Author: arun kumar

Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) How It Works Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) are reliable, lightweight, and compact power systems used primarily in space missions. These generators produce electricity by converting the heat released from the natural radioactive decay of plutonium-238 (in the form of plutonium oxide) into electrical power. The process involves the following key components:… Continue reading Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs)

Denudation: Denudation refers to the processes that wear away the Earth’s surface, leading to the reduction in elevation and relief of landforms. It encompasses weathering, mass wasting, and erosion. Weathering, a crucial part of denudation, breaks down rocks at or near the Earth’s surface through physical and chemical processes. Types of Weathering A. Physical Weathering:… Continue reading Denudation/Physical Weathering/Chemical Weathering

What is Hydrogel? Hydrogel is a 3D network of hydrophilic polymer material that absorbs and retains water. Its structure consists of viscoelastic characteristics from the chemical or physical cross-linking of hydrophilic polymer chains. Available in solid and liquid forms, hydrogels are versatile and environmentally sensitive, responding to temperature, electric/magnetic fields, light, pressure, pH, ionic strength,… Continue reading What is Hydrogel/ Uses of Hydrogel

Coriolis Effect The Coriolis effect describes the deflection of moving objects when viewed from a rotating frame of reference, like Earth. Objects moving long distances across the Earth’s surface appear to curve due to the planet’s rotation. This effect is crucial for understanding weather patterns and ocean currents. In the Northern Hemisphere, objects deflect to… Continue reading Coriolis Effect / Coriolis Force

What is financial instrument? Financial instruments are contracts involving monetary assets that can be bought, traded, created, modified, or settled. These instruments entail a contractual obligation between parties, ensuring that each party fulfills its part of the agreement. For instance, if a company pays cash for a bond, it is obligated to provide cash while… Continue reading Financial instruments

The Sahel Region of Africa: Challenges and Instability The Sahel is a narrow band of semi-arid land forming a transition zone between the Sahara Desert to the north and the savannas to the south. Stretching roughly 5,400 kilometers (3,300 miles) from Senegal to Sudan, it includes countries like Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, and… Continue reading The Sahel Region of Africa: Challenges and Instability

India’s Greenfield Airports Policy: India’s Greenfield Airports Policy, formulated in 2008, provides a comprehensive framework for the construction of new airports across the country. The policy outlines the guidelines, procedures, and steps that must be followed by airport developers or state governments interested in establishing Greenfield airports. Under this policy, the project proponent must submit… Continue reading India’s Greenfield Airports Policy

Mountains Mountains are large landforms that rise prominently above their surroundings, typically having steep, sloping sides and sharp or rounded ridges, culminating in a high point called a peak or summit. Most geologists classify a mountain as a landform that rises at least 1,000 feet (300 meters) or more above its surrounding area. A mountain… Continue reading Mountains/Types of mountain/Fold Mountains/Fault-Block Mountains/Volcanic Mountains/Dome Mountains

Layers of the Atmosphere The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of five distinct layers, each characterized by unique thermal characteristics, chemical composition, movement, and density. These layers are separated by transition zones known as “pauses,” where significant changes in these properties occur. 1. Exosphere Altitude Range: 600 km to 10,000 km above Earth. Characteristics: The outermost… Continue reading Layers of the Atmosphere/Troposphere/Stratosphere/Mesosphere/Thermosphere/Exosphere

The Earth’s Radiation Budget The Earth’s radiation budget involves the energy entering, reflected, absorbed, and emitted by the Earth system. Based on conservation of energy, it shows the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing radiation, which includes reflected solar radiation and emitted Earth system radiation. An imbalance in this budget can change the atmosphere’s… Continue reading The Earth’s Radiation Budget/shortwave radiation/longwave radiation