| Introduction: Give a brief description of FRA 2006. Body: Highlight socio-economic impact on tribals and its effectiveness and challenges. Conclusion: Way forward |
The Forest Rights Act (FRA) of 2006 was enacted to address historical injustices and secure the rights of forest-dwelling communities, including tribal communities, over forest land and resources. The socio-economic impact of the FRA on tribal communities, particularly the ‘Phani Yerava’ tribe in Karnataka’s Western Ghats, is significant, but its effectiveness in addressing traditional rights and contemporary challenges varies.
Socio-economic impact of FRA on tribals
- Land Rights: Traditional forest areas farmed by tribes such as the Phani Yerava are granted ownership rights (individual or community) by FRA. Enhancing the security of tenure has the potential to result in improved land management and increased investment in agriculture.
- Cultural Preservation: The Act helps to preserve the traditional knowledge, cultural customs, and socioeconomic systems of the Phani Yerava tribe by giving them legal status and authority over these territories.
- Sustainable livelihood: FRA has enabled tribal communities to engage in sustainable livelihood practices like collecting minor forest produce along with fuelwood and honey, the other minor forest produce they collect includes dhoopa (Vateria indica)/incense, and shekakai (soap pod).
Effectiveness in Addressing Traditional Rights and Contemporary Challenges
- Weakness of Act: Slow implementation, lack of awareness, and potential elite capture limit the Act’s effectiveness. Market access for Non-Timber Forest Produce and capacity building for sustainable resource management also need attention.
- Capacity building: Initiatives to improve capacity are necessary for the FRA to be implemented effectively so that tribal groups are aware of their rights and responsibilities. Many tribal communities, including the Phani Yerava tribe, face challenges in obtaining recognition of their rights due to complex procedures and administrative delays.
- Conflict with Conservation Policies: The FRA seeks to strike a balance between conservation goals and the rights of communities that live near forests. Tensions arise between tribal people and conservation authorities, though, when the application of conservation policies—such as protected areas and wildlife sanctuaries—confers with the rights given by the FRA.
Conclusion
NGOs & government officials working in the area should engage with leaders of some local tribal communities to frame a policy that deals with contemporary challenges faced by tribes. The government should take steps to tackle issues of alcohol abuse and reduce the exploitation of tribals by middlemen in selling minor forest produce which is in the best interest of the tribals.
