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History and Art & Culture articles in News for UPSC IAS Prelims 2024

  • Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
    December 3, 2024
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    News: An Ajmer court’s recent decision to admit a petition for a survey of the Ajmer Sharif Dargah has sparked calls for a similar investigation into the historic Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra.

    Ajmer’s deputy mayor has claimed that the site was originally a Sanskrit college and Jain temple before being converted into a mosque in the 12th century. Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra.

    About Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra

    Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
    Source- Navbharat times
    • It is one of the oldest mosques in the country, located in Ajmer, Rajasthan. It is also the second oldest completed mosque in North India, after the Quwwat ul Islam mosque in Delhi.
    • It was commissioned by Qutabuddin Aibak after the Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithviraj III (popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan) in the Second Battle of Tarain.
    • The structure was completed in 1199 CE and was further enhanced by Iltutmish of Delhi in 1213 CE.
    • It is an example of early Indo-Islamic architecture.

    Historical Claims

    • The site of the mosque originally had another structure.
    • According to Jain tradition, this structure was constructed by Seth Viramdeva Kala in 660 CE as a Jain shrine to celebrate Panch Kalyanaka ( a five-day celebration to mark the five auspicious events in the life of a Jain tirthankara).
    • ASI excavations from 1874-75 at the site uncovered a number of inscriptions which referred to a Sanskrit college which was built in 1153 by the Chauhan emperor Visaladeva.
    • The original building was partially destroyed and converted into a mosque by Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak of Delhi in the late 12th century.
  • Ajmer Sharif and Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti
    November 30, 2024
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    Ajmer Sharif and Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti

    News: An Ajmer court recently accepted a petition by the Hindu Sena, which claims that a  Shiva temple lies beneath the Ajmer Sharif dargah.

    About Ajmer Sharif

    Ajmer sharif
    Source- Bhaskar
    • It is the shrine of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, the revered Sufi saint from Persia.
    • The shrine was built by Mughal King Humayun.
    • The white marble dome of Chishti’s shrine, as seen today, was built in 1532.
    • It is an example of Indo-Islamic architecture.
    • The shrine has been visited by rulers like Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Sher Shah Suri, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
    • The death anniversary of Moinuddin Chishti is called the Urs Sharif festival.
    About Sufism

    • Sufism is a mystical form of Islam that emphasizes a spiritual search for God.
    • It emphasizes on devotion, and asceticism while rejecting materialism.
    • The Sufis were organised in a number of different silsilahs (orders).
    • The Sufi pirs lived in Khanqahs with their disciples.
    • The Khanqah (the hospice) was the centre of Sufi activities.

    About Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti

    Early life

    • He was born in Sijistan (modern-day Sistan) in Iran in 1141-42 CE.
    • By 20, Moinuddin had traveled widely, studying various subjects in Bukhara and Samarkand. He later met Khwaja Usman Harooni, a Sufi master, who became his mentor.
    • After years of spiritual training, Moinuddin was initiated into the Chishti order and set on his own path.

    Journey in India

    • He arrived in Delhi Sultanate during the reign of the sultan Iltutmish.
    • After Muizuddin Muhammad bin Sam defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain (1192) and established rule in Delhi, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti began living and preaching in Ajmer.

    Chishti Order (Chishtiya):

    • The Chishti order was founded in the 10th century by Abu Ishaq Shami in the town of Chisht near Herat in Afghanistan.
    • In India, Chishtiya Order was founded by Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti
    • Chistis renounced material possessions as distractions from focusing on God and avoided involvement with the secular state.
    • Disciples of Khwaja Moin-Uddin Chishti, like Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, Fareeduddin Ganj-e-Shakar, Nizamuddin Auliya, and Naseeruddin Charagh, spread and popularized Chishti teachings.

    Other major Sufi Orders in India:

    Suhrawardi Order:

    • It was established in India by Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya.
    • Unlike the Chishti saints, the Suhrawardis maintained close ties with the state. They accepted gifts, jagirs from sultans.

    Naqshbandi Order:

    • In India, this order was established by Khwaja Bahauddin Naqshbandi.
    • From the beginning, this Order’s mystics stressed the Shariat’s observance and denounced all innovations or biddat.

    The Qadri order

    • This order was popular in Punjab and founded in the 14th century by Sheikh Abdul Qadir of Badaun.
    • Sheikh Abdul Qadir and his sons were supporters of the Mughals under Akbar.
  • Women Pioneers of the Indian Constitution
    November 29, 2024
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    News: The Indian Constitution was crafted by 299 members of the Constituent Assembly, including 15 extraordinary women from varied backgrounds. It included leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Sucheta Kripalani and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.

    It also included lesser-known women from across the country who actively contributed to debates on gender, caste, and reservations. The article discusses five of them.

    About 5 Notable Women in the Constituent Assembly

    1. Ammu Swaminathan (1894-1978)

    Ammu swaminathan
    Source- Indian Express
    • She was born in Palakkad, Kerala.
    • She co-founded the Women’s India Association in 1917 alongside leaders such as Annie Besant.
    • She advocated for women’s education rights and opposed restrictive widowhood practices.
    • In the Constituent Assembly, she spoke about the Hindu Code Bill and gender equality.
    • Post-independence, she was elected as an MP from Dindigul in Tamil Nadu.
    • She also served as India’s goodwill ambassador to countries like Russia, China and the US.

    2. Annie Mascarene (1902-1963)

    Annie Mascarene
    Source- Indian Express
    • She was born in Travancore (now Thiruvananthapuram) into a Latin Christian family from the lowest caste.
    • She supported universal adult franchise and opposed caste-based voting rights.
    • She joined the All Travancore Joint Political Congress and later the Travancore State Congress.
    • As a Constituent Assembly member, she advocated for a strong central government and autonomy for local governments.
    • She elected as an independent candidate in 1952 from Thiruvananthapuram.

    3. Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909-2001)

    Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul
    Source- Indian Express
    • She was born into Punjab’s royal family.
    • She pursued formal education despite facing opposition, including a fatwa against her attending convent school.
    • As a Muslim League member, she campaigned for women’s issues and opposed religiously separate electorates.
    • She remained in India after the partition and joined the Indian National Congress.
    • She was elected to the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh in 1952
    • She played a key role in promoting women’s hockey.

    4. Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912-1978)

    Dakshayani Velayudhan
    Source- Indian Express
    • She was the first Dalit woman to graduate in science in Cochin (now Kochi) and the first Dalit woman in the Cochin Legislative Council.
    • In 1946, she was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Malabar.
    • She opposed Ambedkar’s call for separate electorates, believing it would cause division and weaken nationalism.
    • After independence, she stayed active in the Dalit movement and continued to advocate for social justice.

    5. Renuka Ray (1904-1997)

    Renuka Roy
    Source- Indian Express
    • She was born in Pabna, present-day Bangladesh.
    • She Joined the freedom struggle after meeting Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.
    • She was active in advocating for women’s rights, including divorce and inheritance.
    • She represented women’s organisations in the Central Legislative Assembly in 1943 and later she elected to constituent Assembly.
    • As a Constituent Assembly member, she supported the Hindu Code Bill. However, she opposed reserved seats for women in legislatures, seeing it as an obstacle to their progress.
  • Lothal- Harrapan Port Town
    November 28, 2024
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    News: An IIT Delhi student recently lost her life while conducting research near the archaeological site of Lothal in Gujarat.

    About Lothal

    1. It was one of the southernmost sites of the Indus Valley civilization (IVC).

    2. Its archaeological remains is located along the Bhogava river, a tributary of Sabarmati, in the Gulf of Khambat.

    3. The site offers evidence of Harappan culture dating back to the period between 2400 BCE and 1600 BCE.

    4. The excavated site of Lothal is the only port-town of the Indus Valley Civilisation.

    5. Discovery– Lothal was discovered by SR Rao, an Indian archaeologist. Excavation work was carried out in Lothal between February 1955 and May 1960.

    6. Features of the town:

    • The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) states that Lothal had the world’s oldest known dock, linking it to an ancient course of the Sabarmati River.
    • Other features also include the acropolis, the lower town, the bead factory, the warehouses, and the drainage system.
    • Lothal served as a trade hub connecting the Harappan civilization with the rest of India, Mesopotamia, and Africa.

    Heritage Value of Lothal:

    Other important sites of IVC

    • Harappa in present Pakistan:  known for granaries, citadels, mother goddess figure.
    • Mohenjo-daro in present Pakistan: Famous for the Great Bath,, sculpture of bearded priest, great granary
    • Dholavira in Gujrat : Noted for its water harnessing system, reservoirs, and unique city planning with three divisions.
    • Kalibangan in Rajasthan : Recognized for fire altars and evidence of plowed agricultural fields.
    • Banawali in Haryana: Known for its oval-shaped settlement layout, toy plough, barley grains.
    • Rakhigarhi in Haryana– One of the largest IVC sites, Evidence of paved roads, drainage system, large rainwater collection, storage system, terracotta bricks, statue production.
  • Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs)
    November 26, 2024
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    Source: This post on Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs) has been created based on the article “CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES” published in PIB on 26th November 2024.

    Why in news?

    The Ministry of Culture actively signs Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs).

    About Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs)

    1. The Ministry of Culture actively signs Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs) to promote Indian art and culture globally.

    2. Aim: These programmes aim to enhance India’s soft power and foster inter-cultural relations with other nations.

    3. Objective: To disseminate Indian art and culture globally and to develop and strengthen inter-cultural relations with other nations.

    4. Areas of Collaboration: Cultural exchanges cover a diverse range of areas, including: Music and dance, Theatre, Museums and science museums, Libraries and archives, Protection and conservation of historic monuments and archaeological sites, Literature, research, and documentation and Festivals and cultural events

    5. Current Status: 144 countries have ongoing CEP negotiations. Valid signed CEPs exist with 84 countries

    Festivals of India (FoI) Abroad

    1. Festivals of India (FoI) are cultural initiatives aimed at promoting India’s rich heritage and enhancing its global image through impactful cultural diplomacy.

    2. Objectives of FoI:

    i) Promote Indian Culture abroad to create lasting cultural connections.

    ii) Strengthen bonds between India and foreign countries.

    iii) Enhance bilateral cultural contacts and collaboration.

    iv) Project a positive cultural image of India internationally.

    v) Drive interest in inbound tourism, including medical and wellness tourism (Ayush).

    Significance of FoI: It act as tools for inter-cultural understanding and showcase India’s soft power. They contribute to various sectors like: Tourism, Health, Education and Commerce

    Strategic cultural engagement boosts India’s global influence. 62 Festivals of India have been organized in 59 countries since 2013-14.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

  • Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar 
    November 23, 2024
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    Source: This post on Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar has been created based on the article “82 Young Artists to be Conferred Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puruskar for the Years 2022 and 2023, Tomorrow” published in PIB on 23rd November 2024.

    Why in news?

    The Union Minister of Culture and Tourism conferred the prestigious Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar for the years 2022 and 2023 to 82 young artists at a special ceremony.

    About Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar

    1. Initiated by: Sangeet Natak Akademi in 2006.

    2. Objective: To honor and support young artists under 40 in music, dance, drama, folk/tribal arts, puppetry, and allied performing arts.

    3. Eligibility: Artists below 40 years of age.

    4. Fields Recognized: Music, Dance, Theatre, Traditional/Folk/Tribal Arts, Puppetry, and Scholarship in Performing Arts.

    5. Recognition: Cash prize of ₹25,000, a plaque, and an angavastram.

    6. Significance: Encourages young talents, preserving and promoting India’s diverse cultural heritage.

    About Ustad Bismillah Khan

    1. He was a classical musician to popularize shehnai in Indian classical music.

    2. He was born on March 21, 1916, in Dumraon, Bihar, into a family of court musicians.

    3. He is known for his devotion to Indian classical music and his ability to blend Hindustani classical ragas with the unique tonal quality of the shehnai.

    4. His music was characterized by its purity, spiritual depth, and emotional intensity, often evoking a sense of devotion and tranquility.

    5. He represented the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb (the syncretic culture of Hindu-Muslim unity) through his music and persona.

    6. He played at the All India Music Conference in Kolkata in 1937, earning wide recognition.  He also played shehnai at the Red Fort on August 15, 1947, marking India’s Independence and establishing a tradition. He performed there on every Independence Day until his death.

    Achievements and Honors

    1. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2001, becoming the third classical musician to receive India’s highest civilian honor.

    2. Other major awards: He was also awarded with Padma Shri (1961), Padma Bhushan (1968) and Padma Vibhushan (1980).

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

  • Significant Archaeological Discovery at Kerala
    November 22, 2024
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    Source: This post on Significant Archaeological Discovery at Kanhirapoil, Kerala has been created based on the article “Rock-cut footprints, human figure dating back to Megalithic period unearthed at Kerala’s Kanhirapoil” published in The Hindu on 22nd November 2024.

    Why in news?

    A major archaeological discovery has been made at Kanhirapoil, located in the Madikkai grama panchayat of Kasaragod district, Kerala. The find provides fascinating insights into the prehistoric culture of the region.

    Details of the Discovery

    Visual search query image
    Source: TH
    Visual search query image
    Source:TH

    1. A set of rock carvings was discovered on private property in Kanhirapoil, Kerala. These include 24 pairs of footprints carved into the rock and an intricately etched human figure surrounded by four circular pits.

    2. Key Features of the Carvings: The carvings are believed to date back to the Megalithic period, approximately 2,000 years ago. They were created using iron tools.

    The footprints range in size from 6 to 10 inches, indicating representations of both adults and children. All of the footprints are oriented westward.

    3. Experts suggest that the footprints symbolize the souls of the deceased and were likely carved to honor them. However, local people believe that the footprints belong to a goddess.

    4. The artistic style and symbolism of the carvings are similar to prehistoric rock art found in Avalakki Pera in Udupi district, Karnataka, and other sites in north Kerala.

    5. Historical Context: The carvings offer valuable insights into the cultural and artistic practices of the region’s prehistoric inhabitants.

    6. Similar artefacts and carvings have been found in other parts of north Kerala, such as Erikulam Valiyapara, Cheemeni Ariyittapara, Ettukudukka, and the renowned Edakkal Caves in Wayanad. These discoveries point to a shared cultural heritage in prehistoric north Kerala.

    7. Implications: This discovery highlights the historical importance of the region and reinforces the need for further archaeological exploration.

    8. It sheds light on the artistic expressions and cultural traditions of Kerala’s early inhabitants, inviting deeper studies into the ancient past of the area.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • ‘Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman’ Campaign
    November 20, 2024
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    ‘Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman’ Campaign

    Source: This post on ‘Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman’ Campaign has been created based on the article “Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman Campaign” published in PIB on 20th November 2024.

    Why in news?

    Recently, the third regional event of the ‘Hamara Samvidhan Hamara Samman’ campaign was held at IIT Guwahati. This regional event was organized as part of the Designing Innovative Solutions for Holistic Access to Justice (DISHA) scheme, implemented by the Department of Justice under the Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India.

    About the ‘Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman’ Campaign

    1. About: The ‘Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman’ campaign commemorates the 75th anniversary of the adoption of the Indian Constitution and India’s establishment as a Republic.

    2. Launched on: It was officially launched on January 24, 2024 by the Hon’ble Vice President of India at the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi.

    3. Aim: The campaign aims to promote awareness and understanding of the Indian Constitution and encourage citizens to recognize and exercise their legal rights.

    4. The initiative seeks to highlight the Constitution’s significance as the supreme legal authority that defines India’s governance framework and safeguards citizens’ rights.

    Highlights of the event

    1. A symbolic gesture of planting saplings was conducted as a tribute to the 15 women members of the Constituent Assembly under the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Nam’ campaign. This act symbolized the roots of the Constitution and the values of justice, equality, and freedom.

    2. The Samvidhan Katta Magazine featuring 75 real-life stories about the impact of the Constitution in daily life, was launched during the event.

    3. A Comic Book highlighting the stories of 10 beneficiaries of the Tele Law and Nyaya Bandhu programs was also unveiled, aiming to make constitutional rights more relatable and accessible.

    4. Eight podcasts were released, providing insights into how citizens can use the Constitution to safeguard their rights through Tele Law and Nyaya Bandhu initiatives.

    5. Tribute was paid to the contributions of women in the Constituent Assembly, including Late Smt. Leela Roy. Homage was also given to Syed Muhammad Saadulla, Assam’s sole member in the Drafting Committee, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar for his pivotal role in crafting the Constitution.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

  • Birsa Munda
    November 15, 2024
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    Source: This post on Birsa Munda  has been created based on the article “Prime Minister pays tribute to Bhagwan Birsa Munda on his birth anniversary, commemorated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas” published in The Hindu on 15th November 2024.

    Why in news?

    Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi honored Bhagwan Birsa Munda on his birth anniversary, celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas.

    About Birsa Munda

    Birsa Munda statue.

    1. Birsa Munda (1875–1900) was a prominent tribal leader, freedom fighter, and folk hero from India.

    2. He was born on November 15, 1875, in Ulihatu village, Ranch, Jharkhand.

    3. He belonged to the Munda tribe, a prominent tribal community in the Chotanagpur plateau.

    4. He attended missionary schools; learned about Western education and Christianity but later rejected colonial influences.

    Struggles Against British Colonial Rule

    Opposition to Exploitation: He fought against the oppressive British policies and the exploitation of tribal lands by landlords (dikus) and the colonial government.

    Land Rights Movement: He advocated for tribal autonomy and protection of land through the “Ulgulan” (The Great Rebellion).

    Religious and Social Reforms

    Spiritual Leadership: He declared himself a prophet and began preaching the message of monotheism, unity, and social reform.

    Cultural Revival: He encouraged tribal people to return to their indigenous culture and reject superstitions, alcohol consumption, and missionary conversions.

    Religious Movement: He founded a new faith combining tribal beliefs with elements of his revolutionary ideology.

    About the Ulgulan Movement

    1. He led the Ulgulan (Revolt) in the late 1890s to reclaim tribal lands from British control.

    2. It was aimed to establish a self-governing tribal system and abolish feudal landlordism.

    3. He organized the Mundas and other tribal communities to resist through guerrilla warfare.

    4. He was arrested by British authorities in 1900 and imprisoned in Ranchi Jail, where he died on June 9, 1900 under mysterious circumstances.

    Legacy

    1. He played a pivotal role in inspiring the tribal identity and movements that led to the formation of Jharkhand state in 2000.

    2. He was honored as “Bhagwan” n(God) by his followers and remembered as a symbol of tribal pride and resistance.

    3. Tributes: His birth anniversary, November 15 is celebrated as Jharkhand Foundation Day and Birsa Munda Jayanti.

    Read more: 124th Death Anniversary of Birsa Munda

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Shree Swaminarayan Mandir
    November 12, 2024
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    Source: This post on Shree Swaminarayan Mandir has been created based on the article “Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi participates in 200th year celebrations of Shree Swaminarayan Mandir in Vadtal, Gujarat” published in PIB on 12th November 2024.

    Why in news?

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently celebrates 200th Anniversary of Shree Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal.

    About Shree Swaminarayan Mandir

    1. Shree Swaminarayan Mandir in located in Vadtal, Gujarat. It was established on November 3, 1824 under the guidance of Bhagwan Swaminarayan.

    2. The temple serves as the headquarters for the Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi.

    3. Design: The temple features a lotus-shaped plinth and nine domes, showcasing intricate stone carvings on its pillars.

    4. Shrines: The central shrine houses idols of Lakshmi Narayan and RanchhodRaiji. The right shrine contains images of Radha Krishna alongside Swaminarayan in the form of Hari Krishna, while the left shrine features Vasudev, Dharma, and Bhakti.

    5. Historical Significance: The temple’s construction was supervised by Sadguru Shree Brahmanand Swami and completed in just fifteen months. It stands as a testament to the devotion and architectural prowess of the era.

    6. Significance of the Swaminarayan Movement: Lord Swaminarayan restored spiritual and national pride. He emphasized the importance of the ShikshaPatri and Vachanamrit texts and encouraged people to carry forward their teachings.

    7. Vadtal Dham’s Contributions: Vadtal Dham actively supports social services, providing education, food, and shelter, especially in remote tribal areas. The organization also promotes initiatives like female education, environmental campaigns, and cultural preservation, embodying a blend of modernity and spirituality.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Chittaranjan Das
    November 6, 2024
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    Source: This post on Chittaranjan Das has been created based on the article “PARLIAMENTARIANS PAY TRIBUTES TO DESHBANDHU CHITTARANJAN DAS” published in PIB on 6th November 2024.

    Why in news?

    Recently, Lok Sabha Speaker Shri Om Birla paid floral tributes to Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das at his portrait in the Central Hall of Samvidhan Sadan on his Birth Anniversary.

    About Chittaranjan Das

    Source:PIB

    1. Chittaranjan Das (5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925) was affectionately known as ‘Deshbandhu’ (Friend of the Nation).He was a prominent Indian freedom fighter, political leader, and lawyer from Bengal.

    2. He played a significant role in India’s struggle for independence and was a mentor to leaders like Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.

    3. Early Life and Education:

    i) He was born into a respected Bengali Baidya family in Calcutta (now Kolkata.

    ii) He pursued his education at the London Missionary Society’s Institution in Bhawanipur and later graduated from Presidency College, Calcutta, in 1890.

    iii) Subsequently, he traveled to England to study law at the Middle Temple and was called to the Bar in 1894.

    4. Legal Career: Das gained prominence as a lawyer when he successfully defended Aurobindo Ghosh in the Alipore Bomb Case of 1909, showcasing his legal acumen and commitment to the nationalist cause.

    5. Political Involvement

    i) A staunch advocate for India’s independence, Das was actively involved in the Indian National Congress (INC).

    ii) He supported the Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi and was elected President of the INC during its Gaya session in 1922.

    iii) However, due to differences over council entry strategies, he resigned from the presidency and, along with Motilal Nehru, founded the Swaraj Party in 1923 to advocate for greater self-governance.

    6. Contributions to Communal Harmony: Das initiated the Bengal Pact in 1923 understanding the economic disparities between Hindu and Muslim communities in Bengal.

    This agreement aimed to address communal tensions by ensuring proportional representation in legislative bodies and government jobs, promoting unity and cooperation among different communities.

    7. Literary Pursuits: Beyond his political and legal endeavors, Das was also a distinguished Bengali poet. He authored several works, including “Malancha,” “Mala,” and “Sagar Sangeet,” reflecting his literary talent and deep appreciation for Bengali culture.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

  • Asian Buddhist Summit 2024
    November 5, 2024
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    Source: This post on Asian Buddhist Summit 2024 has been created based on the article “Asian Buddhist Summit 2024” published in PIB on 5th November 2024.

    Why in news?

    The First Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS) takes place on November 5-6, 2024, in New Delhi, India.

    About the First Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS)

    Source:PIB

    1. Organizers: Hosted by India’s Ministry of Culture in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC).

    2. Theme: “Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia” – exploring Buddhism’s impact across Asia.
    Chief Guest: The President of India, underscoring the significance of the event.

    Summit Focus Areas

    Source: PIB

    1. Buddhist Art, Architecture, and Heritage: It reflects the spiritual and cultural ties within Buddhism. Indian landmarks like Sanchi stupas and Ajanta caves that convey Buddha’s teachings and artistic heritage.

    2. Buddha Cārikā (Wanderings) and Dissemination of Teachings: Buddha’s travels in India to spread his teachings to people from diverse backgrounds.

    3. Role of Buddhist Relics in Society: Relics symbolize Buddha’s teachings, promote community gatherings, support local economies, and inspire peace and compassion.

    4. Buddha Dhamma in Scientific Research and Well-being: It emphasis on mindfulness, compassion, and interconnectedness offers holistic approaches to health and wellness.

    5. Buddhist Literature and Philosophy in the 21st Century: Ancient texts and philosophies continue to offer wisdom on human nature, reality, and enlightenment.

    India’s Initiatives to Preserve Buddhist Heritage

    1. Buddhist Tourism Circuit: A government initiative to develop a tourism circuit encompassing key Buddhist sites in India, including Kapilvastu.

    2. Global Buddhist Summit 2023: It focused on values and peace, emphasizing Buddha Dhamma’s role in global challenges.

    3. SCO Conference on Shared Buddhist Heritage (2022-2023): Discussed Buddhist art and archaeological connections among member states.

    3. Symposium on Vipassana Meditation (2024): An event in Bangkok discussing meditation’s role in well-being and peace.

    4. Recognition of Pali Language as Classical: Pali, used in Buddha’s sermons, achieved classical status in October 2024, affirming its cultural importance.

    5. International Abhidhamma Diwas: It was held on October 17, 2024, in New Delhi, celebrating Abhidhamma’s teachings and Pali’s role in preserving Buddha Dhamma.

    About Buddhism

    Source: PIB

    1. Origins of Buddha Dhamma: Buddha Dhamma originated in the 6th century BCE when Siddhartha Gautama achieved enlightenment, sharing profound teachings on the nature of existence and the path to liberation.

    2. Post-Mahaparinirvana: After the Buddha’s passing, his followers preserved and spread his teachings, which eventually evolved into three main Buddhist traditions: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana.

    3. Emperor Ashoka’s Contribution: Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (268-232 BCE) played a transformative role in promoting Buddha Dhamma, applying its principles to governance, which fostered societal peace, happiness, and harmony. His rock and pillar edicts remain as lasting testaments to Buddhism’s spread across Asia.

    4. Early Divisions and Development: By the first century CE, Buddhism saw a significant split, leading to Mahayana and Nikaya Buddhism, with Theravada as the only remaining Nikaya school. This division marked the formation of distinctive interpretations within Buddhism.

    5. Expansion and Adaptation: As Buddhism expanded beyond India, it adapted to local cultures.  It spread northward through Central Asia into East Asia, forming the Northern branch, and eastward into Southeast Asia, developing the Southern branch.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  •  Battle of Walong 
    October 18, 2024
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    Source: This post on  Battle of Walong has been created based on the article “Indian Army lines up month-long commemorative events to mark 62 years of Battle of Walong” published in The hindu on 18th October 2024.

    Why in news?

    The Indian Army is organizing a series of month-long events to commemorate the 62nd anniversary of the Battle of Walong, which occurred during the 1962 war with China.

    About Battle of Walong

    1. The Battle of Walong, fought between 14 and 16 November 1962, was the only counterattack launched by India during the India-China war of 1962.

    2. The battle took place in Arunachal Pradesh’s Walong, the easternmost town near the Tibet region.

    3. The Indian Army’s 6 Kumaon Battalion launched the counterattack with limited resources, ammunition, and manpower. Despite being heavily outnumbered, Indian troops managed to hold back the Chinese forces for over 20 days.

    4. Initially, China had reserved a full division for attacks on Tawang and Sela sectors and assigned just one regiment for Walong. However, due to stiff Indian resistance, the Chinese had to divert their division meant for Tawang to Walong.

    4. Notable Incidents: On 23 October, a company led by Lt Bikram Singh removed planks from a wooden bridge, causing the first Chinese soldier crossing the bridge to fall into a river, alerting Indian troops and allowing them to repel the Chinese assault, inflicting heavy casualties.

    6. Counterattack at Tri Junction: On 12 November, Indian troops planned to disrupt Chinese operations by attacking from a feature called Tri Junction. The counterattack launched by two companies under Captain B.N. Singh on 14 November was met with fierce Chinese resistance.

    7. Final Day of Battle: On 16 November, Chinese troops launched a massive attack on Walong. Despite valiant resistance from the few remaining Indian troops, they were surrounded and ordered to withdraw due to lack of reinforcements and mounting casualties.

    8. Post-War Scenario: After the war, the Chinese vacated most of the territory they had captured, including Walong, but India learned hard lessons regarding preparedness, infrastructure, and the importance of proper military equipment.

    9. Legacy and Recognition: The bravery and determination of Indian soldiers were recognized, with Time magazine in January 1963 stating, “At Walong, Indian troops lacked everything. The only thing they did not lack was guts.”

    UPSC Syllabus: History 

  • Abhidhamma Divas
    October 16, 2024
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    Source: This post on Abhidhamma Divas has been created based on the article “Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi to Attend the Celebrations of Abhidhamma Divas andRecognition of Pali as a Classical Language”  published in PIB on 16th October 2024.

    Why in news?

    Recently, Abhidhamma Divas was celebrated on 17th October 2024 by Ministry of Culture in association with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC).

    About Abhidhamma Divas

    1. Abhidhamma Divas, also known as Abhidhamma Day, is a significant Buddhist observance. It commemorates the Buddha’s descent from the Tāvatiṃsa Heaven after imparting Abhidhamma teachings.

    2. The event signifies the Buddha’s return to the human world to share these advanced teachings with his disciples.

    3. Abhidhamma Divas coincides with Pavāraņā Festival which signifies the end of the first Rainy Retreat.

    Historical Significance:

    1. According to tradition, after attaining enlightenment, the Buddha spent three months in the Tāvatiṃsa Heaven. He taught the Abhidhamma to his mother, Māyā, who had passed away and was reborn there.

    2. This period coincides with the Buddhist Lent, known as Vassa, a time when monks stay in monasteries to meditate and study.

    3. Abhidhamma Divas is celebrated on the full moon day of the seventh lunar month. It marks the end of the Vassa period and is observed with devotion across Theravāda Buddhist countries like: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos,  Cambodia and Sri Lanka.

    4. Religious Activities: Devotees gather at temples for various religious practices: Offering alms to monks and nuns, participating in scripture recitation and listening to sermons on the Abhidhamma and engaging in meditation and reflecting on the Buddha’s teachings

    5. Cultural and Spiritual Practices: The day is an opportunity for Buddhists to:

    i) Deepen their understanding of the Buddha’s teachings, particularly the Abhidhamma, which focuses on Buddhist psychology and philosophy.

    ii) Cultivate virtues of generosity, wisdom, and loving-kindness.

    iii) Perform acts of charity, such as donating food, clothing, or money to monasteries, charitable organizations, and the needy.

    Significance in Modern Times: Abhidhamma Divas encourages mindfulness, self-reflection, and spiritual growth. It reinforces the core values of Buddhism, including compassion and the pursuit of wisdom. The observance also highlights the importance of connecting with the teachings of the Buddha to lead a life of peace and purpose.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

  • Chenchu Tribe
    October 5, 2024
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    Source: The post on Chenchu Tribe is based on the article “A tribe out of time: how Chenchus have been caught between ancestral past and uncertain future in Andhra Pradesh” published in “The Hindu” on 4th October 2024.

    Why in the News?

    The Chenchus of Penukumadugu who are long residents of the dense Nallamala forests face dwindling employment opportunities under MGNREGA.

    About Chenchu Tribe

    See the source image
    Copyrights not intended

    1. About:  The Chenchus are an aboriginal tribe residing in the Nallamala Hills, part of the Nagarjuna Sagar Tiger Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh. They are recognised as a Scheduled Tribe in Andhra Pradesh.

    2. The tribe’s origin is linked to Lord Malikarjuna of the Srisailam temple. They also have smaller populations in Tamil Nadu and Odisha.

    3. Social Structure and Living Pattern: The Chenchus live in small villages known as “Penta,” consisting of several huts grouped based on kinship patterns. Villages are overseen by a village elder called “Peddamanishi,” whose word holds the highest social authority.

    4. Occupation: Traditionally, the Chenchus rely on hunting for their livelihood. They hunt animals such as deer, wild boar, rabbits, wild cock, and birds, using bows and arrows. Jungle products like roots, tubers, fruits, beedi leaves, mahua flowers, honey, gum, tamarind, and green leaves are collected and sold to traders and government cooperatives.

    5. Livelihood: They also craft leaf cups and plates from tobacco leaves and sell items like tamarind and mahua flowers in local markets, which are in high demand. Honey is especially favored among the Chenchus and forms a significant part of their diet.

    6. Marriage: The Chenchu society is divided into clans, with 26 gotras found within their community. Marriages within the same gotra are prohibited. Marriage is known as “Pelli”. It is often arranged by elders or chosen by the youth. The maternal uncle performs the ‘sampradaan’ ceremony (handing over of the bride).

    7. Religion and Beliefs: The Chenchus worship Bhagwan Taru, a sky god who oversees their well-being, and Garelamai Sama, the goddess of the forest who protects them from danger. Other deities worshipped include Lord Shiva, Hanuman, and the Goddess of Fire.

    8. Language: They speak Chenchu language variants such as Chenchucoolam, Chenchwar, Chenswar, and Choncharu, which have a Telugu accent.

    UPSC Syllabus: Tribes in news

  • Classical Language Status Granted to Five New Languages
    October 4, 2024
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    Source: The post on Classical Language Status Granted to Five New Languages is based on the article “Marathi, Bengali among five granted classical language status by Union Cabinet”   published in “The Hindu” on 4th October 2024.

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet has approved classical language status for five new languages: Marathi, Bengali, Assamese, Pali and Prakrit.

    India’s Classical Languages

    Prior to this decision, India had six classical languages: Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Sanskrit and Odia.

    Tamil was the first to receive classical status in 2004, followed by Sanskrit in 2005.

    Current criteria for Declaring a Language as Classical

    i) Antiquity: The language must have early texts or recorded history spanning 1500-2000 years.

    ii) Literary Heritage: The language should have a body of ancient literature or texts considered valuable heritage by generations of speakers.

    iii) Original Literary Tradition: The literary tradition should be original and not borrowed from another speech community.

    iv) Distinctiveness: The classical language and its literature should be distinct from the modern form, and there may be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or offshoots.

    Languages with Classical Status: Tamil declared in 2004, Sanskrit declared in 2005, Kannada declared in 2008, Telugu declared in 2008, Malayalam declared in 2013 and Odia declared in 2014.

    Benefits of Classical Language Status

    i) Awards: Two major annual international awards for scholars of eminence in classical Indian languages.

    ii) Centres of Excellence: Establishment of a Centre of Excellence for studies in Classical Languages.

    iii) Academic Support: The University Grants Commission is requested to create a certain number of Professional Chairs for the Classical Languages, at least in the Central Universities.

    Employment and Cultural Opportunities

    1. The inclusion of new classical languages is expected to create employment opportunities in academia, research and related fields.

    2. Preservation and digitisation of ancient texts will also generate jobs in archiving, translation, publishing and digital media.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • International Day of Non-Violence 2024
    October 3, 2024
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    Source: The post on International Day of Non-Violence 2024 is based on the article “International Day of Non-Violence 2024″ published in “PIB” on 2nd October 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Recently, International Day of Non-Violence 2024 was observed on 2nd October.

    About International Day of Non-Violence 2024

    International Day of Non-Violence 2024
    Source: PIB

    1. About: October 2 is celebrated as the International Day of Non-Violence annually.

    2. It was proclaimed by the United Nations in 2007 to honour the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.

    3. Purpose: International Day of Non-Violence celebrates Gandhi’s philosophy of peace and non-violence. It is a reminder of the enduring power of non-violence in shaping societies worldwide.

    Global Influence

    Gandhi’s non-violent philosophy inspired global movements, including Martin Luther King Jr.’s civil rights campaign in the U.S. and Nelson Mandela’s fight against apartheid in South Africa.

    His ideas continue to influence leaders worldwide, emphasizing non-violence as a powerful instrument for change and reform.

    Modern Relevance of his Thought

    In today’s world, characterized by political conflicts, social unrest, and environmental crises, Gandhi’s principles of non-violence are seen as more crucial than ever.

    Gandhi’s philosophy offers solutions to issues like terrorism, inequality, and climate change.

    His belief in humanity’s intrinsic goodness provides a path to resolve modern challenges, such as poverty and pandemics through peaceful means.

    UPSC Syllabus: International organisation

  • Mahakaleshwar Temple
    October 1, 2024
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    Source: The post on Mahakal Temple is based on the article “Two dead as wall near Ujjain’s Mahakal temple collapses due to heavy rain” published in “India Today” on 27th september 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Due to heavy rainfall, it has recently caused the collapse of a boundary wall near the Mahakal Temple in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, killing two people.

    About Mahakaleshwar Temple

    Mahakaleshwar Temple
    Source: The Dairy Free Traveler

    1. Location: The Mahakal Temple is located in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. It is situated on the banks of the holy river, Shipra.

    2. Dedicated to: It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas in India, which are considered the most sacred abodes of Shiva.

    3. Distinctive feature: The temple’s importance lies in its unique representation of Shiva in the form of the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga which is believed to be a Swayambhu (self-manifested) linga, emerging naturally from the earth.

    4. Architecture and Structure:

    1. The Mahakal Temple is an architectural marvel, blending intricate design elements that showcase the rich cultural heritage of India.

    2. The temple complex is expansive, with multiple shrines dedicated to various gods and goddesses, including Omkareshwara, Ganesh and Parvati.

    3. The main sanctum houses the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga, and the temple’s towering Shikhar (spire) dominates the skyline of Ujjain.

    4. One unique feature of the temple is the Bhasma Aarti, a ritual performed every morning during which the linga is bathed in sacred ash (bhasma). This ritual is carried out in the early hours and symbolizes the concept of life, death, and rebirth.

    5. Spiritual Significance:

    The Mahakal Temple holds a special place in Hindu cosmology and mythology.

    It is mentioned in several ancient scriptures, including the Puranas where Ujjain (referred to as Avantika) is depicted as a major center for spiritual and scholarly pursuits.

    The temple is believed to be the place where time itself is under the control of Mahakala, or Shiva, who is the lord of time and death.

    6. Festivals and Celebrations:

    The temple is particularly vibrant during Mahashivratri which is an annual festival dedicated to Lord Shiva.

    Another important celebration is the Nag Panchami during which special offerings are made to the serpent gods, considered companions of Lord Shiva.

    The temple also plays a key role in the Simhastha Kumbh Mela held in Ujjain every twelve years.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

  • Port Blair Renamed as Sri Vijaya Puram
    September 14, 2024
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    Source: This post on Port Blair Renamed as Sri Vijaya Puramt has been created based on the article “Port Blair renamed as Sri Vijaya Puram: How the city got its name — and its connection with imperial Cholas”, published in Indian Express on 14th Sep 2024.

    Why in news?

    Recently, Union Minister Amit Shah announced that Port Blair, the capital city of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, will be renamed ‘Sri Vijaya Puram.’ The new name, Sri Vijaya Puram, symbolizes the victory achieved in India’s freedom struggle and highlights the unique role the Andaman and Nicobar Islands played in it.

    Origin of the Name Port Blair

    Kala Paani Port Blair
    Source: IE

    1. Port Blair was named after Archibald Blair, a naval surveyor and lieutenant in the Bombay Marine. Blair led a thorough survey of the Andaman Islands, making him the first officer to do so.

    2. After joining the Bombay Marine in 1771, Blair participated in various survey missions along the coasts of India, Iran, and Arabia.

    3. In 1778, Blair embarked on his first survey of the Andaman Islands from Calcutta, along with two ships, Elizabeth and Viper. Initially, Blair named the natural harbor he discovered Port Cornwallis, after Commodore William Cornwallis, but it was later renamed Port Blair in his honor.

    4. Colonial Importance of the Andaman Islands: The East India Company (EIC) decided to colonize the Andaman Islands in the late 18th century, mainly to check the activities of Malay pirates. The island served as a penal colony, with several convicts being transported there for unpaid labor.

    In 1792, the penal colony was shifted to Port Cornwallis, but severe disease and death led to its abandonment by 1796.

    Connection to the Imperial Cholas and Srivijaya

    Chola Naval Expedition: Historical records suggest that the 11th-century Chola emperor, Rajendra I used the Andaman Islands as a strategic naval base during his campaign against the Srivijaya Empire (modern-day Indonesia). An inscription from Thanjavur (1050 CE) refers to the Andaman Islands as “Ma-Nakkavaram land” (great open land), which may have influenced the later British name, Nicobar.

    Reasons for the Chola Attack on Srivijaya: Historian Nilakanta Sastri proposed that the Cholas attacked Srivijaya to secure trade routes or expand their empire. American historian G W Spencer interpreted the expedition as part of Chola expansionism, which involved conflicts with other empires in South India and Sri Lanka.

    Aftermath of the Attack: Rajendra I captured King Sangrama Vijayottunggavarman of Srivijaya and looted treasures, including the jewelled war gate, Vidhyadara Torana, from the Buddhist empire.

    Role of Port Blair in India’s Independence Struggle: After the Revolt of 1857, Port Blair was re-established as a penal colony for Indian prisoners, many of whom were freedom fighters.

    It also mark the place where Subhash Chandra Bose first unfurl the Tiranga.

    The Cellular Jail, also known as Kala Pani is also located here. It was built by 1906, housing several prominent freedom fighters like Veer Savarkar.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Great Stupa of Sanchi
    September 13, 2024
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    Source: This post on Great Stupa of Sanchi has been created based on the article “The story of the Great Stupa of Sanchi from Ashokan times to now”, published in Indian Express on 13th Sep 2024.

    Why in news?

    Recently, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar visited the replica of the East Gate of Sanchi’s Great Stupa, located in front of the Humboldt Forum Museum in Berlin.

    About Great Stupa of Sanchi

    Sanchi Stupa
    Source: The Complete Guide
    Aspects Description 
    About1. The Great Stupa of Sanchi was constructed in the 3rd century BCE under the reign of Emperor Ashoka.
    2. Location: It is located at Sanchi, near Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh.
    3. It is one of the oldest stone structures in India and was built to house relics of the Buddha.
    4. The stupa was later expanded and embellished during the Shunga dynasty in the 2nd century BCE, showcasing its long-standing religious and historical significance.
    Discovery and Early Excavations1. The site was “discovered” by British officer Henry Taylor in 1818.
    2. The first formal survey and excavation were carried out by Alexander Cunningham, the founder of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), in 1851.
    3. The major restoration work was undertaken in the early 20th century under John Marshall, with financial support from the Begums of Bhopal.
    Features1. The central feature of the stupa is the dome or anda, which symbolizes the cosmic body of the Buddha.
    2. At the top of the dome is the harmika, a square railing representing heaven, and a chhatra, or umbrella-like structure, which symbolizes high rank and spiritual protection.
    3. The stupa is surrounded by a pradakshina path, which is a circular walkway used by devotees for circumambulation.
    5. The structure is further enclosed by stone railings, which mark the boundaries of the sacred space.
    6. The stupa is accessed through four elaborately carved gateways, known as toranas, located at the cardinal points—North, South, East, and West.
    7. These toranas are adorned with intricate carvings that depict scenes from the life of the Buddha and Buddhist symbols such as the lotus, wheel of dharma, and Bodhi tree.
    Cultural significance1. The sculptures and carvings on the Great Stupa reflect the rich narrative tradition of early Indian art.
    2. The scenes use symbols and metaphors to depict his teachings and various Jataka tales.
    3. The stupa represents a transitional phase in Indian sculpture, bridging the gap between the Mauryan and Gupta periods, and showcases early examples of Buddhist art and architecture.
    Religious Importance1. It is a key site for pilgrimage, symbolizing the enlightenment and teachings of the Buddha.
    2. It was built to spread Buddhist teachings and house sacred relics.
    3. The stupa continues to be an important spiritual site for devotees seeking peace and enlightenment.
    Influence on ArchitectureIts circular stupa design became a model for similar structures in Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and beyond.
     UNESCO StatusThe Great Stupa of Sanchi was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1989, acknowledging its global cultural significance.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

  • Guru Padmasambhava
    August 28, 2024
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    Source- This post on International Conference on the Life and Legacy of Guru Padmasambhava has been created based on the article “International Buddhist Confederation to organize a Two-day Conference at Nalanda, Bihar on the Life and Legacy of Guru Padmasambhava” published in “PIB” on 28th August 2024.

    Why in News?

    The International Buddhist Confederation, in partnership with Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, will host a two-day International Conference in Nalanda, Bihar.

    About International Conference on the Life and Living Legacy of Guru Padmasambhava

    Guru Padmasambhava – The Lotus-Born Master : 8 Manifestations of ...
    Source: ARTIWELL
    AspectsDescription
    AboutA two-day International Conference on the Life and Living Legacy of Guru Padmasambhava will be organised on 28th and 29th august, 2024 in Nalanda, Bihar.
    Organised byInternational Buddhist Confederation (IBC) in collaboration with Nava Nalanda Mahavihara.
    Conference Themes1. Biographical Insights and Mythology of Guru Padmasambhava.
    2. Teachings of Vajrayana Buddha Dhamma and the Tantra
    3. Cultural and Artistic Contributions of Guru Padmasambhava
    4. Travels and Regional Impact of Guru Padmasambhava
    5. Legacy and his Contemporary Relevance in today’s world.
    Objectives of the Conference1. To celebrate the diverse Dhamma legacy of Guru Padmasambhava through manuscripts, relics, paintings, and monuments.
    2. To gain insights into his approach of integrating local customs and rituals to effectively transmit the teachings of Buddha.
    3. To understand how Guru Padmasambhava adapted Buddha Dhamma to local cultures, making the faith more accessible and relatable.

    About Guru Padmasambhava

    1. Padmasambhava is a highly revered figure in Tibetan Buddhism and is often regarded as the “Second Buddha” due to his significant role in spreading Buddhism throughout Tibet and the Himalayan regions.

    2. The name Padmasambhava, meaning “Lotus-Born,” reflects his miraculous birth from a lotus flower in a lake within the kingdom of Oddiyana, believed to be in the Swat Valley of present-day Pakistan or a mythical region in northwestern India.

    3. Padmasambhava introduced Vajrayana Buddhism, which focuses on esoteric practices such as mantras, mudras, and visualizations, as pathways to enlightenment.

    4. He taught numerous forms of meditation and passed down secret tantric teachings that became foundational to Tibetan Buddhism, particularly within the Nyingma school, which considers him its founding master.

    5. Padmasambhava is also known for concealing numerous spiritual treasures, or termas, across Tibet and surrounding areas. These teachings were intended for future generations and were to be discovered by enlightened beings known as tertöns.

    6. His life and accomplishments are celebrated in numerous texts, and he is frequently depicted in thangka paintings, sculptures, and religious artwork throughout the Himalayan region.

    7. Guru Rinpoche’s Day, observed on the 10th day of the lunar month, serves as a tribute to his enduring influence. Devotees across the Himalayan region participate in prayers, meditation, and rituals to honor his teachings and seek his blessings for spiritual growth.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Dhangars Community
    August 24, 2024
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    Source- This post on Dhangars Community has been created based on the article “Who are the Dhangars of Maharashtra and why are they asking for ‘grazing corridors’ in forests?” published in “Indian Express” on 24th August 2024.

    Why in News?

    A large group of Dhangars marched to the subdivisional officer’s office in Khamgaon, Buldhana district, Maharashtra. They demanded the establishment of a “grazing corridor” for their sheep and goats.

    About Dhangars Community

    Dhangar community – currently listed as Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes ...
    Source: IE

    1. About: The Dhangars are a community known for herding sheep and goats. They follow a nomadic lifestyle, moving along specific routes to graze their animals. They are part of Maharashtra’s Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes (VJNT) list.

    2. Where They Live: They are primarily found in Maharashtra. Dhangars also live in Gujarat, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh where they are known by different names like Golla and Kuruba.

    3. Population and Economic Dependency: The Dhangars are estimated to be around 1 crore which makes up about 9% of Maharashtra’s population. About 40% of the community relies solely on herding for their livelihood underscoring the importance of their traditional grazing routes.

    What Are the Dhangars Demanding?

    1. Grazing Corridors: They are asking for “grazing corridors” to be allowed to graze their animals on traditional routes without being seen as illegal encroachers. They argue that their grazing practices benefit the land and do not harm the forests. Their traditional grazing routes are vital for their livelihood and are deeply rooted in their cultural heritage.

    2. Scheduled Tribe (ST) Status: The Dhangars want to be classified as a Scheduled Tribe (ST) to receive reserved benefits in education and jobs which they currently do not get under their existing VJNT (Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes) category.

    3. Forest Rights: They seek rights under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 to access traditional grazing lands which currently mainly benefits those with ST status.

    UPSC Syllabus: Tribes in news

  • Eri Silk
    August 17, 2024
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    Source- This post on Eri Silk has been created based on the article “NEHHDC achieves Oeko-Tex Certification for Eri Silk, marking a milestone for Northeast’s unique vegan silk” published in “PIB” on 16 August 2024.

    Why in News?

    Recently, The North Eastern Handicrafts and Handlooms Development Corporation (NEHHDC) under the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), Govt. of India, successfully obtained the prestigious Oeko-Tex certification for its Eri Silk directly from Germany.

    About Eri Silk

    Eri silk the warmth of Assamese culture
    Source: acupofassamtea.com|
    AspectsDescription
    About1. Eri Silk, also known as “Peace Silk” or “Vegan Silk,” is a unique type of silk derived from the Eri silkworm (Samia ricini).
    2. Unlike other silk production processes, Eri Silk is made without harming the moth inside the cocoon
    Produced byIt is predominantly produced in the North-Eastern states of India, particularly Assam. It is also found in Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, and other regions.
    Unique Characteristics1. Eri Silk is considered the world’s only vegan silk because the moth is not killed during the extraction process. The moth naturally exits the cocoon, leaving it intact for silk production.
    2. The production of Eri Silk is environmentally friendly with a focus on compassion and sustainability.
    3. It is known for its softness, warmth, and durability.
    4. It has a distinct texture, often compared to wool, making it versatile for various garments and textiles.
    5. It is highly breathable and has excellent temperature-regulating properties, making it suitable for both warm and cool climates.
    Cultural Significance1. Traditional Craftsmanship: It holds deep cultural importance in Assam, where it is traditionally handwoven by skilled artisans. It is a part of the region’s rich textile heritage.
    2. Geographical Indication (GI) Status: It is a GI-tagged product of Assam, which means it is recognized for its authenticity and regional significance.
    Contributions to Sustainable Fashion1. Oeko-Tex Certification: It recently obtained the prestigious Oeko-Tex certification, which ensures that the textile is free from harmful substances and produced under environmentally friendly conditions.
    2. International Market Potential: The certification enhances its credibility on the global stage, paving the way for its expansion into international markets.
    Future Prospects The Oeko-Tex certification is expected to help Eri Silk penetrate global export markets establishing a strong international presence.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • National Treasure at Fort St. George Museum, Chennai
    August 14, 2024
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    Source- This post on National Treasure at Fort St. George Museum, Chennai has been created based on the article “NATIONAL TREASURE AT FORT ST. GEORGE MUSEUM, CHENNAI” published in “PIB” on 13 August 2024.

    Why in News?

    As India prepares to celebrate its 78th Independence Day on August 15th. So, the Fort St. George Museum in Chennai proudly displays India’s national treasure, which is one of the first flags hoisted on August 15, 1947, and the only surviving flag from that momentous day.

    About the Historic Flag at Fort St. George Museum

    Source: pib

    1. This historic flag measures 12 feet in length and 8 feet in width, which is one of the first flags hoisted on August 15, 1947.

    2. This flag serves as a significant symbol of India’s struggle for independence and the moment of its victory.

    3. It was crafted from pure silk.

    4. It was ceremonially hoisted at 5:30 AM on August 15, 1947, at Fort St. George in Chennai.

    About Fort St. George Museum

    Source: PIB

    1. The Fort St. George Museum is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

    2. The city of Chennai originated from the British settlement at Fort St. George, which expanded by merging several native villages and European settlements, eventually forming the city of Madras.

    3. The concept of creating a museum to preserve colonial-era relics was proposed in 1946 by Col. D.M. Reid of the Madras Guards.

    4. The museum was officially opened to the public on January 31, 1948.

    5. The museum features over 3,500 colonial-era artifacts, displayed across nine galleries that showcase the history of the Raj and the fort.

    6. The Indian Independence Gallery within the museum highlights the evolution of the Indian flag, narrating the stories and significance behind the Tiranga (Tricolor).

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Lunisolar calendar 
    August 13, 2024
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    Source- This post on lunisolar calendar has been created based on the article “Ancient calendar, possibly world’s oldest, found: Could it document a long-ago disaster?” published in “Times of India” on 13 August 2024.

    Why in News?

    Recently, scientists have discovered what is believed to be the earliest known lunisolar calendar.

    About the lunisolar calendar

    Ancient calendar
    Source: TOI

    1. Site of the discovery: The calendar has been discovered at Göbekli Tepe. It is an ancient site in southern Turkey. The site is known for its temple-like enclosures, and this discovery adds to its significance as one of the most important archaeological sites in the world.

    2. Significance of the Calendar: The calendar documents a significant astronomical event, a comet impact that occurred around 13,000 years ago. This event is believed to have had a profound effect on Earth, possibly triggering a 1,200-year ice age and leading to the extinction of many large animals.

    3. Carvings on the Pillars:  The pillars at Göbekli Tepe contain detailed carvings, including V-shaped markings. Scientists suggests that these carvings record the date and story of the comet fragments that struck Earth around 10,850 BC. The V-shaped symbols are thought to represent days in a lunisolar calendar.

    4. Cultural and Historical Impact: The carvings suggest that ancient people were capable of observing and recording the movements of the sun, moon, and constellations, marking seasonal changes and significant events.

    UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology

  • Kerala Jewish communities
    August 13, 2024
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    Source- This post on Kerala Jewish communities has been created based on the article “Once thriving, now all but gone: a history of Kerala’s Jewish communities” published in “Indian Express” on 13 August 2024.

    Why in News?

    Kerala’s Jewish communities, which were once vibrant population, have been seeing a significant decline in population. From an estimated 20,000-50,000 in the mid-1940s, India’s Jewish population today stands at around 4,000-5,000, mostly from the Bene Israel community.

    Kerala’s Jewish population was historically divided into two main groups- the Malabar Jews and the Paradesi Jews.

    About Malabar Jews

    The 16th century Paradesi Synagogue in Kochi, Kerala.
    Source: IE

    1. Malabar Jews, also known as Cochin Jews, trace their origins to the days of King Solomon, approximately 3,000 years ago. They were initially settled in Cranganore (modern-day Kodungallur in Thrissur district).

    2. Copper plates from around 1,000 CE detail the privileges granted to the Jewish leader by the Hindu ruler of Cranganore. From the 14th century onwards, especially after the Portuguese arrival, they moved south to Cochin, where they were welcomed by the local king.

    About Paradesi Jews

    1. Paradesi Jews, meaning “foreign” Jews, arrived in India in the 15th and 16th centuries from the Iberian Peninsula due to persecution by Catholic rulers. They settled on the Malabar coast and in Madras (now Chennai), engaging in the spice trade and the diamond trade.

    2. Paradesi Jews adopted the Malayalam language and local customs, but eventually distanced themselves from the older Jewish community in Kerala, leading to the formation of two distinct groups.

    3. Paradesi Jews were often referred to as White Jews and Malabar Jews as Black Jews.

    Prominent Families and Community Decline

    1. The Koder family was among the most prominent in the Paradesi Jewish community. Samuel Koder, a leading figure, managed the Cochin Electric Company and was a noted authority on the history of Kerala’s Jews.

    2. Since the 1950s, there has been a steady migration of Kerala Jews to Israel, where over 4,000 Cochinim (mostly Malabar Jews) now reside. Today, only 14 Malabar Jews and one Paradesi Jew remain in Kerala.

     Legacy and Remaining Structures

    1. “Jew Streets” in Mattancherry and Kochi, along with formerly Jewish-owned shops and businesses, serve as remnants of Kerala’s Jewish heritage.

    2.  Kerala has seven synagogues, the most prominent being the Paradesi Synagogue in Mattancherry, built in 1568 CE. Three other Paradesi synagogues at Paravur, Chendamangalam, and Mala are now protected monuments.

    3. The Kavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue is one of the remaining Malabari synagogues. It was taken over by the state government in 2021 for conservation.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Bagata Tribe
    August 6, 2024
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    Source- This post on Bagata Tribe has been created based on the article “In dark shadow of a powerhouse: tribes who built A.P power project live in darkness” published in “The Hindu” on 6 August 2024.

    Why in News?

    The Bagata tribal people, who worked on the Lower Sileru Hydro-Electric Project construction, continue to live in darkness as they struggle to obtain electricity.

     About Bagata Tribe

    Odisha State Tribal Museum | Bagata

    Aspects Description
    About1. The Bagata tribe resides in the states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
    2. The Bagatas trace their community name to devoted warriors (Bhaktas) of the former rulers.
    3. The Bagata tribes engage in farming to meet their daily needs.
    Alternate NamesThey are also known as Bagatha, Bagat, Bagodi, Bogad, or Bhakta.
    Dance formsDhimsa is a popular dance enjoyed by Bagata tribes of all ages, who participate energetically. Their dances are collectively known as Sankidi Kelbar.
    Family1. Nuclear families are common within their society.
    2. Cross-cousin marriage is preferred, and marriage by negotiation is considered ideal.
    Language1. They primarily speak a form of the Oriya language among themselves.
    2. Telugu and Adivasi Oriya are their main languages.
    ReligionThey worship Hindu gods and goddesses alongside their family and tribal deities.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture

  • Benefits of Making Charaideo Moidams to the UNESCO World Heritage List
    July 27, 2024
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    Source- This post on the Benefits of Making Charaideo Moidams to the UNESCO World Heritage List has been created based on the article “Royal burial mounds of the Ahom dynasty from Assam make it to UNESCO World Heritage List” published in “The Hindu” on 27 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Recently, the Charaideo Moidams, an ancient mound-burial system from the Ahom dynasty in Assam, has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

    This 700-year-old site, added on Friday, is now the 43rd property from India to be included in this esteemed list.

    Benefits of Making it to the UNESCO World Heritage List

    1. Global Recognition and Prestige:

    i) Achieving World Heritage status brings international attention and respect, showcasing the region’s unique and significant cultural heritage.

    ii) The recognition elevates the status of the site, aligning it with other globally renowned heritage sites.

    2. Tourism Boost:

    i) World Heritage status typically leads to increased tourism, attracting visitors from around the world.

    ii) Enhanced tourism can stimulate local economies, providing new opportunities for businesses, jobs, and infrastructure development.

    3. Cultural Preservation:

    i) Being listed encourages efforts to preserve and protect the site, ensuring its cultural and historical integrity for future generations.

    ii) It often leads to increased funding and resources dedicated to the conservation and maintenance of the site.

    4. Educational and Research Opportunities:

    i) The site becomes a focal point for educational programs and research, attracting scholars, historians, and archaeologists.

    ii) It provides a rich resource for academic studies and can promote awareness and understanding of the region’s cultural heritage.

    5. Community Pride and Identity: Local communities often experience a sense of pride and enhanced identity from having a World Heritage site. It fosters a connection to their heritage and can enhance cultural traditions and practices.

    6. Sustainable Development: World Heritage status encourages sustainable tourism and development practices, ensuring that the economic benefits do not come at the expense of the site’s preservation. It promotes balanced and responsible management of natural and cultural resources.

    7. International Cooperation:

    i) Being part of the World Heritage community facilitates international cooperation and exchange of best practices in conservation and management.

    ii) It can lead to partnerships and collaborations with other World Heritage sites and global heritage organizations.

    8. Funding and Grants:

    i) UNESCO listing can open doors to various funding opportunities and grants for conservation, research, and tourism development. It ensures long-term financial support for the upkeep and promotion of the site.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture

  • Cultural Property Agreement
    July 27, 2024
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    Source- This post on the Cultural Property Agreement has been created based on the article “India and United States of America sign the first ever ‘Cultural Property Agreement” published in “PIB” on 27 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Cultural Property Agreement was signed on 26th July 2024 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi between India and the United States of America.

    About the agreement

    Cultural Property Agreement (CPA)
    PIB

    1. This agreement is signed between India and U.S.A.

    2. The objective of the agreement is to prevent and curb the illicit trafficking of antiquities between India and the USA.

    2. The agreement aligns with the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.

    3. The agreement restricts the importation into the USA of certain archaeological and ethnological materials.

    4. The Designated List includes items ranging from 1.7 million years ago to 1947 CE. The USA will return any forfeited objects on the Designated List to India.

    5. Significance: The agreement is seen as a significant step towards preserving India’s rich cultural heritage and historical artifacts. Preservation and protection of cultural heritage have become integral to India’s foreign policy, particularly under Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi’s leadership.

    6. G20 Presidency and Global Cooperation: Under India’s G20 Presidency, the protection and promotion of cultural property emerged as a main priority. The Kashi Culture Pathway, endorsed by the G20 Culture Working Group emphasizes strengthened global efforts to fight the illicit trafficking of cultural property.

    7. Benefits:

    The agreement enhances cultural diplomacy and sustainable development. Repatriation of artifacts promotes tourism, stimulates local economies, and fosters cultural stewardship. Leveraging cultural assets for educational enrichment, social cohesion, and economic empowerment promotes inclusive development.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture, International agreement

  • National Mission for Manuscripts
    July 26, 2024
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    Source- This post on the National Mission for Manuscripts has been created based on the article “NATIONAL MISSION FOR MANUSCRIPTS” published in “PIB” on 26 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The National Mission for Manuscripts aims to document, conserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s manuscript heritage.

    About National Mission for Manuscripts

    1. The National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) is an autonomous body under the Culture Ministry.

    2. It was launched in 2003.

    3. NMM’s mandate includes identifying, documenting, conserving, and making accessible India’s manuscript heritage.

    4. The manuscripts encompass a variety of themes, textures, aesthetics, scripts, languages, calligraphies, illuminations, and illustrations.

    5.  NMM’s motto is ‘conserving the past for the future’.

    6.  Approximately 75% of existing manuscripts are in Sanskrit, while 25% are in regional languages.

    7. NMM has digitised 3.3 lakh manuscripts, containing about 3.1 crore folios. Over 1.18 lakh manuscripts have been uploaded, but only about 70,000 are available online for public access.

    8. The mission has documented approximately 5.2 million manuscripts across India. The mission has conserved 90 million folios of manuscripts. The mission has digitized 3.5 lakh manuscripts, amounting to 3.5 crore pages.

    9. The mission has uploaded 1.4 lakh manuscripts on its web portal, out of which 75,000 manuscripts are available online for free access to researchers and the public. The mission has conducted over 100 conservation workshops.

    10. The mission has published more than 100 books since its inception, with the list of these publications available in Annexure-I.  The mission has established over 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Sangameswara Temple
    July 26, 2024
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    Source- This post on the Sangameswara Temple has been created based on the article “Sangameswara shrine submerges in Krishna river” published in “The Hindu” on 25 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Sangameswara Temple has recently submerged in the backwaters of the Srisailam project in Nandyal district following heavy inflow from the Krishna River.

     About Sangameswara Temple

    1. Location: It is situated in Nandyal district, Andhra Pradesh. It is positioned on the banks of the Krishna River.

    2. Historical Significance:

    i) It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It was originally built in 740 AD by Chalukya ruler Pulakesi II.

    ii) Initially located at the confluence of the Tungabhadra and Krishna Rivers, 10 km from its current site.

    iii)The temple was dismantled and reassembled rock-by-rock at its present location in 1979 due to submergence caused by the Srisailam Dam construction.

    3. Features:

    i) Architectural Style: It is built in the Nagara style. It has elevated platform with a fortified wall surrounding the temple.

    ii) Structure: It has a large hall supported by 12 pillars leading to the sanctum. It has also a circumambulatory path around the sanctum for performing pradakshinas (ritual circumambulation). The ceiling features a large relief of Nagaraja, characteristic of Chalukya temples.

    iii) Pillars in the hall are adorned with intricate engravings of Lord Vishnu, Brahma, Kumaraswamy, and celestial couples. Each corner of the temple features carvings of crocodiles.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Vishnupad and Mahabodhi Temples
    July 25, 2024
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    Source- This post on the Vishnupad and Mahabodhi Temples has been created based on the article “Bihar’s Vishnupad and Mahabodhi temples, for which corridor projects were announced” published in “The Hindu” on 25 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Recently, the finance minister announced during her Union Budget speech that corridor projects will be built for the Vishnupad Temple in Gaya and the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, both located in Bihar.

    About Vishnupad Temple

    Vishnupad and Mahabodhi temples reopen in Gaya | Patna News - Times of ...

    1. Location: The Vishnupad Temple is situated in Bihar, on the banks of the Falgu River. It is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.

    2. The temple was built in 1787 on the orders of Queen Ahilyabai Holkar of Ahmadnagar.

    3. Architecturally, the temple is around 100 feet tall and has 44 pillars.

    4. Cultural Significance:  Devotees visit the temple during Pitra Paksh, a period in the Hindu calendar when people take part in rituals to remember their ancestors.

    About Mahabodhi Temple

    1. Location: The Mahabodhi Temple is located in Bodh Gaya, central Bihar, on the banks of the Niranjana River.

    2. Historical Background:

    i) The temple stands to the east of the Mahabodhi Tree, where Gautam Buddha is believed to have attained nirvana.

    ii) The Mahabodhi Temple Complex was first built by Emperor Asoka in the 3rd century B.C. The present temple dates back to the 5th–6th centuries.

    3. Architecture:

    i) The temple has a unique shape and a height of 170 feet.

    ii) It is one of the earliest Buddhist temples built entirely in brick from the late Gupta period.

    iii) This temple is considered to have had significant influence on the development of brick architecture over the centuries.

    4. The Mahabodhi Temple was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and architecture

  • National Mission for Cultural Mapping
    July 23, 2024
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    Source- This post on the National Mission for Cultural Mapping has been created based on the article “Cultural mapping of villages” published in “PIB” on 23 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Government of India under the Ministry of Culture has initiated the National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM).

    About National Mission for Cultural Mapping

    Aspects Description
    Abouti) The National Mission for Cultural Mapping was launched in 2017.
    ii) It was initiated by the Union Ministry of Culture.
    AimThe mission aims to develop a comprehensive database of art forms, artists, and other cultural resources across India.
    Village Documentation and Categoriesi) The government has identified and documented distinctive features of over one lakh villages across the country.
    ii) Villages are broadly divided into seven to eight categories based on mythological, ecological, developmental, and scholastic importance.
    BudgetIn 2017, the Culture Ministry approved a budget of ₹469 crores for the mission, intended to be used over a period of three years.
    Field SurveysDetailed field surveys were conducted by joint teams from the Culture Ministry and the Common Services Centres (CSC), which operate under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art & Culture   

  • Bhojshala Complex
    July 18, 2024
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    Source- This post on the Bhojshala Complex has been created based on the article “Existing structure at Bhojshala complex in Madhya Pradesh built from temple remains, says ASI survey” published on “The Hindu” on 18 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) stated in its scientific survey report that the existing structure at the Bhojshala complex was constructed using remains of an earlier temple.

    About Bhojshala Complex

    Madhya Pradesh: ASI survey of Bhojshala complex in Dhar to start on ...
    Source: Hindujagruti

    1. Location: The Bhojshala Complex is located in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.

    2. Historical Significance:

    i) It was built in 1034 AD by Raja Bhoja (1000-1055 A.D.) who was the greatest monarch of the Paramara dynasty.

    ii) It served as a university where students came to learn music, Sanskrit, astronomy, yoga, Ayurveda, and philosophy.

    iii) The complex was first attacked by Alauddin Khilji in 1305 AD. In 1514 AD, Mehmudshah Khilji II attacked the complex and tried to convert it into a dargah. He encroached on land outside the Saraswati Temple and built the ‘Kamal Moulana’ Makbara.

    3. Inscriptions:

    i) Two hymns written in Prakrit, related to the Karmavatar (crocodile incarnation of Vishnu), are engraved in the rocks of the complex.

    ii) One inscription contains the Sanskrit alphabet and the main endings of nouns and verbs. Another inscription contains the individual declensions of the ten tenses and moods of Sanskrit grammar.

    4. Legal Protection

    In 1951, the complex was declared a monument of national importance under the Ancient and Historical Monument and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951.

    It is currently protected by the ASI under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Nalanda
    July 18, 2024
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    Source- This post on Nalanda has been created based on the article “Of a gilded past and the future: Nalanda’s lost glory and new-found ambitions” published in “The Hindu” on 18 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The New Nalanda University campus was recently inaugurated by the Prime Minister.

    About Nalanda

    The new campus of Nalanda University.
    Source: TH

    The new campus of Nalanda University. 1. Nalanda was an ancient centre of learning and a revered Buddhist site. It was rediscovered in the 19th century, its history goes back to the Gupta dynasty.

    2. It was founded by Emperor Kumaragupta-I of the Gupta dynasty around 427 AD.

    3. It flourished with the support of the Pala kings and the monks of Nalanda, who were patronized by the Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya.

    4. It served as a university where students studied music, Sanskrit, astronomy, yoga, Ayurveda, and philosophy.

    5. Nalanda’s faculty included renowned names in Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism, such as Aryabhata, Harsha, Dharmapala, Nagarjuna, Dharmakirti, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Chandrakirti, and Silabhadra.

    6. Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang spent five years at Nalanda during the reign of Harshavardhan in the 7th century, documenting its rigorous admission tests and scholarly environment.

    7. It is recognized as a celebrated Buddhist site after Alexander Cunningham identified it based on Hiuen Tsang’s travel notes and epigraphic records.

    8.  A king of Sumatra once requested a Pala king’s permission to endow a monastery at Nalanda, highlighting its international connections.

    9. Decline and Destruction:

    i) It was attacked and ransacked by Bakhtiyar Khalji around 1200 AD, resulting in the destruction of its vast collection of books. Satish Chandra’s “History of Medieval India” and Minhaj-i-Siraj’s “Tabaqat-i-Nasiri” detail these raids.

    ii) Historian D.N. Jha contested claims of Nalanda’s destruction, suggesting Bakhtiyar Khalji captured a different fortified monastery, not Nalanda.

    iii) Namit Arora argued that many Buddhist sites were abandoned or converted into Brahminical sites before the Turko-Persian invasions, with Nalanda being rediscovered only in the 19th century.

    10. Rediscovery and Revival

    i) Nalanda was brought back to public memory in the 19th century.

    ii) The new Nalanda University campus was inaugurated at Rajgir, aiming to restore its ancient glory.

    UPSC Syllabus: History

  • Opening of the Treasury of Jagannath temple after 46 years
    July 15, 2024
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    Source- This Post on ” Treasury of Jagannath temple in Puri opened after 46 years” is based on the article “Treasury of Jagannath temple in Puri opened after 46 years” published in “The Hindu” on “15th July 2024”.

    Why in News?

    Recently, the treasury of the famous Jagannath Temple located in Puri was opened after 46 years. These 46 years saw legal battles, controversies, and debates, on the Ratna Bhandar, or sacred treasury, of the Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri.

    About the Jagannath Temple Ratna Bhandar

    The Jagannath Puri Temple Ratna Bhandar consists of two chambers- Bahar Bhandar (outer chamber) and Bhitar Bhandar (inner chamber). These chambers contain the jewels of the three sibling deities- Lord Balabhadra, Lord Jagannath, and Devi Subhadra.

    Last Inventory Efforts- The inventory list was last prepared in 1978. It recorded a total of 454 gold articles with a net weight of 12,838 Bharis (128.38 kg) and 293 silver articles weighing 22,153 Bharis (221.53 kg).

    Need for Opening the Ratna Bhandar- Concerns were raised about the structural stability of the Ratna Bhandar and the safety of ornaments.

    High Level Committee- The newly elected Government of Odisha constituted a high-level committee under the chairmanship of former Orissa High Court judge Justice Biswanath Rath (retd.) to supervise the process of cataloguing the valuables. The committee suggested different standard operating procedures and cataloguing of ornaments and safety of valuables.

    About the Jagannath Temple

    Jagannath Temple
    Source- Wikipedia

    a. The Jagannath Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Jagannath, a form of Vishnu in Hinduism.

    b. It is located in Puri in the state of Odisha, situated on the eastern coast of India.  As per temple records, King Indradyumna of Avanti built the main temple of Jagannath at Puri.

    c. The temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated raths, or temple cars.

    d. Unlike the stone and metal icons found in most Hindu temples, the image of Jagannath is made of wood, and is ceremoniously replaced every 12 or 19 years by an exact replica.

    e. The temple is sacred to all Hindus, and especially in those of the Vaishnava traditions. Many great Vaishnava saints, such as Ramanujacharya, Madhvacharya, Nimbarkacharya, Vallabhacharya and Ramananda were closely associated with the temple.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture

  • Centre to Revise Classical Language Status Criteria
    July 9, 2024
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    Source- This post on the Centre to Revise Classical Language Status Criteria has been created based on the article “Centre set to tweak criteria for according classical language status” published in “The Hindu” on 9 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Union government plans to revise the criteria for granting classical language status.

    Current criteria for Declaring a Language as Classical

    i) Antiquity: The language must have early texts or recorded history spanning 1500-2000 years.

    ii) Literary Heritage: The language should have a body of ancient literature or texts considered valuable heritage by generations of speakers.

    iii) Original Literary Tradition: The literary tradition should be original and not borrowed from another speech community.

    iv) Distinctiveness: The classical language and its literature should be distinct from the modern form, and there may be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or offshoots.

    Languages with Classical Status: Tamil declared in 2004, Sanskrit declared in 2005, Kannada declared in 2008, Telugu declared in 2008, Malayalam declared in 2013 and Odia declared in 2014.

    Benefits of Classical Language Status

    i) Awards: Two major annual international awards for scholars of eminence in classical Indian languages.

    ii) Centres of Excellence: Establishment of a Centre of Excellence for studies in Classical Languages.

    iii) Academic Support: The University Grants Commission is requested to create a certain number of Professional Chairs for the Classical Languages, at least in the Central Universities.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Discovery of the World’s Oldest Cave Painting
    July 9, 2024
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    Source- This post on the Discovery of the World’s Oldest Cave Painting has been created based on the article “World’s oldest cave painting was created at least 51,000 years ago” published in “The Hindu” on 9 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Recently, researchers have found the cave painting in Indonesia which is the world’s oldest known evidence of storytelling in art.

    Discovery of the World’s Oldest Cave Painting

    World's oldest cave painting
    Source: TH

    1. The world’s oldest-known cave painting has been discovered in the limestone cave of Leang Karampuang, located in the Maros-Pangkep region of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

    2. This artwork depicts three human-like figures interacting with a wild pig. The painting features a pig measuring 92 cm by 38 cm, painted in a single shade of dark red pigment. There are other images of pigs present in the cave.

    3. The painting was created at least 51,200 years ago.

    4. Researchers determined this age using a new scientific approach that involves using a laser to date calcium carbonate crystals that formed naturally on top of the painting.

    5. The researchers interpret this artwork as a narrative scene, making it the oldest-known evidence of storytelling in art.

    7. Significance:

    i) These paintings provide the oldest evidence of storytelling, a fundamental aspect of human culture and identity.

    ii) The depiction of a pig species that still inhabits Sulawesi links past and present wildlife on the island, highlighting the continuity of the natural environment over tens of thousands of years.

    UPSC Syllabus: History

  • Samayapurathu Mariamman Temple
    July 8, 2024
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    Source- This post on the Samayapurathu Mariamman Temple has been created based on the article “Coffee-table book on over 1,200-year-old Samayapuram Mariamman temple released” published in “The Hindu” on 8 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    In recognition of the temple’s cultural and spiritual significance, The Hindu Group of Publications has released a coffee-table book titled “Samayapuram — The Sacred Seat of Shakti.”

    About Samayapurathu Mariamman Temple

    Samayapuram Temple
    Source: Blogspot

    1. The Samayapuram Mariamman Temple is located near Tiruchi in Tamil Nadu.

    2. It is one of the most revered and ancient temples dedicated to Goddess Mariamman. She is considered an incarnation of Goddess Durga, Mahakali, Adi Shakti, or Nishumbha Sudhini.

    3. Historical Background: The current structure of the temple was built by King Vijayaraya Chakkaravarthi in the early 18th century. However, the Goddess was worshipped by locals for centuries before this structure was constructed.

    4.  Significance: The temple is rich in history and mythology, with many legends surrounding Goddess Mariamman. It is believed that she appeared in this area to protect her devotees and heal their ailments. The temple’s ancient origins add to its mystique and spiritual significance.

    4. Architecture: 

    i) The temple complex features intricately carved pillars, towering gopurams (gateway towers), and spacious halls that resonate with the chants and prayers of devotees.

    ii) The sanctum sanctorum houses the idol of Goddess Mariamman, adorned with vibrant flowers, intricate jewelry, and colorful garments, exuding a divine and majestic presence.

    iii) The Raja Gopuram or the main tower of the temple is adorned with gold plates that glow brightly during the daytime.

    iv) A unique feature of this temple is that the presiding deity can be seen from the main entrance, which is not common in most temples

    5. Festivals and Rituals

    i) The temple is renowned for its vibrant and elaborate festivals which attract thousands of devotees.

    ii) Among the most significant is the annual ‘Poochoriyal’ festival, where devotees offer flowers to the Goddess, seeking her blessings for health, prosperity, and protection.

    iii) Other notable festivals include the ‘Panguni Uthiram’ and the ‘Thai Poosam,’ which are marked by grand processions, music, dance, and religious fervor.

    iv) Daily rituals at the temple include various forms of ‘pujas’ (prayers) and ‘abhishekam’ (ritual bathing) of the deity.

    v) The temple’s sacred ‘theerthams’ (holy water sources) are also believed to have curative properties.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • International Council on Monuments and Sites
    July 6, 2024
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    Source- This post on the International Council on Monuments and Sites has been created based on the article “Ahom ‘Moidam’ recommended for inclusion in UNESCO World Heritage List” published in “The Hindu” on 6 July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) has recommended the inclusion of the Ahom era ‘Moidams’ in Assam’s Charaideo district to the UNESCO World Heritage List. These ‘Moidams’ are ancient burial mounds for royal families.

    About the International Council on Monuments and Sites

    AspectsDescription
    EstablishedIt was established in 1965 in Warsaw, Poland.
    OriginsResulted from the Venice Charter of 1964
    RoleProvides advice to UNESCO on World Heritage Sites
    NatureAn international non-governmental organization.
    MembersProfessionals, experts, and representatives from local authorities, companies, and heritage organizations.
    MissionDedicated to conserving and enhancing architectural and landscape heritage globally.

    About Moidams

    Moidams
    Source: The Hindu

    1. About: Moidams (also called Maidams) are mound-burial systems used by the Ahom dynasty (13th-19th century).

    2. Location: Charaideo was the first capital of the Ahom dynasty which is located over 400 km east of Guwahati. It was founded by Chao Lung Siu-Ka-Pha in 1253.

    3. Moidams are found in Northern Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Northern Burma, Southern China, and Northeast India, indicating the spread of Tai-Ahom culture.

    4. Significance: It is comparable to the royal tombs of ancient China and the pyramids of the Egyptian Pharaohs.

    5. Historical Rule: The Ahom dynasty ruled for about 600 years until the British took over Assam in 1826. After the 18th century, Ahom rulers began cremating their dead and entombing the remains in Moidams at Charaideo.

    Source: Art and Culture

  • Abhaya Mudra
    July 3, 2024
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    Source-This post on “Abhaya mudra” has been created based on the article “What is the significance of ‘abhaya mudra’, invoked by Rahul Gandhi in Parliament” published in “The Indian Express” on 3rd July 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Rahul Gandhi invoked the ‘abhaya mudra’ during his first speech as Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha.

    About Abhaya Mudra

    Abhaya mudra
    Source: IE

    1. Abhaya Mudra is a gesture characterized by an open palm facing outward, often interpreted as a signal to stop.

    2. It is known as the “fearlessness gesture,” derived from the Sanskrit word “abhaya” meaning fearlessness.

    3. Symbolism: It represents protection, peace, and the dispelling of fear. In yoga, it is believed to promote courage and reduce fear and anxiety.

    4. It is common in many South Asian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It is particularly significant in Thailand and Laos, where it is associated with images of the walking Buddha.

    5. According to a Stanford University newsletter,” the open palm gesture likely originated as a natural sign of good intentions, used since prehistoric times. The raised, unarmed hand proposed friendship or peace.

    6. In antiquity, it also symbolized power, as seen in the “magna manus” of Roman Emperors, who used the gesture to legislate and grant peace simultaneously.

    7. The gesture appears to have evolved from a universal form of human communication, later integrated into major South Asian religions.

    Religious significance in Budhism

    Buddha and Devadatta: A legend recounts that Devadatta, a jealous cousin of Buddha, tried to kill Buddha by unleashing a rampaging elephant. As the elephant approached, Buddha displayed the Abhaya Mudra, calming the animal instantly. This gesture thus symbolizes not only the calming of the senses but also the absence of fear.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture

  • Dodol
    June 26, 2024
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    Source– This post on Dodol has been created based on the article “GI tag for Dodol: Moving beyond the authenticity debate” published in “Indian Express” on 26 June 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Last week, the Goa government applied for a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for the Goan sweet Dodol. The All-Goa Baker’s and Confectioners Association applied with the Department of Science, Technology, and Waste Management of the Government of Goa facilitating the process.

    About Dodol

    AspectsDescription
    AboutDodol is a traditional Goan sweet treat which is dark brown and made from rice flour, coconut milk, and black palm jaggery.
    It has a firm, jelly-like texture.
    Special method of preparation1. It is made through special procedure where rice flour, coconut milk, and black palm jaggery is mixed and mixture is cooked  in a copper pot, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon to prevent burning.
    2. The cooked mixture is poured into a ghee-greased dish. Then flattened with banana leaves. When it cooled down it is cutted into thin slices.
    Cultural significanceTraditionally made by Christian families during Christmas for ‘consoada,’ a tradition of sending sweets to relatives and neighbors.
    It is a common belief that a Catholic woman should take back Dodol and bananas as a gift when she returns to her husband’s house after the birth of her first child.
    Traditionally prepared in a large pot called ‘kail,’ which is part of the dowry. If borrowed, it must be returned filled with Dodol as a gesture of gratitude.
    Historical Origins1. Some believe Dodol was served at royal banquets in the Medang Kingdom of Indonesia between the 8th and 11th centuries.
    2. Another version likely came from early 20th century Indonesia during Dutch colonial rule.
    3. Dodol is thought to have been introduced to Goa during Portuguese rule in the 17th century.
    PopularityDodol and its variations are also enjoyed in southern India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and parts of Southeast Asia

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Nalanda University
    June 20, 2024
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    Source- This post on Nalanda University has been created based on the article “PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Nalanda University in Bihar today” published in “Hindustan Times” on 19 June 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to inaugurate the new Nalanda University campus near the ancient university ruins in Rajgir.

    About Nalanda University

    Nalanda University
    Source: mondesetmerveilles.centerblog.net

    1. Nalanda is recognized as the most ancient university on the Indian subcontinent.

    2. It was established by Kumar Gupta of the Gupta dynasty in Bihar during the early 5th century. The university thrived for 600 years until the 12th century.

    3. It reached its zenith during the reign of Harshavardhan and the Pala monarchs. It served as a hub for learning, culture, and intellectual exchange, significantly influencing Indian civilization and beyond.

    4. It was primarily a place where monks and nuns lived and studied. It focused on teaching major philosophies of Buddhism.

    5. It attracted students from regions including China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. Students followed a strict code of conduct and participated in daily meditation and study sessions.

    6. It offered courses in medicine, Ayurveda, religion, Buddhism, mathematics, grammar, astronomy, and Indian philosophy.

    7. The university was destroyed in 1193 by Bakhtiyar Khilji, a general of the Turkish ruler Qutbuddin Aibak.

    8. It rediscovered in 1812 by Scottish surveyor Francis Buchanan-Hamilton and later identified as the ancient university by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1861.

    9. The Chinese monk Xuan Zang provided invaluable insights into Nalanda’s academic and architectural grandeur. Nalanda is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Juneteenth and its significance
    June 20, 2024
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    Source– This post on Juneteenth and its significance has been created based on the article ” What is Juneteenth and what is its significance?” published in “The Indian Express” on 19 June 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Recently, Juneteenth has been observed on June 19, in the United States of America.

    About Juneteenth

    Juneteenth is a short name for “June Nineteenth”. It is a holiday commemorating the end of slavery in the United States.

    2. Historical Significance:

    i)  Juneteenth marks the day on June 19, 1865, when Union General Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston, Texas and announced the end of the Civil War and the emancipation of enslaved African Americans.

    ii) Although President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation had legally freed slaves in Confederate states on January 1, 1863, enforcement had been slow in some regions, particularly in Texas.

    3. Juneteenth is celebrated with various activities such as parades, cultural events, educational workshops, and family gatherings.

    4. It is a time to honor African American freedom, heritage, and achievements while reflecting on the ongoing struggle for equality.

    5. Juneteenth has gained recognition as a significant cultural and historical event in the United States. In 2021, it was declared a federal holiday, further solidifying its importance in American history.

    UPSC Syllabus: World History

  • Prerna Sthal
    June 17, 2024
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    Source– This post on Prerna Sthal is based on the article “Vice President inaugurates Prerna Sthal at Parliament House Complex” published in “PIB” on 17th June 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar recently inaugurated the Prerna Sthal at the Parliament House Complex.

    About Prerna Sthal

    Prerna Sthal
    Source: PIB

    1. Prerna Sthal is located at the Parliament House Complex.

    2. The Sthal contains statues of India’s prominent leaders and freedom fighters, which were formerly dispersed throughout different areas of the Parliament House complex.

    3. The initiative aims to enhance visitor experience by providing easier access and utilizing modern technology, such as QR codes, to narrate the life stories of these inspiring figures in Indian history.

    About Committee on the Installation of Portraits and Statues of National Leaders and Parliamentarians

    1. The Committee on the Installation of Portraits and Statues of National Leaders and Parliamentarians is responsible for decisions regarding the placement of statues and portraits of national leaders and parliamentarians within the Parliament House Complex.

    2. It also handles the acceptance of such items from outside organizations and individuals, and determines their placement within the complex.

    3. However, it has not been reconstituted since 2019.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • Satnamis Community
    June 14, 2024
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    Source– This post on Satnamis Community is based on the article “Satnamis protest desecration; attack SP office, torch vehicles in Chhattisgarh” published in “The Hindu” on 14th June 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Recently, a huge mob from the Satnami community in Chhattisgarh’s Baloda Bazar district torched dozens of vehicles, pelted stones at police personnel, and set fire to the Superintendent of Police office building. The protesters, dissatisfied with the police’s handling of a case involving the desecration of a sacred ‘Jaitkhamb’, demanded a CBI probe.

    About Satnamis Community

    1. The term “Satnamis” means those who believe in a God whose name is ‘truth’.

    2. The Satnamis are a predominant group within the 11% Scheduled Caste (SC) population in Chhattisgarh, believed to be an offshoot of the Ravidassia community.

    3. The community was founded on April 21, 1657, by Bir Bhan in Narnaul, Haryana. Udhodas who was a disciple of Saint Ravidas was the first priest or spiritual guru of the community.

    4. The Satnamis inhabit the plains of central Chhattisgarh, mainly in the old districts of Bilaspur, Durg, Rajnandgaon, and Raipur.

    5. Principles and Influence:  The Satnamis emphasize three main principles:

    i) Adorning the attire of a Satnami devotee

    ii) Earning money through proper means

    iii) Not tolerating any injustice or oppression in any form

    6. The community is believed to exert political influence by voting collectively, and representatives occupy most of the 10 assembly segments allotted for SCs.

    7. The community reveres Mini Mata, the first female Member of Parliament from Chhattisgarh, who entered the Lok Sabha by winning the 1955 by-election. Political parties often invoke her legacy to appeal to the Satnamis for votes.

    About Satnami Revolt of 1672

    1. The Satnami revolt occurred during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, in today’s Mahendragarh district of Haryana.

    2. Cause: The revolt began when a Mughal soldier killed a Satnami, leading about 5,000 Satnamis to take up arms.

    3.  The Satnamis routed the Mughal troops, drove away the administrators, and set up their own administration.

    4. The revolt gained support from Hindus in Agra and Ajmer, who were discontent with Aurangzeb’s strict Islamic policies, including the revival of the Jizya tax, banning of music and art, and destruction of Hindu temples.

    5. Aurangzeb took personal command and sent troops with artillery to suppress the revolt, resulting in an attempt to annihilate the Satnamis. The remnants fled and remained disorganized and leaderless for a long time.

    About New Movement

    1. The most significant Satnami group was founded in 1820 in the Chhattisgarh region by Saint Ghasidas, a farm servant and member of the lower (Chamar) caste.

    2. Saint Ghasidas established the Satnam Panth (“Sect of the True Name”), providing a religious and social identity for many Satnamis.

    3. He preached a code of ethical and dietary self-restraint and social equality, and authored Nirvan Gyan to propagate his teachings.

    4. Throughout history, Satnamis have navigated their position within a larger Hindu hierarchy, influenced by connections with the Kabir Panth at different points.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • 124th Death Anniversary of Birsa Munda
    June 10, 2024
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    Source-This post on Birsa Munda has been created based on the article “Birsa Munda’s 124th death anniversary: Significance of the tribal leader’s contributions” published in “Indian Express” on 10 June 2024.

    Why in News?

    Recently tribute was paid to revolutionary tribal leader Birsa Munda marking the 124th anniversary of his death.

    About Birsa Munda

    Birsa Munda statue.
    Source: IE

    i) Birsa Munda was born on November 15, 1875.

    ii) He belonged to the Munda tribe in the Chotanagpur region (present-day Jharkhand). His community, originally nomadic hunters, had turned to farming.

    iii) He completed his primary education under the guidance of teacher Jaipal Nag.

    iv) Birsa converted to Christianity to join the German Mission school but left after a few years.

    Impact of British Rule

    i) Land Ownership Changes: The traditional land ownership system, known as “khuntkatti,” was disrupted by the Permanent Settlement Act (1793), introducing the zamindari system.

    ii) Exploitation: The new system created land-owning zamindars (dikus) and tenant farmers (ryots), leading to the displacement and exploitation of tribal communities.

    iii) Forced Labour: The “begar” system imposed forced labor on the tribal people.

    iv) Moneylenders and Courts: Tribals were forced to depend on moneylenders and had their traditional clan councils replaced with British courts.

    v) Famines: Famines in 1896-97 and 1899-1900 caused mass starvation among the tribal population.

    Significant contribution of Birsa Munda

    1. He was influenced by the Sardari agitation against British rule, Birsa became actively involved in the anti-missionary and anti-colonial movement.

    2. Birsa founded the Birsait faith, which advocated against superstition and encouraged the worship of one God. He was revered as ‘Bhagwan’ (God) and ‘Dharti ka Abba’ (Father of the Earth).

    3.  Birsa Munda launched the Ulgulan movement, a rebellion against British rule using guerrilla warfare. The movement aimed to establish the Birsa Raj and resist colonial laws and rent payments.

    4. The Ulgulan movement led to significant reforms, including the repeal of the begar system and the enactment of the Tenancy Act (1903) and the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908), which protected tribal land rights.

    5.  Birsa was arrested on March 3, 1900, and died in Ranchi Jail on June 9, 1900, at the age of 25.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

  • Nyishi Tribe
    May 28, 2024
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    Source-This post on Nyishi Tribe has been created based on the article “From 22 yards to top of the world: 1st woman from Arunachal’s Nyishi tribe scales Everest” published in “Times of India”.

    Why in News?

    Recently, mountaineer and cricketer Kabak Yano made history as the fifth woman from Arunachal Pradesh and the first from the Nyishi tribe to scale Mt Everest.

    About Nyishi Tribe

    3 Nyishi Dance Arunachal Nyokum |
    Source: Travel Hippies
    Aspects Description
    About 1. The Nyishi are the predominant ethnic group in Arunachal Pradesh, India.
    2. The name “Nyishi” is derived from their language, where “Nyi” means “a man” and “shi” signifies “a being,” collectively translating to “a civilized human being.”
    3. The Nyishi language is part of the Sino-Tibetan family, though its exact origins are debated.
    Geographical Distribution1. Nyishis are primarily found in eight districts of Arunachal Pradesh: East Kameng, Pakke Kesang, Papum Pare, Lower Subansiri, Kamle, Kra Daadi, Kurung Kumey, and Upper Subansiri.
    2. Smaller populations reside in Sonitpur and North Lakhimpur districts of Assam.
    3. They are the largest tribal group in Arunachal Pradesh, with a population of about 300,000.
    Socio-Economic Practices1. The tribe practices slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, and fishing.
    2. They are also skilled in various handicrafts, including weaving, cane and bamboo work, pottery, blacksmithing, wood carving, and carpentry.
    Religious Beliefs1. As per the 2011 Census, 31% of Nyishis follow Christianity, and 29% adhere to Hinduism.
    2. Many continue to practice their indigenous religion, Donyi Polo, worshipping the Sun (“Donyi”) and the Moon (“Polo”) as divine entities.
    Cultural Festivals1. Nyishis celebrate three major festivals: Boori-Boot and Nyokum in February, and Longte in April.
    2. These festivals are times of communal joy, aimed at appeasing deities to ensure bountiful harvests, health, wealth, and overall prosperity.
    Social Structure1. Polygyny is common within the Nyishi community. They trace lineage patrilineally and are organized into various clans.
    2. Unlike many societies, Nyishis do not have a caste system or rigid social classes, but they do recognize a form of social distinction that is flexible and not based on birth or occupation.
    3. Women are highly regarded in Nyishi society, often seen as pillars of peace, progress, and prosperity.
    4. They also play a crucial role through the ‘reciprocal marital exchange’ system.

    UPSC Syllabus: History

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