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Context
Around 38 million Indians rely on health facilities without electricity. Without access to regular power supply, numerous life-saving interventions cannot be undertaken
What has happened?
A study, ‘Powering Primary Healthcare through Solar in India: Lessons from Chhattisgarh’, published recently by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) and supported by Oxfam India has evaluated 147 primary healthcare centres (PHCs) across 15 districts in Chhattisgarh
What is the study about?
It highlights the role of solar energy in bridging the gaps in electricity access in rural healthcare facilities
What is a PHC?
Primary Health Centres (PHC) are the cornerstone of rural healthcare. Primary health centres and their sub-centres are supposed to meet the health care needs of rural population. Each PHC covers a population of 1,00,000 and is spread over about 100 villages. A Medical Officer, Block Extension Educator, one female Health Assistant, a compounder, a driver and laboratory technician look after the PHC. It is equipped with a jeep and necessary facilities to carry out small surgeries.
- The PHCs are established and maintained by the State Governments under the Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) and Basic Minimum Services Programme (BMS). At present 14 paramedical and other staff support a Medical Officer. A PHC acts as a referral unit for 6 Sub Centres. It has 4 – 6 beds for patients. The activities of Primary Health Centres involve curative, preventive, primitive and Family Welfare Services
Situation of PHCs vis-à-vis electrification
In rural India, PHCs provide the last-mile delivery of healthcare services
- The Rural Health Statistics 2016 data find that India has around 25,000 PHCs, and of the functional PHCs, 6% are not electrified
- Further, the fourth round of District Level Household and Facility Survey data indicates that one in every two PHCs in rural India is either un-electrified or suffers from irregular power supply
How will solar energy help?
The use of renewable energy sources such as solar could help PHCs augment or even substitute traditional grid-based power systems
- This would also help the transition towards a low-carbon, climate-smart healthcare system
- Moreover, solar systems can facilitate reliable and uninterrupted electricity supply critical for 24/7 emergency services, deliveries and neonatal care, as well as inpatient and outpatient services
The Chhattisgarh story
High power deficit caused high IMR
Districts in Chhattisgarh with a higher share of power-deficit PHCs (with less than 20 hours of electricity supply per day from the grid), showed a higher infant mortality rate (IMR), a higher under-five mortality rate, and a lower proportion of fully immunised children
Installation of off-grid solar PV systems
In order to augment electricity supply across PHCs in power-surplus Chhattisgarh, the Chhattisgarh Renewable Energy Development Agency (CREDA), between 2012 and 2016, installed off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) systems of 2kW each in 570 PHCs
Benefit of solar initiatives in Chhattisgarh
- Admission of more patients: The CEEW study found that the solar-powered PHCs in Chhattisgarh admitted over 50% more patients and conducted almost twice the number of child deliveries in a month compared to the power-deficit PHCs without a solar system
- Improvement in ability to store vaccines & drugs: The ability of solar-powered PHCs to maintain cold chains to store vaccines and drugs and operate new-born care equipment has significantly improved. Almost one-fourth of the power-deficit PHCs in Chhattisgarh relied exclusively on solar as a backup to run cold chain equipment. Continuous electricity supply must be ensured to cold chains at PHCs, especially in rural Chhattisgarh, which has an infant mortality rate that is higher than the average for rural India
- Increase in willingness for treatment at PHC: Further, patients showed more willingness to get admitted for treatment at the solar-powered PHCs due to facilities like running fans
- Cost savings: Also, 90% of PHCs with solar systems reported cost savings due to lower electricity bills or reduced expenditure on diesel
Can solar systems be scaled up?
Scaling-up solar-powered systems across PHCs in rural India is dependent on three factors
- Recognising the critical nature of electricity access: The first is to recognise the critical nature of electricity access in the entire health system infrastructure. The Indian Public Health Standards has set minimum service-level benchmarks for all activities of PHCs, indicating that every PHC should have power supply with a back-up option. The National Health Policy 2017 reiterates the commitment to improve primary healthcare by strengthening infrastructure
- Adaptable solar systems: The second is the ability to adapt solar systems around the local needs and considerations of PHCs including the burden of disease, weather, terrain, and power availability. For example, disaster-prone areas that need blood storage units and other health services could invest in higher capacity systems or greater storage capacity
- Making ‘Solar for health’ a national priority: There must be a focus on making ‘Solar for Health’ a national priority. Scaling solar systems (5kW) across PHCs to power healthcare services could contribute to about 160 MW of decentralised energy capacity. Solar power can be extended to cover sub-centres (1kW systems) and community health centres (8kW systems), where the total potential would be around 415 MW
Conclusion
Solar power for healthcare in Chhattisgarh is a crucial opportunity, with evidence that scaling this initiative can meet national and regional ambitions for energy access and improved health outcomes
