Source: The post China’s progress in nuclear fusion has been created, based on the article “For Nirmala Sitharaman, a wishlist from the armed forces” published in “Indian Express” on 30th January 2025
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper3-Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
Context: The article talks about China’s progress in nuclear fusion. A reactor maintained plasma for over 1,000 seconds. Fusion energy could solve the energy crisis and climate change. Many countries are researching it. ITER, a global project, aims to advance fusion technology.
For detailed information on Nuclear Fusion Technology read this article here
What Did the Chinese Reactor Achieve?
- The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) reactor in China maintained plasma stability for over 1,000 seconds (17 minutes).
- This is a new record, surpassing its previous record of 400 seconds in 2023.
- Plasma stability is essential for fusion energy, as it requires temperatures higher than the Sun’s core.
- Maintaining stable plasma is difficult because even small changes in magnetic fields can disrupt it.
- EAST’s success is a significant step towards commercial fusion reactors, which require stability for hours or days.
How Far Is Fusion Energy From Commercial Use?
- Fusion research has been ongoing for over 70 years. A working fusion power plant may not be ready before 2050.
- Fusion is not included in global net-zero energy plans because it is still under development.
What Are the Advantages of Fusion Energy?
- High energy output: One gram of fusion fuel gives energy equal to eight tonnes of coal.
- Abundant fuel: Uses deuterium and tritium, which are available in nature.
- Zero emissions: Unlike fossil fuels, it does not release carbon dioxide.
- No nuclear waste: Unlike fission reactors, it does not produce hazardous waste.
What Are Recent Breakthroughs in Fusion?
- 2021 (UK, JET Laboratory): Produced 12 MW of electricity for 5 seconds, enough for 10,000 homes.
- 2022 (US, Lawrence Livermore Lab): Achieved net energy gain for the first time.
- MIT (2023): Developed materials to withstand extreme fusion conditions.
- China (2023, 2024): EAST reactor set new plasma stability records.
Are Private Companies Investing in Fusion?
Private companies have invested $6.2 billion in fusion energy (IAEA, 2023).
- Helion (US): Plans to produce 50 MW by 2028 for Microsoft.
- Commonwealth Fusion Systems (US): Aims for 400 MW by 2030s.
What Is the ITER Project?
ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is the world’s largest fusion project.
Location: Southern France.
Participants: 30+ countries, including India.
Goal: 500 MW of fusion power by 2039.
Importance: Will not generate electricity but will guide future fusion power plants.
Way forward
Experts believe commercial fusion power could be ready in 15-20 years. Some companies plan to start by 2030s, but challenges remain.
Question for practice:
Examine the progress and challenges of nuclear fusion energy based on recent advancements and investments.
