") no-repeat;background-position:right var(--form--spacing-unit) top 60%}select:focus{outline-offset:2px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}textarea{width:100%}label{font-size:14px;font-weight:var(--form--label-weight);margin-bottom:calc(var(--global--spacing-vertical)/ 3)}@supports (-webkit-appearance:none) or (-moz-appearance:none){input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;position:relative;width:17px;height:17px;border:var(--form--border-width) solid var(--form--border-color);background:var(--global--color-white)}input[type=checkbox]:disabled,input[type=radio]:disabled{opacity:.7}input[type=checkbox]:focus{outline-offset:2px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}input[type=checkbox]:after{content:"";opacity:0;display:block;left:5px;top:2px;position:absolute;width:7px;height:13px;border:3px solid var(--form--color-text);border-top:0;border-left:0;transform:rotate(30deg)}input[type=checkbox]:checked{color:var(--form--color-text)}input[type=checkbox]:checked:after{opacity:1}input[type=radio]{border-radius:50%}input[type=radio]:focus{outline-offset:2px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}input[type=radio]:after{content:"";opacity:0;display:block;left:3px;top:3px;position:absolute;width:11px;height:11px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--form--color-text)}input[type=radio]:checked{border:4px solid var(--form--border-color)}input[type=radio]:checked:focus{outline-offset:4px;outline:2px dotted var(--form--border-color)}}input[type=checkbox]+label,input[type=radio]+label{display:inline-block;padding-left:10px;font-size:var(--global--font-size-xs);vertical-align:top}fieldset{display:grid;border-color:var(--global--color-secondary);padding:var(--global--spacing-horizontal)}fieldset legend{font-size:var(--global--font-size-lg)}fieldset input[type=submit]{max-width:max-content}fieldset input:not([type=submit]){margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-unit)}fieldset input[type=checkbox],fieldset input[type=radio]{margin-bottom:0}fieldset input[type=checkbox]+label,fieldset input[type=radio]+label{font-size:var(--form--font-size);padding-left:0;margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-unit)}::-moz-placeholder{opacity:1}img{height:auto;max-width:100%!important;vertical-align:middle}.entry-content img{max-width:100%}iframe,object,video{max-width:100%}.wp-caption{color:currentColor;font-size:var(--global--font-size-xs);line-height:var(--global--line-height-body);margin-top:calc(.5 * var(--global--spacing-unit));margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-unit);text-align:center}b,strong{font-weight:700}cite,em,i{font-style:italic}a{cursor:pointer;color:var(--wp--style--color--link,var(--global--color-primary));text-underline-offset:3px;text-decoration-skip-ink:all}a:hover{text-decoration-style:dotted;text-decoration-skip-ink:none}.site a:focus:not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-block-file__button).skip-link{outline:transparent solid 2px;outline-offset:-2px}.site a:focus:not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-block-file__button).skip-link:focus{color:#21759b;background-color:#f1f1f1}.site a:focus:not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-block-file__button) img{outline:2px dotted var(--wp--style--color--link,var(--global--color-primary))}.site .button,button,input[type=submit]{border:var(--button--border-width) solid transparent;border-radius:var(--button--border-radius);cursor:pointer;font-weight:var(--button--font-weight);font-family:var(--button--font-family);font-size:var(--button--font-size);line-height:var(--button--line-height);padding:var(--button--padding-vertical) var(--button--padding-horizontal);text-decoration:none}.site .button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-text-color),button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-text-color),input[type=submit]:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-text-color){color:var(--global--color-background)}.site .button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background),button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background),input[type=submit]:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background-color:var(--global--color-primary)}.site .button:active,.site .button:hover,button:active,button:hover,input[type=submit]:active,input[type=submit]:hover{background-color:transparent;border-color:currentColor;color:inherit}.site .button:focus,button:focus,input[type=submit]:focus{outline-offset:-6px;outline:currentColor dotted 2px}.site .button:disabled,button:disabled,input[type=submit]:disabled{background-color:var(--global--color-white-50);border-color:var(--global--color-white-50);color:var(--button--color-text-active)}.wp-block-group{display:block;clear:both;display:flow-root}.wp-block-group:after,.wp-block-group:before{content:"";display:block;clear:both}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>*{margin-top:calc(.666 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));margin-bottom:calc(.666 * var(--global--spacing-vertical))}@media only screen and (min-width:482px){.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>*{margin-top:var(--global--spacing-vertical);margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-vertical)}.site-header{padding-top:calc(var(--global--spacing-vertical)/ .75)}}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>:first-child{margin-top:0}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group__inner-container>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.h2,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5{clear:both;font-family:var(--heading--font-family);font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight)}.h2 strong,h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,h4 strong,h5 strong{font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-strong)}h1{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h1);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h1)}.h2,h2{font-size:28px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h2);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h2)}h3{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h3);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h3)}h4{font-size:22px;font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-strong);letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h4);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h4)}h5{font-size:18px;font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-strong);letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h5);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h5)}.wp-block-image{text-align:center}.wp-block-image a:focus img{outline-offset:2px}.entry-content [class*=inner-container]>[class=wp-block-image],.entry-content>[class=wp-block-image]{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.entry-content [class*=inner-container]>[class=wp-block-image]+*,.entry-content>[class=wp-block-image]+*{margin-top:0}figure.wp-caption a:focus img{outline-offset:2px}ol,ul{font-family:var(--list--font-family);margin:0;padding-left:15px}ul{list-style-type:disc}ul ul{list-style-type:circle}ol{list-style-type:decimal}ol ul{list-style-type:circle}dt{font-family:var(--definition-term--font-family);font-weight:700}dd{margin:0;padding-left:calc(2 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal))}p{line-height:var(--wp--typography--line-height,var(--global--line-height-body))}hr{border-style:none;border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid var(--separator--border-color);clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}hr.wp-block-separator{border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid var(--separator--border-color);opacity:1}hr.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-dots):not(.alignwide){max-width:var(--responsive--aligndefault-width)}hr.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-dots).alignwide{max-width:var(--responsive--alignwide-width)}[class*=background-color] hr.wp-block-separator,[style*=background-color] hr.wp-block-separator{border-color:currentColor}.wp-block-table,table{width:100%;min-width:240px;border-collapse:collapse}.wp-block-table th,table th{font-family:var(--heading--font-family)}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th,table td,table th{padding:calc(.5 * var(--global--spacing-unit));border:1px solid}*>figure>video{max-width:unset;width:100%;vertical-align:middle}.alignwide{clear:both}.site-header{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;row-gap:var(--global--spacing-vertical)}@media only screen and (min-width:822px){:root{--responsive--aligndefault-width:min(calc(100vw - 8 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal)),610px);--responsive--alignwide-width:min(calc(100vw - 8 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal)),1240px)}.site-header{padding-top:calc(2.4 * var(--global--spacing-vertical))}}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.site-header:not(.has-menu){justify-content:center}}.site-footer{padding-top:0;background:#1e2232;color:#fff}.singular .entry-header{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.entry-title{color:var(--entry-header--color);font-size:32px;letter-spacing:var(--heading--letter-spacing-h2);line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h2);overflow-wrap:break-word}.entry-title a{color:var(--entry-header--color-link);text-underline-offset:0.15em}.entry-title a:hover{color:var(--entry-header--color-hover)}.entry-title a:focus{color:var(--entry-header--color-focus)}.entry-title a:active{color:var(--entry-header--color-link)}.singular .entry-title{font-size:36px;font-weight:700}h1.entry-title{line-height:var(--heading--line-height-h1);font-weight:var(--heading--font-weight-page-title)}.entry-content{font-family:var(--entry-content--font-family)}.entry-content p{word-wrap:break-word;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:10px;font-family:"Segoe UI"}.entry-content p a{font-weight:700}.entry-content>iframe[style]{margin:var(--global--spacing-vertical) 0!important;max-width:100%!important}.entry-footer{color:var(--global--color-primary);clear:both;float:none;font-size:14px;display:block}.entry-footer>span{display:inline-block}.entry-footer a{color:currentColor}.entry-footer a:focus,.entry-footer a:hover{color:var(--global--color-primary-hover)}.entry-footer a:active{color:currentColor}.site-main>article>.entry-footer{margin-top:var(--global--spacing-vertical);padding-top:var(--global--spacing-unit);padding-bottom:calc(3 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid var(--separator--border-color)}body:not(.single) .site-main>article:last-of-type .entry-footer{border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid transparent}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer{margin-top:calc(3.4 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));margin-bottom:calc(3.4 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));padding-bottom:0;padding-top:calc(.8 * var(--global--spacing-vertical));border-top:3px solid var(--separator--border-color);border-bottom:var(--separator--height) solid transparent;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);column-gap:calc(2 * var(--global--spacing-horizontal))}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .post-taxonomies{justify-content:flex-end;text-align:right}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .byline,.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .cat-links,.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .posted-on{display:block}.search .entry-footer .cat-links{display:block}.menu-button-container{display:none;justify-content:space-between;position:absolute;right:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu{display:flex;margin-left:auto;padding:calc(var(--button--padding-vertical) - (.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))) calc(.5 * var(--button--padding-horizontal));font-size:var(--primary-nav--font-size-button);font-weight:var(--primary-nav--font-weight-button);background-color:transparent;border:none;color:var(--primary-nav--color-link)}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu:focus{outline:0}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon{display:flex;align-items:center}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon .svg-icon{margin-left:calc(.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon.open .svg-icon{position:relative;top:-1px}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu .dropdown-icon.close{display:none}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu[aria-expanded*=true] .dropdown-icon.open{display:none}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu[aria-expanded*=true] .dropdown-icon.close{display:flex}.primary-navigation{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;color:var(--primary-nav--color-text);font-size:var(--primary-nav--font-size);line-height:1.15;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container{position:fixed;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;padding-top:20px;padding-left:var(--global--spacing-unit);padding-right:var(--global--spacing-unit);padding-bottom:var(--global--spacing-horizontal);background-color:#fff;transition:all .15s ease-in-out;transform:translateY(var(--global--spacing-vertical))}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;max-width:none;padding-left:0;position:relative}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer{display:block}.single .site-main>article>.entry-footer .post-taxonomies{text-align:left}.menu-button-container{display:flex}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container{height:100vh;z-index:499;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;border:2px solid transparent;width:75%}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container:focus{border:2px solid var(--global--color-primary)}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper{padding-bottom:100px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper ul{padding-left:0}}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li{display:block;position:relative;width:100%}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle{display:flex;height:20px;width:20px;padding:0;margin-top:7px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:0 0;color:currentColor;border:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle:focus{outline:2px solid var(--wp--style--color--link,var(--global--color-primary))}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle{display:none}.primary-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item:last-child{margin-bottom:0}}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-minus,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-plus{height:100%;display:flex;align-items:center}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-minus svg,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-plus svg{margin-top:-1px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle .icon-minus{display:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] .icon-minus{display:flex}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper .sub-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] .icon-plus{display:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu{position:relative}.primary-navigation a{display:block;text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:482px){.primary-navigation{position:relative;margin-left:auto}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container{visibility:visible;opacity:1;position:relative;padding:0;background-color:transparent;overflow:initial;transform:none}.primary-navigation>.primary-menu-container ul>li .sub-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=false]~ul{display:none}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li{margin:0;width:inherit}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li:last-child{margin-right:0}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu{left:0;margin:0;min-width:200px;position:absolute;top:100%;padding-top:0;transition:all .5s ease;z-index:88888}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu:after,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu:before{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;width:0;top:-10px;left:var(--global--spacing-horizontal);border-style:solid;border-color:var(--primary-nav--border-color) transparent;border-width:0 7px 10px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu:after{top:-9px;border-color:#fff transparent}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu li{background:#fff}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-left{left:0;right:auto}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-left:after,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-left:before{left:var(--global--spacing-horizontal);right:auto}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-right{right:0;left:auto}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-right:after,.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu.submenu-reposition-right:before{left:auto;right:var(--global--spacing-horizontal)}.primary-navigation .primary-menu-container{margin-right:calc(0px - var(--primary-nav--padding));margin-left:calc(0px - var(--primary-nav--padding))}.primary-navigation .primary-menu-container>ul>.menu-item{display:flex}.primary-navigation .primary-menu-container>ul>.menu-item>a+.sub-menu-toggle{margin-left:calc(5px - var(--primary-nav--padding))}.primary-navigation a{display:block}.primary-navigation .sub-menu>.menu-item>.sub-menu{padding:0}}.primary-navigation a+svg{fill:var(--primary-nav--color-text)}.primary-navigation a:hover,.primary-navigation a:link,.primary-navigation a:visited{color:var(--primary-nav--color-link-hover)}.primary-navigation a:focus{position:relative;z-index:99999;outline-offset:0;text-decoration-thickness:2px}.primary-navigation .sub-menu{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;margin-left:var(--primary-nav--padding);border:1px solid #d1d1d1}.primary-navigation .sub-menu .sub-menu{border:none;display:none}.primary-navigation .sub-menu li:hover .sub-menu{display:block}.primary-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item>a{padding:8px 10px;display:block;font-size:14px;font-style:var(--primary-nav--font-style-sub-menu-mobile)}.primary-navigation .menu-item-has-children>.svg-icon{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:481px){.lock-scrolling .site{position:fixed;max-width:100%;width:100%}}.navigation{color:var(--global--color-primary)}.navigation a{color:var(--global--color-primary);text-decoration:none}.navigation a:hover{color:var(--global--color-primary-hover);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-style:dotted}.navigation a:focus{color:var(--global--color-secondary)}.navigation a:active{color:var(--global--color-primary)}.navigation .nav-links>*{min-width:44px;min-height:44px}.navigation .nav-links .nav-next a,.navigation .nav-links .nav-previous a{display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media only screen and (min-width:592px){.navigation .nav-links{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap}.navigation .nav-links .nav-next,.navigation .nav-links .nav-previous{flex:0 1 auto;margin-bottom:inherit;margin-top:inherit;max-width:calc(50% - (.5 * var(--global--spacing-unit)))}.navigation .nav-links .nav-next{text-align:right}}.navigation .svg-icon{display:inline-block;fill:currentColor;vertical-align:middle;position:relative}.navigation .nav-previous .svg-icon,.navigation .prev .svg-icon{top:-2px;margin-right:calc(.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))}.navigation .nav-next .svg-icon,.navigation .next .svg-icon{top:-1px;margin-left:calc(.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))}.post-navigation{margin:var(--global--spacing-vertical) auto}.post-navigation .meta-nav{line-height:var(--global--line-height-body);color:var(--global--color-primary)}.post-navigation .post-title{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--global--font-primary);font-size:var(--global--font-size-lg);font-weight:var(--pagination--font-weight-strong);line-height:var(--global--line-height-heading)}@media only screen and (min-width:822px){.post-navigation{margin:var(--global--spacing-vertical) auto}.post-navigation .post-title{margin:5px calc(24px + (.25 * var(--global--spacing-unit))) 0}}@media only screen and (min-width:482px){.primary-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item>a{font-size:14px;font-style:var(--primary-nav--font-style);color:1px solid #d1d1d1}.primary-navigation .menu-item-has-children>.svg-icon{display:inline-block;height:100%}.primary-navigation .menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .svg-icon{display:none}.post-navigation .nav-links{justify-content:space-between}}.post-navigation .nav-next,.post-navigation .nav-previous{margin-top:var(--global--spacing-vertical);margin-bottom:var(--global--spacing-vertical)}.post-navigation .nav-next:first-child,.post-navigation .nav-previous:first-child{margin-top:0}.post-navigation .nav-next:last-child,.post-navigation .nav-previous:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important;word-break:normal}.skip-link:focus{background-color:#f1f1f1;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.6);clip:auto!important;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;color:#21759b;display:block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}#content[tabindex="-1"]:focus{outline:0}@media (prefers-reduced-motion){*{transition-delay:0s!important;transition-duration:0s!important}}footer *,header *,main *{max-width:var(--global--spacing-measure)}article,body,div,figure,footer,header,hr,html,main,nav,section{max-width:none}.is-IE .navigation .nav-links{display:block}body,li,p{font-size:15px;line-height:1.8}body,input,li,p,span,textarea{font-family:'Open Sans',sans-serif}p{margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:10px}.row{margin-bottom:25px}header.site-header{background:#fff599;max-width:100%;padding:0 30px;position:fixed;z-index:999;width:100%}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:normal;padding:10px 12px}.widget img{margin-top:0}div#sidebar ul{padding-left:22px;font-size:14px}div#sidebar ul li{margin-bottom:2px;white-space:break-spaces}.entry-content ul{font-size:14px;padding-left:20px;margin-bottom:20px}.footer_text a{color:#7dc4ff}.footer_text h5{font-weight:600;color:#bcdcf7;margin:0;font-size:15px}.row.footer_row{border-top:1px solid #efefef;margin-bottom:0;padding:20px 0}.row.footer_row ul{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.row.footer_row ul li a{color:#efefef;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:4px}.footer_lower_txt{text-align:center;color:#d2d2d2;font-size:13px}.footer_lower_txt h4{font-size:20px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;color:#bcdcf7;padding-top:10px}.footer_lower_txt h5{font-size:17px;margin-bottom:0}.footer_lower_txt a{color:#d2d2d2}.bottom_bar{border-top:1px solid #d5e0e8;padding:12px 90px}a.privacy-policy-link{color:#fff;float:right}.bottom_bar{border-top:1px solid #d5e0e8;padding:12px 90px 6px;display:inline-block;width:100%}.footer_text{margin-top:25px}div#content{padding-top:10px}p#subscribe-submit button{padding:10px 15px!important;font-size:14px!important;background:#141414;border:1px solid #141414;margin-left:-1px!important;height:45px}p#subscribe-submit button:hover{background:#ed3237;color:#fff;border-color:#ed3237}#subscribe-email input{border:1px solid #141414;height:45px}.content-area{padding-top:20px}.widget_block,.widget_media_image{margin-bottom:20px}a{color:#0773c5}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu li.menu-item-has-children:before{content:"\f078";position:absolute;font-family:FontAwesome;right:10px;top:9px}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper>li>.sub-menu li.menu-item-has-children{padding-right:20px}ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{position:absolute;right:-93%;top:0;width:184px;border:1px solid #d1d1d1!important}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{padding:10px 6px}}@media only screen and (max-width:1120px){.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:13px;padding:10px 5px}}@media only screen and (max-width:980px){a.privacy-policy-link{float:none;display:block;text-align:center}.bottom_bar .blog_link{display:block;text-align:center}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){section.widget{margin-top:15px}}@media only screen and (max-width:480px){.bottom_bar{padding:12px 20px 6px}.footer_lower_txt{padding:0 15px}ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{position:relative;left:0}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:15px}.single>.wp-caption{width:330px!important}.entry-content img{width:340px!important}.single figure{width:340px!important}}.entry-footer>span{font-size:.8em!important}.entry-content li,.entry-content span{font-family:'Segoe UI'}.entry-footer>span:first-child{margin-left:0}.toppers_top_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%!important}.toppers_motivation_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%!important}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.d-sm-none{display:none!important}.gt_switcher_wrapper{right:41px!important}}@media only screen and (min-device-width:768px) and (max-device-width:1024px){.mobile_ad{display:none!important}}img#wpstats{display:none}.entry-content a{color:#0773c5}header.site-header{padding:0 20px}button:focus{outline:0}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:13px;padding:10px 8px}.entry-content li,.entry-content li a,.entry-content p,.entry-content p a,.entry-content span{font-family:Georgia}.entry-content h1,.entry-content h1 a,.entry-content h1 span,.entry-content h2,.entry-content h2 a,.entry-content h2 span,.entry-content h3,.entry-content h3 a,.entry-content h3 span,.entry-content h4,.entry-content h4 a,.entry-content h4 span,.entry-content h5,.entry-content h5 a,.entry-content h5 span,h1.entry-title{font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;color:#263238}.entry-content h1{font-size:2.5em}.entry-content h2{font-size:1.8em}.entry-content h3{font-size:1.5em}.entry-content h4{font-size:1.2em}.entry-content li,.entry-content li span,.entry-content p,.entry-content p span{font-size:18px}.entry-content h5{font-size:1.1em}.entry-content li:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.entry-content li{margin-bottom:15px}.entry-footer{font-size:16.5px;border-bottom:1px solid #263238;border-top:1px solid #263238;margin:10px 0 0;padding:5px}header.entry-header h1.entry-title{border:none}.content-area h2{font-size:20px;line-height:36px;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:20px;font-weight:700;color:#ed3237;font-family:Georgia}.content-area h2 b{font-weight:400}header.site-header{position:relative}.row.top-box{border-bottom:1px dotted #000}.social_share li{list-style-type:none}.top-box ul.social_share{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.top-box .social_share a{font-size:15px;margin-right:0}.top-header span{font-size:11.5px;color:#444;font-weight:700}.primary-navigation>div>.menu-wrapper li a{font-size:12px;padding:10px}header.site-header{background:#f6f6f6;padding:0 50px 0 20px;top:0!important}.mobile{display:none}.entry-footer>span{font-size:11px!important}@media only screen and (max-width:782px){.singular .entry-title{font-size:30px}.content-area h2{font-size:20px}.main-logo img#logo{width:63%}.menu-button-container #primary-mobile-menu{padding:5px 15px}.desktop{display:none}.mobile{display:block;margin:0}.top-box ul.social_share{padding-left:5px}.row.top-box.mobile{text-align:center}.site-header{width:100%;padding:10px 15px 0!important}div#content{padding-top:0}}ol,ul{font-family:"Gill SSi"}span.byline{padding-left:5px}.toppers_top_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%}.toppers_motivation_menu>ul.sub-menu.doble_submenu{right:101%}.quiz-fullwidth-template .web_ad{display:none!important}span.cat-links a{background:#dedede;padding:4px 6px;margin-top:7px;display:inline-block;font-weight:400!important;margin-left:5px;color:#000!important;font-size:14px;line-height:normal!important}.quiz-fullwidth-template .mobile_ad{display:none!important}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}.gt_switcher_wrapper{top:30px!important}.gt_selector .notranslate{padding:0!important}select.gt_selector{padding-left:5px!important;padding:0}#google_translate_element2{display:none!important}body{top:0!important}font font{background-color:transparent!important;box-shadow:none!important;position:initial!important}.entry-footer>span{margin-left:1%}p#subscribe-submit button{height:53px!important}.bottom_navigation{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:580px){.bottom_navigation{display:block;position:fixed;bottom:0;background:#fff;z-index:9999;width:100%;padding:5px 0;box-shadow:0 0 5px #cdcdcd}.bottom_navigation div{float:left;width:33.3333%;text-align:center}.bottom_navigation img{width:25px}.bottom_navigation a:focus img{outline:0!important}}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) .is-not-subscriber .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements{align-items:flex-start;display:flex}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) p#subscribe-submit{display:flex;justify-content:center}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]{box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.3;min-width:auto!important;white-space:nowrap!important}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]::placeholder,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]:disabled{color:currentColor;opacity:.5}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form button{border-color:#0000;border-style:solid}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email{background:#0000;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email input[type=email]{height:auto;margin:0;width:100%}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-submit{line-height:0;margin:0;padding:0}@keyframes jetpack-memberships_button__spinner-animation{to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}.jetpack-memberships-spinner{display:none;height:1em;margin:0 0 0 5px;width:1em}.jetpack-memberships-spinner svg{height:100%;margin-bottom:-2px;width:100%}.jetpack-memberships-spinner-rotating{animation:.75s linear infinite jetpack-memberships_button__spinner-animation;transform-origin:center}.is-loading .jetpack-memberships-spinner{display:inline-block}body.jetpack-memberships-modal-open{overflow:hidden}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal{opacity:1}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal,dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal iframe{background:#0000;border:0;bottom:0;box-shadow:none;height:100%;left:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;width:100%}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal::backdrop{background-color:#000;opacity:.7;transition:opacity .2s ease-out}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal.is-loading,dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal.is-loading::backdrop{opacity:0}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1>:where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:480px;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1>.alignwide{max-width:480px}
Skip to content Mains Guidance Program (MGP) for UPSC CSE 2026, Cohort-1 starts 28th January 2025. Registrations Open
Click Here to know more and registration.
Context: Centre-State
relations and the recent move by Kerala government against CAA.
More
in News:
The state of Kerala has approached the
Supreme Court challenging the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 thereby becoming
the first State to challenge the contentious law made by the central
government. The
petition:
Kerala filed a plea as an original suit
under provisions of Right to Equality granted by the Indian Constitution. The petition states that CAA violates
Right to equality under Article 14 of the Constitution of India, right to life
under Article 21 and freedom to practise religion under Article 25. The original suit has been filed under
Article 131 of the Constitution which empowers the Supreme Court to hear
disputes between the States or the Government of India and States. The state government has also challenged
the changes made in the Passport Act and Foreigners Act Rules. The petitioner has claimed that the amendments
to the passport rules and the foreign order results in classifications based on
religion and that the classification is “apparently and manifestly
discriminatory, arbitrary, unreasonable and having no rational nexus with the
object sought to be achieved”. Article131 of Indian Constitution: Article 131 states that “subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States; or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more other States on the other; or between two or more States, if and in so far as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends: Provided that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to a dispute arising out of any treaty, agreement, covenant, engagements, and or other similar instrument which, having been entered into or executed before the commencement of this Constitution, continues in operation after such commencement, or which provides that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to such a dispute”. Importance of Article 131: Art 32 on enforcement of rights has been cited in other CAA petitions. Only Art 131 gives SC original and exclusive jurisdiction to resolve disputes between the Centre and one or more States; between Centre and any State or States on one side and one or more other States on the other; between two or more States.
How
is Citizenship (Amendment) Act or CAA is discriminatory?
Trans-Border
Migrants: Kerala
argues that CAA is discriminatory because it covers only a class of minorities
from a class of countries sharing borders with India and to which and from
there have been trans-border migration.Hindus
from other Neighbouring countries: The petition says, “While the
Hindus from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh are covered by the Impugned
Amendment Act, the defendant did not consider the issues of the Hindus,
primarily of Tamil descend, in Sri Lanka and Hindu Madhesis in Terai of Nepal,
whose ancestors migrated to Sri Lanka and Nepal respectively in the eighteenth
Century from the then British India”.Other
religious minorities: Petition further says that CAA covers
certain religious minorities of Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan and
overlook other reportedly persecuted religious minorities and sects such as
Ahmaddiyas, Shias and Hazaras.Ethnic
and linguistic Minorities: The
Kerala government said “all persecutions are not solely based on religious
grounds alone and are for varied reasons like ethnicity, linguistics etc” but
the amendments “do not cover the persecutions on the grounds of ethnicity,
linguistics etc even in the said class of three countries”. “They
do not cover the ethnic issues of Balochs, Sindhis, Pakhtuns and Mohajirs in
Pakistan and the Biharis in Bangladesh”. The
Impugned Amendment Act and Rules and Orders further overlook the issues of
ethnic Indians in Malaysia and Fiji. Violate
India’s international obligations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Articles 14: which
provides that everyone has the right to seek and enjoy in other countries asylum
from persecution.Article 15: which provides
that everyone has the right to a nationality and that no one shall be
arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his
nationality.International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights: Article 26: which provides
that all persons are equal before the law, that all persons are entitled
without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law and that the law
shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and
effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour,
sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status.
CAA
as Centre-State dispute:
In Indian Constitutional set up, the
Union government has overriding powers. The relation between the Centre and
states is so structured that the laws made by Parliament have to be carried out
and enforced. Therefore, while CAA is legally binding on states, the NPR is
not. As far as CAA is concerned, states
cannot say no. Because they are bound to act in compliance in the law passed by
Parliament. The Constitution is clear on that. Central government has the power
to direct the states to implement a law. The consequence of not complying is
that the the Constitution gives the Centre the power to impose President’s rule. NPR is a ‘legal orphan’ without backing,
and is not provided for in the Citizenship Amendment Act. States can refuse to
carry it out. The plea, without articulating how the
CAA became a Centre-state dispute, said since the Act was “manifestly arbitrary
and unconstitutional” as it violated secularism and right to equality, “thus,
there exists a dispute involving questions of law and facts between the state
of Kerala and the Union of India, regarding the enforcement of legal rights as
a state and as well as for the enforcement of fundamental, statutory, constitutional
and other legal rights of the inhabitants of the state of Kerala. Difference between NPR and Census: Census is an exercise carried out under the Census Act, 1948. Census data is based on self-declaration made by the persons without verification. NRC/NRIC: NRC/NRIC means National Register of Indian Citizens.This has its base in Section 14A of the Citizenship Act, which says, among other things, that:The Central Government may compulsorily register every citizen of India and issue national identity card to him.The Central Government may maintain a National Register of Indian Citizens and for that purpose establish a National Registration Authority.
Other
Centre-State issues:
A number of states have gotten into
political slugfests with the Centre on the powers of investigative agencies,
with West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh even withdrawing the general consent given
to Central Bureau of Investigation in the past, to carry out investigations in
those states. Maharashtra and Odisha assemblies passed
a resolution urging the Centre to conduct a socio-economic caste enumeration
along with the general census 2021, something the central government has
disliked to do. Resource Crunch: Analysts predict that
due to the economic slowdown, gross tax revenues for 2019-20 can see a
shortfall in excess of Rs 3 trillion, and about 35-42 per cent of that
shortfall will be borne by states, because lower tax collections means lower
distribution of the divisible pool to states. A number of states have complained about
Goods and Service Tax compensation dues not been released or being delayed by
the Finance Ministry. The upcoming budget, which will
incorporate recommendations from the 15th Finance Commission, may also create a
situation where certain states are not happy with the distribution of
resources. Conclusion:
In the time of
economic slow-down and the protest against the moves of the ruling government,
it is important for the government to tackle the situation in a more
participative manner. The concept of cooperative federalism just in words
cannot help. The government must come forward and take states alongside to help
India achieve its development growth back on track.
Source: https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/will-strained-centre-state-ties-make-2020-a-year-of-constitutional-crises-120011500752_1.html
Discover more from Free UPSC IAS Preparation Syllabus and Materials For Aspirants Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.
Post navigation
Select Language English Hindi