankara is Lord Mahavira.

UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture

Divya Kala Mela 2023

Source– This post is based on the article “12th DIVYA KALA MELA-2023 to be inaugurated today in Surat, Gujarat” published in “PIB” on 29th December 2023.

Why in the News?

Government is organising the 12th ‘Divya Kala Mela’ from 29th December 2023 – 7th January 2024 in Surat, Gujrat. So far 11 Divya kala melas have been organised starting from 2022 in Delhi.

What is Divya Kala Mela?

Aspect Details
What is it? It is a unique event showcasing the products and craftsmanship of Divyang entrepreneurs and artisans from across the country.
Nodal Ministry  Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerement (MoSJ&E)
Organised by Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) {DEPwD), MoSJ&E, GoI through National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC)
Aims  1) Strengthen economic empowerment of PwD/Divyangjan.
2) Provide a bigger platform for marketing and showcasing the products and skills of Divyangjan (PwD)
Product Category Home Décor & Lifestyle, Clothing, Stationery and eco-friendly products, packaged food and organic products, Toys & Gifts, Personal Accessories – Jewellery, Clutch Bags.
Significance It provides a chance for everyone to support local products, particularly those crafted by determined individuals with disabilities.

What is National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC)?

1) NDFDC is a Company wholly owned by Government of India, under the DEPwD of MoSJ&E.

2) It functions as an apex institution for the benefit of Persons with Disabilities.

3) Financial assistance is extended by the Corporation at concessional interest rate for starting/ augmenting any activity contributing directly or indirectly in the income generation of Persons with Disabilities, thus helping them in their overall process of empowerment.

UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture

Indian Navy unveils new epaulettes for admirals

Source- This post is based on the article “Navy unveils new Admirals’ epaulettes in ‘true reflection of Indian rich maritime heritage‘” published in “The Hindu” on 29th December 2023.

Why in the News?

The new design of epaulettes for admirals has been unveiled by the Navy, following Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s announcement during the Navy Day celebrations in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra.

What new changes have been made in the design?

Indian Navy new epaulettes for admirals
Source- The Hindu

1) The newly designed epaulettes features a golden Navy button at the top, followed by an octagon, a crossed Indian sword and telescope, and stars denoting the ranks.

2) The octagon in the new design has been drawn from the naval ensign and inspired by rajmudra of Chhatrapati Shivaji.

What is the Significance of the New Design?

Adopting the new design reaffirms their commitment to the two pillars of Panch Pran (Five Resolves) given by PM Narendra Modi during the 76th Independence Day-

1) Take Pride in our Roots

2) Remove any Trace of Colonial Mindset.

Note- The Navy is also set to rename some of the ranks now in British nomenclature to reflect an Indian connection.

What is the New Naval Ensign of Indian Navy?

Click Here to read

How has the Indian Navy acknowledged the naval power of the Marathas, under Shivaji?

Click Here to read

UPSC Syllabus- Miscellaneous (Defence)/Art & Culture

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