History and Art & Culture articles in News

History and Art & Culture articles in News for UPSC IAS Prelims 2024

• Global Engagement Scheme

  March 12, 2025

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  News– The Global Engagement Scheme was recently discussed in the Lok Sabha, where the Union Minister for Culture and Tourism, provided details about its implementation. Global Engagement Scheme

  

  About Global Engagement Scheme

  • Nodal Ministry– Ministry of Culture
  • The Scheme aims to promote India’s rich cultural heritage internationally and enhance India’s global image.
  • It was previously known as the Scheme for promotion of International Cultural Relations.
  • This scheme is designed to strengthen India’s cultural ties with foreign nations, promote bilateral cultural contacts, and project India’s cultural identity on the world stage.
  • It also encourages inbound tourism by showcasing Indian art and traditions globally.
  • Major Components: The scheme is administered through Indian Missions Abroad and consists of three major components:
    • Festival of India – A platform for Indian artists to perform internationally.
    • Grant-in-Aid to Indo-Foreign Friendship Cultural Societies – Financial assistance to foreign cultural societies that promote Indian culture.
    • Contribution Grant to International Organizations – Funds allocated to international cultural organizations of which India is a member.

• Jalantheeswarar Temple (Thiruvooral)

  March 11, 2025

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  News: The Jalanatheswarar Temple at Thakkolam is in a deteriorating condition and needs restoration.

  About Jalantheeswarar Temple (Thiruvooral)

  

  • Jalantheeswarar Temple, also known as Thiruvooral, is a revered Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.
  • It is located in Thakkolam, a village in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu.
  • In this temple, Shiva is worshipped in the form of a Lingam under the name Jalantheeswarar, while his consort Parvati is known as Giriraja Kannikambal.
  • This temple is classified as a Paadal Petra Sthalam, as it is mentioned in the Tevaram, the 7th-century Tamil Saiva canonical work composed by the Nayanar saints.
  • The temple is believed to have been originally built by the Pallavas and later expanded during the Chola period.
  • The temple has four inscriptions from the 10th and 11th centuries, which provide details about women engaged in temple activities.
  • Architectural Features: The temple complex spans approximately 1.5 acres, featuring a three-tiered gopuram (gateway tower) and concentric granite walls. The main sanctum houses the deity Jalantheeswarar in the form of a lingam made of sand.

• Juanga Tribe

  March 5, 2025

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  News: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has requested an action taken report from the district magistrate-cum-collector of Keonjhar regarding alleged human rights violations of the Juanga tribe, which is classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in the district.

  

  About Juanga Tribe

  • The Juanga tribe is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Odisha.
  • The Juang tribe primarily inhabits the hills of Keonjhar, Pallahara in Anugul, and the plains of Dhenkanal in Odisha.
  • The tribe is divided into two groups: Hill Juang (Thaniya) and Plain Juang (Bhagudia).
  • The Juanga people speak the Juanga language, which belongs to the Munda language family.
  • Historically, they were known as Patuas because they wore skirts made from leaves, but in modern times, they prefer wearing clothing purchased from local markets.
  • The mandaghar, or youth dormitory, is an important cultural structure in Juang villages, serving as a gathering place for the community.
  • The Juang perform Changu dances, which take place in front of the mandaghar.
  • Their primary occupations include shifting cultivation, hunting, gathering forest produce, and occasional wage labor. Some Juangas practice subsistence agriculture, growing crops like millet, pulses, and vegetables.
  • Handicrafts and bamboo products are also part of their traditional economy.

• Amir Khusrau

  March 1, 2025

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  News: Amir Khusrau, the legendary 13th-century Sufi poet and musician, is in the news due to Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s participation in the 25th edition of Jahan-e-Khusrau, an annual Sufi music festival held in his honor. 

  

  About Amir Khusrau

  • He was born in 1253, likely in Patiyali, Etah district, Uttar Pradesh. 
  • Amir Khusrau is credited with developing qawwali, a devotional form of Sufi music that continues to be performed at Sufi shrines today. 
  • He played a crucial role in shaping Indian classical music, influencing styles like khayal and tarana. 
  • He is also said to have invented the sitar and tabla, though historical evidence for this claim is debated. 
  • Additionally, he contributed to the development of several ragas that remain integral to Indian classical music.
  • Amir Khusrau was one of the earliest writers to use Hindavi, a language that later evolved into modern Hindi and Urdu. 
  • His works blended elements of Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and local Indian dialects, making them accessible to a wide audience. 
  • He also popularised riddles, proverbs, and folk songs in Hindavi, which are still enjoyed today.
  • He served as a court poet under five Delhi Sultans, including Muizuddin Qaiqabad, Jalaluddin Khalji, Alauddin Khalji, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah, and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
  • He wrote extensively in Persian, the official language of the Delhi Sultanate, as well as in Hindavi. 
  • Amir Khusrau was a devoted disciple of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya, one of the most revered Sufi saints of India. 
  • He wrote favourably about Hindu philosophical thought in his Persian masnavi Nuh Siphir and composed folk songs that resonated with people of all faiths.
  • Some of his most famous compositions include “Chhaap Tilak,” “Zehal-e-Miskeen,” and “Sakal Ban Phool Rahi Sarson,” which are still performed in Sufi gatherings and Bollywood films. 

• Cholanaikkan Tribe

  February 28, 2025

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  News: The innovative initiative by Samagra Shiksha Kerala (SSK) to provide education to a bed-ridden tribal girl from the Cholanaikkan tribe in Malappuram, Kerala, has made headlines.

  About Cholanaikkan Tribe

  • The Cholanaikkan are a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) living in the forests of Kerala, India.
  • They are primarily found in the Nilambur forests of Malappuram district and are considered one of the last remaining hunter-gatherer tribes in South India.
  • They traditionally live in rock shelters and caves called Kallu Arais.
  • They rely on hunting, and gathering honey, tubers, and wild fruits for sustenance.
  • The community speaks a distinct Dravidian language called Cholanaikkan.
  • They have minimal contact with the outside world and depend heavily on forest resources.

• Chandra Shekhar Azad

  February 28, 2025

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  News: Chandra Shekhar Azad is in the news as February 27, 2025, marked the anniversary of his martyrdom.

  About Chandra Shekhar Azad (1906–1931)

  • He was a revolutionary freedom fighter who played a crucial role in India’s struggle for independence against British rule.
  • He was born on July 23, 1906, in Bhabhra, Madhya Pradesh.
  • He was deeply influenced by the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and joined the Non-Cooperation Movement at a young age.
  • When he was arrested, he boldly declared his name as “Azad” (Free) in court and was sentenced to 15 lashes as punishment.
  • On February 27, 1931, he was cornered by British police in Alfred Park, Allahabad.
  • Instead of surrendering, he fought valiantly and ultimately shot himself with his last bullet, fulfilling his vow to never be captured alive.

  Key Contributions to the Freedom Struggle

  • Joining the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) (1924): Chandra Shekhar Azad became a member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), which was led by Ram Prasad Bismil. He played a key role in raising funds for revolutionary activities, often through political dacoities.
  • Kakori Train Robbery (1925): Azad was involved in the infamous Kakori Train Robbery, in which revolutionaries looted a British train carrying treasury money.
  • Reorganizing HRA into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) (1928): In 1928, Azad, along with Bhagat Singh and other revolutionaries, transformed the HRA into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Under this new identity, the organization embraced socialist ideology and aimed to overthrow British rule through armed resistance.
  • Assassination of John Saunders (1928): Azad and his comrades planned the assassination of James A. Scott, the British police officer responsible for the attack on Lala Lajpat Rai, who had died due to police brutality. However, due to mistaken identity, they ended up killing John Saunders instead.
  • Attempt to Blow Up Lord Irwin’s Train (1929): In an attempt to assassinate Viceroy Lord Irwin, Azad and his comrades planned to blow up his train. However, the plan ultimately failed.

• Soliga Tribe

  February 26, 2025

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  News: Prime Minister Narendra Modi praised the Soligas in his Mann Ki Baat program for their role in tiger conservation.

  

  About Soliga Tribe

  • The Soliga tribe primarily inhabits the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve in Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka.
  • They are also found in parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
  • In 2011, the Soligas were the first tribal community in India to have their forest rights legally recognized within a tiger reserve.
  • The Soligas communicate in Sholaga, a Dravidian language, as well as Kannada and Tamil.
  • The Soligas have a deep-rooted cultural connection with the forest and wildlife.
    • Soligas possess extensive knowledge of medicinal plants and forest ecology which helps in conservation efforts.
  • They worship tigers, referring to them as “Dodda Nayi” (Big Dog) and have a temple dedicated to them.
  • Their lifestyle is simple, sustainable, and eco-friendly.
  • They reside in simple, single-room huts made of bamboo and mud. They create distinctive utility items from natural materials, including the ‘jottai,’ a cup crafted from leaves.
  • Role in Conservation:
    • The Soligas coexist with wildlife and contribute significantly to tiger conservation in BRT Tiger Reserve.
    • Their sustainable harvesting methods ensure that natural resources are shared with animals.
    • They assist the Forest Department in fire prevention and habitat protection.

• Battle of Karnal

  February 25, 2025

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  News: The Battle of Karnal on February 24, 1739, was a pivotal moment in the history of the Mughal Empire.

  

  About Battle of Karnal (1739)

  • The Battle of Karnal, fought on February 24, 1739, was a decisive conflict between the Persian emperor Nadir Shah and the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah Rangila.
  • By the early 18th century, the Mughal Empire was in decline due to administrative inefficiencies, economic strain, and constant internal revolts.
  • Meanwhile, Nadir Shah of Persia, a brilliant military strategist, had consolidated power in Iran and launched expansionist campaigns.
  • After conquering Kandahar in 1738, he invaded India through the Khyber Pass, rapidly overcoming Mughal territories and advancing toward Delhi.

  The Battle & Its Result

  • At Karnal (present-day Haryana), the vastly superior 300,000-strong Mughal army, including war elephants and heavy cavalry, faced Nadir Shah’s 55,000 well-trained Persian troops.
  • Despite their numbers, the Mughals suffered a devastating defeat within three hours, due to outdated battle tactics and superior Persian firepower.
  • Muhammad Shah was captured, and Nadir Shah proceeded to plunder Delhi, looting its treasures, including the Peacock Throne and the Koh-i-Noor diamond.
  • He also ordered a brutal massacre of thousands of civilians.
  • While Nadir Shah eventually restored Muhammad Shah to the throne, the Mughal Empire never recovered from this humiliation.
  • The treasury was emptied, and Mughal authority became largely symbolic, paving the way for the rise of regional powers and, eventually, British domination in India.

• Tea Horse Road 

  February 25, 2025

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  News: Recently, China’s Ambassador to India, Xu Feihong, shared a post on X about the historic Tea Horse Road, a trade route spanning over 2,000 km that connected China to India through Tibet.

  About Tea Horse Road 

  

  • It is an ancient trade route connecting China to India via Tibet. It spanned over 2,000 km, passing through challenging mountainous terrain.
  • The Tea Horse Road was not a single route but rather a network of interconnected paths that originated in southwest China and extended to the Indian subcontinent.
  • The two primary routes traversed cities such as Dali and Lijiang in Yunnan province before reaching Lhasa in Tibet. From there, they branched out into present-day India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
  • These routes have elevations as high as 10,000 feet.
  • It dates back to the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE). Buddhist monk Yijing (7th century) documented early trade on this route.
  • It initially facilitated trade in sugar, textiles, rice noodles, Tibetan gold, and herbs. By the Song dynasty (960-1279 CE), it became focused on tea and horses.

  Economic & Cultural Importance

  • Tea Trade: Tibetans highly valued tea, using it as food and currency.
  • Horse Trade: China needed Tibetan horses for military and transport.
  • Cultural Exchange: Facilitated trade in medicine, textiles, and religious ideas.
  • Contributed to the development of Lijiang as a major trade hub.

• Ajit Singh- Indian Freedom Fighter

  February 24, 2025

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  News: On February 23, 2021, Pagri Sambhal Diwas was established to honor Ajit Singh’s contributions and recognize the continuing struggles of farmers.

  About Ajit Singh

  

  • Ajit Singh (born February 23, 1881) was the younger brother of Sardar Kishan Singh and the uncle of Shaheed Bhagat Singh.
  • Ajit Singh played a key role in the Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement (1907) which was peasant agitation against the oppressive Colonisation and Doab Bari Acts, which denied land ownership to farmers.
  • He was a powerful orator and he addressed 19 of 33 protest meetings in Punjab. His speech in Rawalpindi on April 21, 1907, was deemed seditious, leading to his arrest on June 2, 1907, alongside Lala Lajpat Rai.
  • Both were deported to Mandalay prison under Regulation III of 1818.
  • Released after six months, he attended the Surat Congress session and founded the Bharat Mata Society, promoting Indian independence.
  • He later established the Bharat Mata Book Agency, which published anti-British literature, attracting scrutiny from the colonial government.
  • To evade British persecution, Ajit Singh moved to Iran and later Paris, where he founded the Indian Revolutionary Association. He met Lenin, Trotsky, and Mussolini while forging global alliances for India’s freedom.
  • In 1913, he moved to Brazil and collaborated with the Ghadar Party and worked alongside revolutionaries such as Bhai Rattan Singh, Teja Singh Swatantra, and Baba Bhagat Singh Bilga.
  • In 1932, he returned to Europe and contributed to the Azad Hind Fauj in Italy, attempting to recruit Indian soldiers.
  • He was captured by Allied forces in 1945, he was imprisoned in Italy and Germany until December 1945.
  • As India neared independence, he was released from the jail.

• Dokra Artwork

  February 14, 2025

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  News: Prime Minister Narendra Modi gifted an exquisite Dokra sculpture to French President Emmanuel Macron during his visit to France in February 2025.

  About Dokra Artwork

  •  Dokra artwork is an ancient and celebrated form of metal casting that originated in India over 4,000 years ago. 
  • It is known for its rustic charm and intricate detailing, this art form continues to thrive, particularly in regions like Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha. 
  • Dokra art is a bridge connecting India’s present with its tribal heritage. It reflects the harmony between humans and nature, the richness of folk traditions, and the creative spirit of indigenous artisans.
  • It is globally admired for its unique aesthetics and the use of a time-honoured technique called the lost-wax casting process.
  • Dokra pieces often depict tribal life, nature, animals, deities, and musicians. Each artwork tells a story:
    • Musicians and Dancers: Symbolize the central role of music and celebration in tribal culture.
    • Animals like Elephants and Horses: Represent power, prosperity, and reverence for nature.
    • Deities: Reflect indigenous spiritual beliefs and cultural practices.

  Distinctive Features of Dokra Art

  • Handcrafted Uniqueness: No two pieces are identical, making each work a one-of-a-kind creation.
  • Earthy, Antique Look: The rustic finish and natural imperfections add to the aesthetic charm.
  • Tribal Essence: The motifs and patterns are deeply rooted in the everyday life and folklore of tribal communities.

• Fort William Renamed as Vijay Durg

  February 12, 2025

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  News: In a significant move towards eliminating colonial influences in the Indian Armed Forces, Fort William, the Eastern Command Headquarters of the Indian Army in Kolkata, has been officially renamed Vijay Durg.

  Historical Significance of Fort William

  • Originally constructed by the British in 1781, Fort William was named after King William III of England.
  • It has served as a strategic military base for over two centuries and continues to be a key command center for India’s Eastern Army Command.
  • The fort played a crucial role in British colonial rule, symbolizing their military presence in eastern India.

  About Renaming of Vijay Durg

  • The new name, Vijay Durg, draws inspiration from the historic fort in Maharashtra, which was a naval base for the Marathas under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
  • Vijay Durg Fort, located along the Sindhudurg coast, was a stronghold of Maratha naval supremacy, representing Indian resilience and military strength.
  • Renaming Fort William to Vijay Durg signifies a shift towards Indian heritage and military pride over colonial legacy.

  Other Renaming Initiatives at Fort William

  • Kitchener House inside Fort William has been renamed Manekshaw House, after Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, India’s first Field Marshal and hero of the 1971 Indo-Pak war.
  • South Gate, previously called St. George’s Gate, has been renamed Shivaji Gate, honoring Chhatrapati Shivaji’s legacy.

• Dashavatar Theatre

  February 11, 2025

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  News: The centuries-old traditional theatre form Dashavatar, performed in Maharashtra’s Sindhudurg district and parts of north Goa, is in the spotlight as it continues to preserve its cultural essence despite changing times.

  About Dashavatar Theatre

  

  • Dashavatar is a traditional folk theatre form performed in Maharashtra’s Sindhudurg district and parts of north Goa.
  • The art form has been practiced for over 800 years and continues to be a key part of local temple festivals (jatras).
  • This theatre originated in Maharashtra, possibly influenced by Karnataka’s Yakshagana.
  • It was initially performed only by Brahmins, later taken up by the Devli community to keep the tradition alive.
  • It is performed between October (post-harvest) and May.
  • Stories are based on the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Puranas, featuring Vishnu’s ten incarnations. It includes humor, music, and moral lessons to engage audiences.
  • Comic interludes (Bharud or Vidhushak) provide entertainment while subtly addressing social issues.
  • A unique feature of Dashavatar is that men play both male and female characters.
  • It requires mastery of feminine mannerisms, expressions, and voice modulation.
  • The performers use traditional makeup techniques, often learned through experience.
  • Costumes include the nauvari (nine-yard sari), heavy jewelry, and wigs. Actors carry props like dolls when playing motherly roles.

• Gyan Bharatam Mission

  February 5, 2025

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  News: Recently, the Union Budget 2025-26 has introduced the ‘Gyan Bharatam Mission’.

  

  About Gyan Bharatam Mission

  • The Gyan Bharatam Mission has been launched to conduct a comprehensive survey, documentation, and conservation of India’s rich manuscript heritage. 
  • It aims to cover over one crore manuscripts spread across academic institutions, museums, libraries, and private collections.
  • A significant aspect of the Gyan Bharatam Mission is the establishment of the National Digital Repository of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS). 
  • This digital platform will serve as a comprehensive resource for archiving and sharing traditional wisdom, making it accessible to researchers, students, and institutions worldwide.
  • By integrating India’s ancient knowledge—spanning fields such as Ayurveda, mathematics, astronomy, linguistics, and philosophy with modern education and technology, the mission aims to encourage research, innovation, and sustainable development.

• Lezim dance

  January 28, 2025

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  News– The upcoming Bollywood film Chhava, depicting the life of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, has stirred controversy over a scene showing the Maratha king performing the Lezim dance.

  About Lezim dance

  

  • It is traditional folk dance of Maharashtra.
  • It is named after the lezim, a wooden stick with jingling metallic cymbals used by dancers.
  • The dance involves vigorous and rhythmic steps involving squatting, jumping, and group formations.
  • Occasions:
    • It is performed during festivals (e.g., Ganesh Chaturthi), marriage processions, and cultural events.
    • It is also practiced widely in schools as a form of physical exercise.
  • Features:
    • Energy and Synchronization: Dancers perform in circles or groups, gradually increasing pace with drum beats (dhol or dhalgi).
    • Cultural Identity: Symbolizes community spirit and is often associated with Maratha pride.
    • Martial Connection: Rooted in physical drills from akhadas (traditional gymnasiums).
  • Historical Significance-Shivaji Maharaj’s Influence: Promoted during his reign as a military exercise for maintaining fitness and discipline among soldiers.

• Etikoppaka toys

  January 28, 2025

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  News– On India’s 76th Republic Day, Andhra Pradesh’s tableau, featuring the 400-year-old Etikoppaka Bommalu wooden toy-making tradition, mesmerized the audience at New Delhi’s Kartavya Path.

  

  About Etikoppaka toys

  • Etikoppaka toys are traditional toys made by artisans of Etikoppaka village located on the banks of Varaha River in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh.
  • These toys are made from the wood of the Ankudu tree (Wrightia tinctoria), which is lightweight, soft, and ideal for intricate carvings.
  • The toys are known for its rounded design with no sharp edges, ensuring safety for children.
  • They are colored using natural dyes derived from seeds, roots, leaves, and bark.
  • They are finished with a lacquer-turning technique, giving the toys a smooth, glossy, and durable finish.
  • Cultural and Historical Significance:
    • Designs often depict mythological characters, animals, household items, and musical instruments, reflecting India’s cultural heritage.
    • Some motifs are inspired by ancient civilizations like Mohenjo Daro and Harappa.
  • Geographical Indication (GI) Tag: It was awarded the GI tag in 2017. 

  Other GI tagged toys in India

  Toy Name	State	Key features
  Channapatna Toys	Karnataka	Crafted from ivory wood; lacquer-coated and colored with natural dyes.
  Thanjavur Dolls	Tamil Nadu	Known as “Thanjavur Thalaiyatti Bommai”; oscillating dolls made of terracotta.
  Nirmal Toys	Telangana	Hand-carved wooden toys with traditional gold-painted designs.
  Kondapalli Toys	Andhra Pradesh	Made from softwood (Tella Poniki); depict mythological themes and rural life.

• Iron Age in India

  January 25, 2025

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  News: Recent dating of burial urn samples from Sivagalai in Tamil Nadu’s Tuticorin district suggests that the Iron Age may have begun there around 3,345 BCE, at least 1,000 years earlier than previously believed.

  

  About Iron Age

  • Iron Age Overview:
    • A transformative period in history when iron replaced stone and bronze as the primary material for crafting tools and weapons.
    • Marked by significant advancements in metallurgy and technology, leading to profound societal and economic changes.
  • Timeframe:
    • The Iron Age is generally considered to have begun around 1200 BCE globally.
    • However, recent findings in Tamil Nadu suggest the Iron Age in India began as early as 3,345 BCE, predating the Hittite Empire’s use of iron (around 1380 BCE)

  • Notable Sites in India:
    
    • Sivagalai (Tamil Nadu): This site holds the earliest evidence of iron use in India, dating back to 3,345 BCE.
    • Mayiladumparai (Tamil Nadu): Evidence of iron tools from around 2,172 BCE.
    • Brahmagiri (Karnataka): Iron Age artifacts found here date to about 2,140 BCE.
    • Gachibowli (Telangana): Iron Age evidence from around 2,200 BCE.

  Phases of the Iron Age in India:

  1. Early Iron Age (1500 BCE – 1000 BCE)

  • Introduction of Iron Tools: Iron tools began to be used in agriculture and hunting.
  • Overlap with the Late Vedic Period: This phase coincided with the late Vedic period, during which texts like the Atharvaveda were composed.
  • Notable Sites:
    • Atranjikhera (Uttar Pradesh)
    • Malhar (Chhattisgarh)
    • Hallur (Karnataka)

  2. Middle Iron Age (1000 BCE – 600 BCE)

  • Expansion of Iron Technology: Iron technology expanded, leading to greater use of iron tools and weapons.
  • Urbanization: The growth of urban centers and the rise of fortified settlements.
  • Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Culture: The PGW culture emerged in the Ganga-Yamuna plains.
  • Rise of Janapadas: Early states or political entities, known as Janapadas, began to form.
  • Key Sites:
    • Kausambi (Uttar Pradesh)
    • Atranjikhera (Uttar Pradesh)

  3. Late Iron Age (600 BCE – 200 BCE)

  • Formation of Mahajanapadas: The rise of larger political entities known as Mahajanapadas.
  • Mauryan Empire: The establishment and expansion of the Mauryan Empire, marking the height of political unity and power.
  • Religious Growth: The spread of Buddhism and Jainism, alongside Ashoka’s edicts, promoting governance based on ethical principles.
  • Major Urban Centers:
    • Pataliputra (Patna)
    • Ujjain

• Kalaripayattu

  January 23, 2025

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  News: The relegation of Kalaripayattu to the demonstration section of the 38th edition of the National Games has sparked off a political storm. 

  About Kalaripayattu

  

  • It is one of the oldest and most scientific martial art forms in the world based on the ancient knowledge of the human body. 
  • It originated in Kerala. Myths credit the warrior sage Parasurama with establishing Kalarippayattu.  
  • The term Kalaripayattu is combination of two Malayalam words: Kalari (meaning training ground) and Payattu (meaning training of martial arts). 
  • The martial art involves 4 stages: 
    • Maippayattu- It is the body conditioning phase where the person is taught to prepare their body for a fight. 
    • Kolthari- In the second stage, a person is taught attack and self-defence with the help of wooden weapons. 
    • Angathari- In this stage, sharp metal objects are introduced after the person overcomes the fear of fighting with wooden weapons. 
    • Verumkai- Research based bare hand fighting is emphasised in this stage to teach students body anatomy. The purpose is to make the person aware of what points they can hit and what they cannot. 
  • There are two types of Kalaripayattu: 
    • Northern: In comparison to the southern type, more weapons are used, and all movements are in straight line- forward and backward. 
    • Southern: The participants can move in any direction while practicing it. 
  • It is said that Kalarippayattu was introduced in China by Bodhidharma in the 5th century AD. 
  • The martial art was added to the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of India in 2009. 

• Ratnagiri Buddhist Site

  January 22, 2025

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  News: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has uncovered remarkable Buddhist remains during fresh excavations at the historic Ratnagiri site in Jajpur district.

  

  About Ratnagiri Buddhist Site

  • Location– It is located 100 km northeast of Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
  • It is part of the famous Diamond Triangle of Odisha along with Udaygiri and Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri – translated as the ‘Hills of Jewels’.
  • The site stands on a hill between Birupa and Brahmani rivers and is Odisha’s most famous — and the most excavated – Buddhist site.
  • It was a center for Mahayana and Tantrayana (also known as Vajrayana) Buddhism.
  • Time frame– Experts date Ratnagiri to a period spanning the 5th to 13th centuries, with its peak construction activity occurring between the 7th and 10th centuries.
  • Ratnagiri was an important center of Buddhism in ancient times.
    • Some studies suggest that the famous Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler, Hiuen Tsang, who visited Odisha in 638-639 AD, may have visited Ratnagiri.

  Buddhism in Odisha and its connections with Southeast Asian nations

  • Mauryan Emperor Ashoka is believed to have invaded Kalinga in 261 BC but, deeply moved by the bloodshed in the war, he eventually embraced Buddhism. Later, he helped spread Buddhism not only within his own empire but also to Sri Lanka, as well as Central and Southeast Asia.
  • In Odisha, Buddhism is stated to have particularly flourished under the Bhaumakara dynasty, which ruled parts of the state in between the 8th and 10th Century.
  • Odisha has had strong maritime and trade connections with Southeast Asia for a long time. Historians note that goods like pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, silk, camphor, gold, and jewelry were commonly traded between the ancient kingdom of Kalinga and Southeast Asia.
  • The state also annually holds Baliyatra, literally ‘voyage to Bali’ – a seven-day festival to commemorate the 2,000-year-old maritime and cultural links between Kalinga and Bali and other South and Southeast Asian regions such as Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka).

• Konark Sun Temple

  January 20, 2025

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  News: Recently, Singapore’s President visited the world heritage site of Sun Temple at Konark. 

  About Konark Sun Temple

  

   

  • The temple was built by King Narasimha Deva I of the Ganga Dynasty in the 13th century as a tribute to the Sun God. 
  • It represents the architectural brilliance of the Kalinga temple architecture. 
  • The Sun Temple was constructed in the sea to give the appearance of the Sun God rising from the water at dawn. 
  • The temple was referred to as Black Pagoda by the European sailors due to the perception of the temple’s roof being dark. 
  • It comprises several distinct and well-organized spatial units like  jahamogana (audience hall), Natya Mandap (dance hall), Bhoga Mandap (dining hall). 
  • The original temple had a vimana that fell in 1837. 
  • The temple was fashioned like the Sun God’s chariot, which was drawn by seven horses and had twenty-four carved wheels. 
    • The wheels are designed in a way that one can gauge the time of the day by looking at the shadow cast on the spoke of the wheels by the sun.  
    • The 24-spoke Konark wheel has also been incorporated into India’s national flag.  
    • The wheel’s circular motion represents time (Kalachakra) as well as development and ongoing change in the cosmos. 
  • The temple was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. 

• Kumbh Mela

  January 15, 2025

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  News: Maha Kumbh Mela is being held in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. It is a celebration of spirituality, religion and equality. 

  About Kumbh Mela

  

  • The word Kumbh is derived from Sanskrit word Kumbh which means pitcher or pot. 
  • It is believed that during the Samudra manthan event, churning of the ocean, a pot (Kumbh) of Amrit was brought forth.  
  • When the pot of Amrit was being taken away from the Asuras, the drops spilled in 4 different locations around India. 
  • These 4 locations- Haridwar, Prayagraj, Ujjain, and Nashik-Trimbakeshwar- became the places where Kumbh Mela takes place. 
  • These holy places are located on the banks of rivers 
    • Haridwar-  Ganga River 
    • Prayagraj- Sangam of Ganga, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati 
    • Ujjain- Kshipra River
    • Nashik-Trimbakeshwar- Godavari River
  • The location of Kumbh Mela is decided based on the relative positions of the Sun, the Moon and Jupiter. 
  • Types of Kumbh: 
    • Magh Mela: It is an annual fair that attracts people from all over India.  
    • Ardh Kumbh: It comes once every 6 years. 
    • Purna Kumbh: It comes once every 12 years. 
    • Mahakumbh: It is believed to come only once every 144 years, and after the completion of 12 Purna Kumbhs. 

• Indus Valley Script

  January 6, 2025

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  News: Tamil Nadu Chief Minister has announced a prize money of $1 million for experts or organisations that are successful in deciphering the scripts of Indus Valley Civilisation. 

  About Indus Valley Script 

  

  • Evolution:  
    • During the early Harappan phase (3500-2700 BCE), the earliest examples of script signs are found on Ravi and Kot Diji pottery excavated at Harappa. 
    • During the urban period (2600-1900 BCE), the script was fully developed, and longer inscriptions were recorded. 
  • Though the script remains undeciphered, experts say that it was not alphabetical as it had too many signs, ranging from 375 to 400. 
  • The script was written from right to left (Boustrophedon Style). This is evident as some seals show a wider spacing on the right and cramping on the left. 
  • Evidence of writing has been found on a variety of objects including seals, copper tools, jewelry, terracotta tablets etc. 
  • The script was pictographic and contained iconographic motifs like realistic pictures of animals.

  Key attempts to decipher the Indus Valley Script  1932- Flinders Petrie attempted to decipher the script based on supposed similarity of pictographic principles between Indus Valley Script and Egyptian hieroglyphs.  Early 1970s- Iravatham Mahadevan found that an average inscription contained five symbols and longest inscription contained only 14 symbols in single line, establishing the direction of writing being from right to left.  1982- SR Rao argued for a Sanskrit based decipherment of script. He traced the gradual changes in the Harappan script from a picture cum linear script to a purely linear one.

• Sree Narayana Guru

  January 3, 2025

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  News: The remarks of Kerala Chief Minister, at the inaugural session of the 92nd Sivagiri pilgrimage, on Sree Narayana Guru have set off a controversy. 

  About Sree Narayana Guru 

  

  • He was a saint, philosopher, social reformer who advocated social equality and spiritual enlightenment. 
  • He was born in  Chempazhanthy, a village near Thiruvananthapuram, in the Ezhava family. 
  • He coined the famous slogan “One Caste, One Religion, On God”, emphasising on the idea of universal brotherhood. 
  • He was associated with Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam, which has played a key role in promoting socio-political reforms in Kerala. 
  • He launched the Aravipuram Movement on Shivaratri day of 1888 by installing a Shivalinga at Aravipuram, symbolising resistance against social injustice. 
  • He has also authored several literary works like Daiva Dasakam, Atmavilasam, Brahmavidya Panchakam etc. 

• Srisailam Temple

  December 30, 2024

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  News: The Archaeological Survey of India has discovered several copper plates and other ancient inscriptions at the Srisailam Temple, Andhra Pradesh. 

  About Srisailam Temple 

  

  • Location:
    • It is located on the top of Nallamala Hills in Andhra Pradesh. 
    • It lies on the bank of the river Krishna. 
  • History: 
    • The inscriptional evidence date back the temple to 2nd century BCE, during the reign of the Satavahana King 
    • It has received patronage from various dynasties like Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara Empire, Qutb Shahis. 
  • Religious Significance:   
    • The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, who is worshipped as Mallikarjuna Swamy and is represented by the lingam. While Goddess Parvati is worshipped as Brahamaramba Devi. 
      • Thus, the temple is also known as Sri Brahamaramba Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple.  
    • It is sacred to devotees of both Shaivism and Shaktism as it houses one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva and is one of the 18 Shakti Peethas. 
  • Architecture:
    • It is built in the Dravidian style, featuring lofty towers and sprawling courtyards.  
    • The temple houses many halls, the most notable being the Mukha Mandapa built during the Vijayanagar period. 

• 1924 Belagavi Session of Indian National Congress

  December 27, 2024

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  News: The 100th Anniversary of the historic 1924 Belagavi Session is being celebrated in Belagavi, Karnataka. 

  About the Belagavi Session 

  

  • It was the 39th session of the INC which took place on December 26-27, 1924, in Belagavi, Karnataka. 
  • The session was presided over by Mahatma Gandhi, marking the only time he served as the Congress President. 
  • The session saw participation by several Congress leaders including Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Sarojini Naidu, and Khilafat movement leaders Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali, among others.  

  Significance 

  • Focus on Self Reliance: The use of Khadi symbolised Gandhi’s vision for a self-reliant India. Khadi was a means for India to break free from her economic dependence on British textiles. Thus, he urged the masses to take up spinning and weaving Khadi. 
  • Communal Harmony: Gandhi considered communal harmony to be pre-requisite for freedom and unity of India. He believed that all human beings deserve equal respect, irrespective of religion. 
  • Organisational Reforms: Gandhi attempted to widen the base of the movement by reducing the membership fees by 90%, paving the way for greater participation of the masses. 

• Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum

  December 20, 2024

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  News: The Ministry of Culture has partnered with France Museums Développement (FMD) to develop the Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum as part of the Central Vista Redevelopment Project. 

  About Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum 

  

  • The museum was first announced by the Prime Minister at the International Museum Expo in May 2023. 
  • It will redefine the cultural experience by celebrating diversity, fostering inclusivity and bridging the past, present and future. 
  • It will deepen India-France cultural cooperation and involves collaboration on feasibility study, museum case studies, interpretive planning and buidling programming. 
  • The collaboration leverages France’s expertise in museum management and design to breathe new life into the historic North and South Blocks. 
  • It will be developed through Adaptive Reuse, highlighting India’s commitment to sustainability. 

• Potti Sriramulu

  December 16, 2024

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  News: The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. Chandrababu Naidu, reaffirmed the government’s commitment to establishing a Telugu University named after Potti Sriramulu.

  About Potti Sriramulu

  

  • He was an Indian freedom fighter known for his pivotal role in the creation of Andhra State.
  • He was bestowed with the title ‘Amarajeevi‘ for his supreme sacrifice for the cause of the people of Andhra.
  • He was born on March 16, 1901, in the Madras Presidency, now part of Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.
  • He is remembered for his commitment to social justice and the upliftment of Dalits.
  • Freedom struggle contribution:
    • He was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi to join the freedom struggle.
    • He was actively participated in significant movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), Salt Satyagraha (1930), and Individual Satyagraha (1941-42).
    • He was arrested by the British during the Quit India Movement in 1942 and jailed along with Gandhiji.
  • Post independence:
    • He began a hunger strike on October 19, 1952, demanding Andhra Pradesh’s formation from the Madras Presidency.
    • After 58 days of fasting, he died on December 15, 1952, in Mylapore.
    • His sacrifice led to the announcement of Andhra Pradesh on December 19, 1952, with statehood granted on November 1, 1956.
  • Socio-religious activities:
    • He was involved in the village reconstruction programmes at Rajkot in Gujarat.
    • He also joined Gandhi ashram (established by Yerneni Subrahmanyam) in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh.
    • He undertook three fasts to support Dalit (Harijan) entry rights to holy places including Venu Gopala Swamy Temple in Moolapeta, and Nellore.

• Abathsahayeswarar Temple

  December 14, 2024

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  News: The Abathsahayeswarar temple has been selected for the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation. 

  About Abathsahayeswarar Temple 

  

  • The temple is in Thukkatchi in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu. 
  • It is 1,300-year-old and was constructed by Kings Vikrama Chola and Kulothunga Chola. 
    • Kulothunga established an idol for Sarabeshwarar, which is the reason this deity is called Aadhi Sarabeshwarar. 
  • The temple houses numerous deities like Soundaryanayaki Ambal, Pillayar, Murugan etc. 
  • The temple has been restored using traditional and modern conservation techniques. 

  Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation  Initiated by UNESCO in 2000.  Recognises the efforts of individuals and organisations in Asia and Pacific in restoring, conserving, and transforming structures of heritage value.  The objective is to protect cultural heritage sites.

• Subramania Bharati

  December 13, 2024

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  News: Prime Minister has released the compendium of complete works of Mahakavi Subramania Bharati on his 143rd birth anniversary.

  About Subramania Bharati

  

  • He was a poet, freedom fighter, journalist, social reformer from Tamil Nadu.
  • He was given the title of Mahakavi on account of being a pioneer of modern Tamil poetry.
  • He started his career in journalism with Swadesamitran and was also associated with newspapers like The Hindu, Bala Bharata etc.
  • He emphasised on women empowerment, opposed caste system and child marriage and advocated socio-religious reforms.
  • His notable works are Kuyil Pattu, Panchali Sabatham, Kannan Pattu etc.

• Notre Dame Cathedral

  December 9, 2024

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  News: Notre Dame Cathedral, one of France’s most iconic landmarks, recently reopened after five years of restoration following the 2019 fire.

  About Notre Dame Cathedral

  

  • It is a medieval Catholic cathedral located on an island in the Seine River in Paris, France.
  • The cathedral is dedicated to the Virgin Mary.
  • It is regarded as one of the best examples of French Gothic architecture.
  • It contains important religious and historical artifacts, including the Crown of Thorns, believed to have been worn by Jesus during his crucifixion.
  • It also houses France’s largest musical instrument, The Great Organ.
  • It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

  History of Cathedral

  • Notre-Dame is thought to have been built on the site of a former Gallo-Roman temple dedicated to Jupiter.
  • The construction of Notre-Dame began in 1160 under Bishop Maurice de Sully and was mostly completed by 1260.
  • During the French Revolution, its spiritual role changed significantly, as it was converted into the “Temple of Reason” and later the “Temple of the Supreme Being.”
  • When Napoleon Bonaparte became ruler of France in 1801, he selected Notre-Dame for his coronation and vowed to restore it.

  Architecture – Notre-Dame remains one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture , featuring soaring spires, intricate stained glass windows, and impressive flying buttresses.

  About Gothic Architecture Gothic architecture is a style that emerged in Europe from the mid-12th to the 16th century. It is characterized by masonry buildings with vast, open spaces and walls decorated with detailed tracery. Key features of Gothic architecture- Pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and stained-glass windows. Gargoyles and grotesques were also common, and the design often focused on light and tall, slender towers. Notable examples of Gothic architecture- Chartres Cathedral in France, Westminster Abbey in London, the Cathedral of Milan.

  French architecture in India

  

  • French architecture in India is a blend of Indian and French styles.
  • The most distinctive feature of French architecture in India is the use of columns to support the roof and divide the building into sections.
  • Key elements of the Indo-French architectural style include dormers, shutter windows, rounded towers or gables, sloping roofs, and chimneys.
  • French Architects like Le Corbusier laid the foundations of modern urban planning in India.
  • Examples of Indo-French Architecture Chandernagor, West Bengal– Governor’s House, the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, and the Church of St. Francis Xavier.

• Ashtalakshmi Mahotsav

  December 7, 2024

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  News: Prime Minister has inaugurated the first edition of Ashtalakshmi Mahotsav, which is being celebrated from December 6th to 8th 2024 at Pragati Maidan, Delhi.

  About the Ashtalakshmi Mahotsav

  

  • The festival celebrates the beauty, culture, and diversity of the 8 North-Eastern States Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura, and Sikkim.
    • These states are collectively called Ashtalakshmi, representing the eight forms of prosperity as embodied by goddess Lakshmi.
  • It offers a dynamic platform to display Northeast India’s vibrant textile sector, tourism opportunities, traditional craftmanship and distinctive Geographical Indication (GI) tagged products.
  • The festival underlines the importance of infrastructure development in Northeast India and its transformative impact on the region.
  • Key highlights of the event
    • Display of unique handicrafts, handlooms and agri-horticultural products of the Northeast India.
    • Focus on key development areas like women’s leadership, IT, energy, healthcare etc.
    • Investors roundtable to promote opportunities in sectors like handicrafts, agriculture and tourism.
    • Various cultural performances.

  Key Schemes to promote infrastructural development in North Eastern India 1. North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS) It is a central sector scheme It is implemented by the Ministry of Development for North Eastern Region. Two components of the scheme are: A) NESIDS-Road B) NESIDS-Other Than Road Infrastructure (OTRI) The objective of the scheme is to support infrastructural development in the identified sectors in the North Eastern States. 2. Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East (PM-DevINE) It is a central sector scheme It is implemented by the Ministry of Development for North Eastern Region. Objectives of the scheme include: Funding infrastructure Supporting social development projects Creating livelihood opportunities for women and youth Filling development gaps in various sectors

   

• Hornbill Festival

  December 5, 2024

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  News: The Nagaland government is organising the popular Hornbill festival from December 1 to December 10, 2024.

  About Hornbill Festival

  

  1. The Hornbill Festival is also referred to as the “Festival of Festivals” in Nagaland as it showcases the vibrant culture, language and traditions of the ethnic tribes of the state.

  2. It is an annual festival celebrated for the first ten days of December. The festival coincides with the Statehood Day of Nagaland (1st December), which adds to its significance.

  3. The festival is celebrated at the Kisama Heritage Village, located 12km south of Kohima, the capital of Nagaland.

  4. It is named after the Hornbill Bird, which represents strength, vitality and respect for nature. The bird is also revered for its beauty and significance in local folklore, culture and customs.

  5. The festival features an exhibition of Nagaland’s traditional art and handicrafts. The artisans display their works like wood carvings, textiles, jewelry.

  6. It has enhanced the state’s tourism brand by attracting tourists from all over the world, promoting cultural heritage, food and cuisine, music and architecture of the state.

  7. A key highlight of the festival is that it brings 17 major tribes of the state on a single platform, displaying their folk dances, rituals, traditional attire, music and culture.

  Great Hornbill   In India, Great Hornbills are found in Western Ghats and Himalayas. Generally, they occupy the canopy of tall trees in evergreen and moist deciduous forests. They are mostly herbivores, feeding largely on fruits, figs, berries. Great Hornbill is the state bird of Kerala and Arunachal Pradesh. Protection Status      IUCN: Vulnerable      WPA, 1972: Schedule 1

   

   

   

• Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra

  December 3, 2024

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  News: An Ajmer court’s recent decision to admit a petition for a survey of the Ajmer Sharif Dargah has sparked calls for a similar investigation into the historic Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra.

  Ajmer’s deputy mayor has claimed that the site was originally a Sanskrit college and Jain temple before being converted into a mosque in the 12th century. Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra.

  About Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra

  

  • It is one of the oldest mosques in the country, located in Ajmer, Rajasthan. It is also the second oldest completed mosque in North India, after the Quwwat ul Islam mosque in Delhi.
  • It was commissioned by Qutabuddin Aibak after the Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithviraj III (popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan) in the Second Battle of Tarain.
  • The structure was completed in 1199 CE and was further enhanced by Iltutmish of Delhi in 1213 CE.
  • It is an example of early Indo-Islamic architecture.

  Historical Claims

  • The site of the mosque originally had another structure.
  • According to Jain tradition, this structure was constructed by Seth Viramdeva Kala in 660 CE as a Jain shrine to celebrate Panch Kalyanaka ( a five-day celebration to mark the five auspicious events in the life of a Jain tirthankara).
  • ASI excavations from 1874-75 at the site uncovered a number of inscriptions which referred to a Sanskrit college which was built in 1153 by the Chauhan emperor Visaladeva.
  • The original building was partially destroyed and converted into a mosque by Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak of Delhi in the late 12th century.

• Ajmer Sharif and Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti

  November 30, 2024

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  News: An Ajmer court recently accepted a petition by the Hindu Sena, which claims that a  Shiva temple lies beneath the Ajmer Sharif dargah.

  About Ajmer Sharif

  

  • It is the shrine of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, the revered Sufi saint from Persia.
  • The shrine was built by Mughal King Humayun.
  • The white marble dome of Chishti’s shrine, as seen today, was built in 1532.
  • It is an example of Indo-Islamic architecture.
  • The shrine has been visited by rulers like Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Sher Shah Suri, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
  • The death anniversary of Moinuddin Chishti is called the Urs Sharif festival.

  About Sufism Sufism is a mystical form of Islam that emphasizes a spiritual search for God. It emphasizes on devotion, and asceticism while rejecting materialism. The Sufis were organised in a number of different silsilahs (orders). The Sufi pirs lived in Khanqahs with their disciples. The Khanqah (the hospice) was the centre of Sufi activities.

  About Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti

  Early life

  • He was born in Sijistan (modern-day Sistan) in Iran in 1141-42 CE.
  • By 20, Moinuddin had traveled widely, studying various subjects in Bukhara and Samarkand. He later met Khwaja Usman Harooni, a Sufi master, who became his mentor.
  • After years of spiritual training, Moinuddin was initiated into the Chishti order and set on his own path.

  Journey in India

  • He arrived in Delhi Sultanate during the reign of the sultan Iltutmish.
  • After Muizuddin Muhammad bin Sam defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain (1192) and established rule in Delhi, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti began living and preaching in Ajmer.

  Chishti Order (Chishtiya):

  • The Chishti order was founded in the 10th century by Abu Ishaq Shami in the town of Chisht near Herat in Afghanistan.
  • In India, Chishtiya Order was founded by Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti
  • Chistis renounced material possessions as distractions from focusing on God and avoided involvement with the secular state.
  • Disciples of Khwaja Moin-Uddin Chishti, like Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, Fareeduddin Ganj-e-Shakar, Nizamuddin Auliya, and Naseeruddin Charagh, spread and popularized Chishti teachings.

  Other major Sufi Orders in India:

  Suhrawardi Order:

  • It was established in India by Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya.
  • Unlike the Chishti saints, the Suhrawardis maintained close ties with the state. They accepted gifts, jagirs from sultans.

  Naqshbandi Order:

  • In India, this order was established by Khwaja Bahauddin Naqshbandi.
  • From the beginning, this Order’s mystics stressed the Shariat’s observance and denounced all innovations or biddat.

  The Qadri order

  • This order was popular in Punjab and founded in the 14th century by Sheikh Abdul Qadir of Badaun.
  • Sheikh Abdul Qadir and his sons were supporters of the Mughals under Akbar.

• Women Pioneers of the Indian Constitution

  November 29, 2024

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  News: The Indian Constitution was crafted by 299 members of the Constituent Assembly, including 15 extraordinary women from varied backgrounds. It included leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Sucheta Kripalani and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.

  It also included lesser-known women from across the country who actively contributed to debates on gender, caste, and reservations. The article discusses five of them.

  About 5 Notable Women in the Constituent Assembly

  1. Ammu Swaminathan (1894-1978)
  

  

  • She was born in Palakkad, Kerala.
  • She co-founded the Women’s India Association in 1917 alongside leaders such as Annie Besant.
  • She advocated for women’s education rights and opposed restrictive widowhood practices.
  • In the Constituent Assembly, she spoke about the Hindu Code Bill and gender equality.
  • Post-independence, she was elected as an MP from Dindigul in Tamil Nadu.
  • She also served as India’s goodwill ambassador to countries like Russia, China and the US.

  2. Annie Mascarene (1902-1963)
  

  

  • She was born in Travancore (now Thiruvananthapuram) into a Latin Christian family from the lowest caste.
  • She supported universal adult franchise and opposed caste-based voting rights.
  • She joined the All Travancore Joint Political Congress and later the Travancore State Congress.
  • As a Constituent Assembly member, she advocated for a strong central government and autonomy for local governments.
  • She elected as an independent candidate in 1952 from Thiruvananthapuram.

  3. Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909-2001)
  

  

  • She was born into Punjab’s royal family.
  • She pursued formal education despite facing opposition, including a fatwa against her attending convent school.
  • As a Muslim League member, she campaigned for women’s issues and opposed religiously separate electorates.
  • She remained in India after the partition and joined the Indian National Congress.
  • She was elected to the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh in 1952
  • She played a key role in promoting women’s hockey.

  4. Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912-1978)
  

  

  • She was the first Dalit woman to graduate in science in Cochin (now Kochi) and the first Dalit woman in the Cochin Legislative Council.
  • In 1946, she was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Malabar.
  • She opposed Ambedkar’s call for separate electorates, believing it would cause division and weaken nationalism.
  • After independence, she stayed active in the Dalit movement and continued to advocate for social justice.

  5. Renuka Ray (1904-1997)
  

  

  • She was born in Pabna, present-day Bangladesh.
  • She Joined the freedom struggle after meeting Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.
  • She was active in advocating for women’s rights, including divorce and inheritance.
  • She represented women’s organisations in the Central Legislative Assembly in 1943 and later she elected to constituent Assembly.
  • As a Constituent Assembly member, she supported the Hindu Code Bill. However, she opposed reserved seats for women in legislatures, seeing it as an obstacle to their progress.

• Lothal- Harrapan Port Town

  November 28, 2024

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  News: An IIT Delhi student recently lost her life while conducting research near the archaeological site of Lothal in Gujarat.

  About Lothal

  1. It was one of the southernmost sites of the Indus Valley civilization (IVC).

  2. Its archaeological remains is located along the Bhogava river, a tributary of Sabarmati, in the Gulf of Khambat.

  3. The site offers evidence of Harappan culture dating back to the period between 2400 BCE and 1600 BCE.

  4. The excavated site of Lothal is the only port-town of the Indus Valley Civilisation.

  5. Discovery– Lothal was discovered by SR Rao, an Indian archaeologist. Excavation work was carried out in Lothal between February 1955 and May 1960.

  6. Features of the town:

  • The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) states that Lothal had the world’s oldest known dock, linking it to an ancient course of the Sabarmati River.
  • Other features also include the acropolis, the lower town, the bead factory, the warehouses, and the drainage system.
  • Lothal served as a trade hub connecting the Harappan civilization with the rest of India, Mesopotamia, and Africa.

  Heritage Value of Lothal:

  • Lothal was nominated in 2014 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and its application is pending on the tentative list of UNESCO.
  • The National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) is being built at Lothal to showcase India’s rich maritime history.

    

  Other important sites of IVC Harappa in present Pakistan:  known for granaries, citadels, mother goddess figure. Mohenjo-daro in present Pakistan: Famous for the Great Bath,, sculpture of bearded priest, great granary Dholavira in Gujrat : Noted for its water harnessing system, reservoirs, and unique city planning with three divisions. Kalibangan in Rajasthan : Recognized for fire altars and evidence of plowed agricultural fields. Banawali in Haryana: Known for its oval-shaped settlement layout, toy plough, barley grains. Rakhigarhi in Haryana– One of the largest IVC sites, Evidence of paved roads, drainage system, large rainwater collection, storage system, terracotta bricks, statue production.

• Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs)

  November 26, 2024

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  Source: This post on Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs) has been created based on the article “CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES” published in PIB on 26th November 2024.

  Why in news?

  The Ministry of Culture actively signs Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs).

  About Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs)

  1. The Ministry of Culture actively signs Cultural Exchange Programmes (CEPs) to promote Indian art and culture globally.

  2. Aim: These programmes aim to enhance India’s soft power and foster inter-cultural relations with other nations.

  3. Objective: To disseminate Indian art and culture globally and to develop and strengthen inter-cultural relations with other nations.

  4. Areas of Collaboration: Cultural exchanges cover a diverse range of areas, including: Music and dance, Theatre, Museums and science museums, Libraries and archives, Protection and conservation of historic monuments and archaeological sites, Literature, research, and documentation and Festivals and cultural events

  5. Current Status: 144 countries have ongoing CEP negotiations. Valid signed CEPs exist with 84 countries

  Festivals of India (FoI) Abroad

  1. Festivals of India (FoI) are cultural initiatives aimed at promoting India’s rich heritage and enhancing its global image through impactful cultural diplomacy.

  2. Objectives of FoI:

  i) Promote Indian Culture abroad to create lasting cultural connections.

  ii) Strengthen bonds between India and foreign countries.

  iii) Enhance bilateral cultural contacts and collaboration.

  iv) Project a positive cultural image of India internationally.

  v) Drive interest in inbound tourism, including medical and wellness tourism (Ayush).

  Significance of FoI: It act as tools for inter-cultural understanding and showcase India’s soft power. They contribute to various sectors like: Tourism, Health, Education and Commerce

  Strategic cultural engagement boosts India’s global influence. 62 Festivals of India have been organized in 59 countries since 2013-14.

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

• Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar 

  November 23, 2024

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  Source: This post on Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar has been created based on the article “82 Young Artists to be Conferred Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puruskar for the Years 2022 and 2023, Tomorrow” published in PIB on 23rd November 2024.

  Why in news?

  The Union Minister of Culture and Tourism conferred the prestigious Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar for the years 2022 and 2023 to 82 young artists at a special ceremony.

  About Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar

  1. Initiated by: Sangeet Natak Akademi in 2006.

  2. Objective: To honor and support young artists under 40 in music, dance, drama, folk/tribal arts, puppetry, and allied performing arts.

  3. Eligibility: Artists below 40 years of age.

  4. Fields Recognized: Music, Dance, Theatre, Traditional/Folk/Tribal Arts, Puppetry, and Scholarship in Performing Arts.

  5. Recognition: Cash prize of ₹25,000, a plaque, and an angavastram.

  6. Significance: Encourages young talents, preserving and promoting India’s diverse cultural heritage.

  About Ustad Bismillah Khan

  1. He was a classical musician to popularize shehnai in Indian classical music.

  2. He was born on March 21, 1916, in Dumraon, Bihar, into a family of court musicians.

  3. He is known for his devotion to Indian classical music and his ability to blend Hindustani classical ragas with the unique tonal quality of the shehnai.

  4. His music was characterized by its purity, spiritual depth, and emotional intensity, often evoking a sense of devotion and tranquility.

  5. He represented the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb (the syncretic culture of Hindu-Muslim unity) through his music and persona.

  6. He played at the All India Music Conference in Kolkata in 1937, earning wide recognition.  He also played shehnai at the Red Fort on August 15, 1947, marking India’s Independence and establishing a tradition. He performed there on every Independence Day until his death.

  Achievements and Honors

  1. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2001, becoming the third classical musician to receive India’s highest civilian honor.

  2. Other major awards: He was also awarded with Padma Shri (1961), Padma Bhushan (1968) and Padma Vibhushan (1980).

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

• Significant Archaeological Discovery at Kerala

  November 22, 2024

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  Source: This post on Significant Archaeological Discovery at Kanhirapoil, Kerala has been created based on the article “Rock-cut footprints, human figure dating back to Megalithic period unearthed at Kerala’s Kanhirapoil” published in The Hindu on 22nd November 2024.

  Why in news?

  A major archaeological discovery has been made at Kanhirapoil, located in the Madikkai grama panchayat of Kasaragod district, Kerala. The find provides fascinating insights into the prehistoric culture of the region.

  Details of the Discovery

  

  

  1. A set of rock carvings was discovered on private property in Kanhirapoil, Kerala. These include 24 pairs of footprints carved into the rock and an intricately etched human figure surrounded by four circular pits.

  2. Key Features of the Carvings: The carvings are believed to date back to the Megalithic period, approximately 2,000 years ago. They were created using iron tools.

  The footprints range in size from 6 to 10 inches, indicating representations of both adults and children. All of the footprints are oriented westward.

  3. Experts suggest that the footprints symbolize the souls of the deceased and were likely carved to honor them. However, local people believe that the footprints belong to a goddess.

  4. The artistic style and symbolism of the carvings are similar to prehistoric rock art found in Avalakki Pera in Udupi district, Karnataka, and other sites in north Kerala.

  5. Historical Context: The carvings offer valuable insights into the cultural and artistic practices of the region’s prehistoric inhabitants.

  6. Similar artefacts and carvings have been found in other parts of north Kerala, such as Erikulam Valiyapara, Cheemeni Ariyittapara, Ettukudukka, and the renowned Edakkal Caves in Wayanad. These discoveries point to a shared cultural heritage in prehistoric north Kerala.

  7. Implications: This discovery highlights the historical importance of the region and reinforces the need for further archaeological exploration.

  8. It sheds light on the artistic expressions and cultural traditions of Kerala’s early inhabitants, inviting deeper studies into the ancient past of the area.

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

• ‘Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman’ Campaign

  November 20, 2024

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  Source: This post on ‘Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman’ Campaign has been created based on the article “Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman Campaign” published in PIB on 20th November 2024.

  Why in news?

  Recently, the third regional event of the ‘Hamara Samvidhan Hamara Samman’ campaign was held at IIT Guwahati. This regional event was organized as part of the Designing Innovative Solutions for Holistic Access to Justice (DISHA) scheme, implemented by the Department of Justice under the Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India.

  About the ‘Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman’ Campaign

  1. About: The ‘Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Samman’ campaign commemorates the 75th anniversary of the adoption of the Indian Constitution and India’s establishment as a Republic.

  2. Launched on: It was officially launched on January 24, 2024 by the Hon’ble Vice President of India at the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi.

  3. Aim: The campaign aims to promote awareness and understanding of the Indian Constitution and encourage citizens to recognize and exercise their legal rights.

  4. The initiative seeks to highlight the Constitution’s significance as the supreme legal authority that defines India’s governance framework and safeguards citizens’ rights.

  Highlights of the event

  1. A symbolic gesture of planting saplings was conducted as a tribute to the 15 women members of the Constituent Assembly under the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Nam’ campaign. This act symbolized the roots of the Constitution and the values of justice, equality, and freedom.

  2. The Samvidhan Katta Magazine featuring 75 real-life stories about the impact of the Constitution in daily life, was launched during the event.

  3. A Comic Book highlighting the stories of 10 beneficiaries of the Tele Law and Nyaya Bandhu programs was also unveiled, aiming to make constitutional rights more relatable and accessible.

  4. Eight podcasts were released, providing insights into how citizens can use the Constitution to safeguard their rights through Tele Law and Nyaya Bandhu initiatives.

  5. Tribute was paid to the contributions of women in the Constituent Assembly, including Late Smt. Leela Roy. Homage was also given to Syed Muhammad Saadulla, Assam’s sole member in the Drafting Committee, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar for his pivotal role in crafting the Constitution.

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

• Birsa Munda

  November 15, 2024

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  Source: This post on Birsa Munda  has been created based on the article “Prime Minister pays tribute to Bhagwan Birsa Munda on his birth anniversary, commemorated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas” published in The Hindu on 15th November 2024.

  Why in news?

  Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi honored Bhagwan Birsa Munda on his birth anniversary, celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas.

  About Birsa Munda

  

  1. Birsa Munda (1875–1900) was a prominent tribal leader, freedom fighter, and folk hero from India.

  2. He was born on November 15, 1875, in Ulihatu village, Ranch, Jharkhand.

  3. He belonged to the Munda tribe, a prominent tribal community in the Chotanagpur plateau.

  4. He attended missionary schools; learned about Western education and Christianity but later rejected colonial influences.

  Struggles Against British Colonial Rule

  Opposition to Exploitation: He fought against the oppressive British policies and the exploitation of tribal lands by landlords (dikus) and the colonial government.

  Land Rights Movement: He advocated for tribal autonomy and protection of land through the “Ulgulan” (The Great Rebellion).

  Religious and Social Reforms

  Spiritual Leadership: He declared himself a prophet and began preaching the message of monotheism, unity, and social reform.

  Cultural Revival: He encouraged tribal people to return to their indigenous culture and reject superstitions, alcohol consumption, and missionary conversions.

  Religious Movement: He founded a new faith combining tribal beliefs with elements of his revolutionary ideology.

  About the Ulgulan Movement

  1. He led the Ulgulan (Revolt) in the late 1890s to reclaim tribal lands from British control.

  2. It was aimed to establish a self-governing tribal system and abolish feudal landlordism.

  3. He organized the Mundas and other tribal communities to resist through guerrilla warfare.

  4. He was arrested by British authorities in 1900 and imprisoned in Ranchi Jail, where he died on June 9, 1900 under mysterious circumstances.

  Legacy

  1. He played a pivotal role in inspiring the tribal identity and movements that led to the formation of Jharkhand state in 2000.

  2. He was honored as “Bhagwan” n(God) by his followers and remembered as a symbol of tribal pride and resistance.

  3. Tributes: His birth anniversary, November 15 is celebrated as Jharkhand Foundation Day and Birsa Munda Jayanti.

  Read more: 124th Death Anniversary of Birsa Munda

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

• Shree Swaminarayan Mandir

  November 12, 2024

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  Source: This post on Shree Swaminarayan Mandir has been created based on the article “Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi participates in 200th year celebrations of Shree Swaminarayan Mandir in Vadtal, Gujarat” published in PIB on 12th November 2024.

  Why in news?

  Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently celebrates 200th Anniversary of Shree Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal.

  About Shree Swaminarayan Mandir

  1. Shree Swaminarayan Mandir in located in Vadtal, Gujarat. It was established on November 3, 1824 under the guidance of Bhagwan Swaminarayan.

  2. The temple serves as the headquarters for the Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi.

  3. Design: The temple features a lotus-shaped plinth and nine domes, showcasing intricate stone carvings on its pillars.

  4. Shrines: The central shrine houses idols of Lakshmi Narayan and RanchhodRaiji. The right shrine contains images of Radha Krishna alongside Swaminarayan in the form of Hari Krishna, while the left shrine features Vasudev, Dharma, and Bhakti.

  5. Historical Significance: The temple’s construction was supervised by Sadguru Shree Brahmanand Swami and completed in just fifteen months. It stands as a testament to the devotion and architectural prowess of the era.

  6. Significance of the Swaminarayan Movement: Lord Swaminarayan restored spiritual and national pride. He emphasized the importance of the ShikshaPatri and Vachanamrit texts and encouraged people to carry forward their teachings.

  7. Vadtal Dham’s Contributions: Vadtal Dham actively supports social services, providing education, food, and shelter, especially in remote tribal areas. The organization also promotes initiatives like female education, environmental campaigns, and cultural preservation, embodying a blend of modernity and spirituality.

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

• Chittaranjan Das

  November 6, 2024

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  Source: This post on Chittaranjan Das has been created based on the article “PARLIAMENTARIANS PAY TRIBUTES TO DESHBANDHU CHITTARANJAN DAS” published in PIB on 6th November 2024.

  Why in news?

  Recently, Lok Sabha Speaker Shri Om Birla paid floral tributes to Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das at his portrait in the Central Hall of Samvidhan Sadan on his Birth Anniversary.

  About Chittaranjan Das

  

  1. Chittaranjan Das (5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925) was affectionately known as ‘Deshbandhu’ (Friend of the Nation).He was a prominent Indian freedom fighter, political leader, and lawyer from Bengal.

  2. He played a significant role in India’s struggle for independence and was a mentor to leaders like Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.

  3. Early Life and Education:

  i) He was born into a respected Bengali Baidya family in Calcutta (now Kolkata.

  ii) He pursued his education at the London Missionary Society’s Institution in Bhawanipur and later graduated from Presidency College, Calcutta, in 1890.

  iii) Subsequently, he traveled to England to study law at the Middle Temple and was called to the Bar in 1894.

  4. Legal Career: Das gained prominence as a lawyer when he successfully defended Aurobindo Ghosh in the Alipore Bomb Case of 1909, showcasing his legal acumen and commitment to the nationalist cause.

  5. Political Involvement

  i) A staunch advocate for India’s independence, Das was actively involved in the Indian National Congress (INC).

  ii) He supported the Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi and was elected President of the INC during its Gaya session in 1922.

  iii) However, due to differences over council entry strategies, he resigned from the presidency and, along with Motilal Nehru, founded the Swaraj Party in 1923 to advocate for greater self-governance.

  6. Contributions to Communal Harmony: Das initiated the Bengal Pact in 1923 understanding the economic disparities between Hindu and Muslim communities in Bengal.

  This agreement aimed to address communal tensions by ensuring proportional representation in legislative bodies and government jobs, promoting unity and cooperation among different communities.

  7. Literary Pursuits: Beyond his political and legal endeavors, Das was also a distinguished Bengali poet. He authored several works, including “Malancha,” “Mala,” and “Sagar Sangeet,” reflecting his literary talent and deep appreciation for Bengali culture.

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

• Asian Buddhist Summit 2024

  November 5, 2024

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  Source: This post on Asian Buddhist Summit 2024 has been created based on the article “Asian Buddhist Summit 2024” published in PIB on 5th November 2024.

  Why in news?

  The First Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS) takes place on November 5-6, 2024, in New Delhi, India.

  About the First Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS)

  

  1. Organizers: Hosted by India’s Ministry of Culture in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC).

  2. Theme: “Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia” – exploring Buddhism’s impact across Asia.
  Chief Guest: The President of India, underscoring the significance of the event.

  Summit Focus Areas

  

  1. Buddhist Art, Architecture, and Heritage: It reflects the spiritual and cultural ties within Buddhism. Indian landmarks like Sanchi stupas and Ajanta caves that convey Buddha’s teachings and artistic heritage.

  2. Buddha Cārikā (Wanderings) and Dissemination of Teachings: Buddha’s travels in India to spread his teachings to people from diverse backgrounds.

  3. Role of Buddhist Relics in Society: Relics symbolize Buddha’s teachings, promote community gatherings, support local economies, and inspire peace and compassion.

  4. Buddha Dhamma in Scientific Research and Well-being: It emphasis on mindfulness, compassion, and interconnectedness offers holistic approaches to health and wellness.

  5. Buddhist Literature and Philosophy in the 21st Century: Ancient texts and philosophies continue to offer wisdom on human nature, reality, and enlightenment.

  India’s Initiatives to Preserve Buddhist Heritage

  1. Buddhist Tourism Circuit: A government initiative to develop a tourism circuit encompassing key Buddhist sites in India, including Kapilvastu.

  2. Global Buddhist Summit 2023: It focused on values and peace, emphasizing Buddha Dhamma’s role in global challenges.

  3. SCO Conference on Shared Buddhist Heritage (2022-2023): Discussed Buddhist art and archaeological connections among member states.

  3. Symposium on Vipassana Meditation (2024): An event in Bangkok discussing meditation’s role in well-being and peace.

  4. Recognition of Pali Language as Classical: Pali, used in Buddha’s sermons, achieved classical status in October 2024, affirming its cultural importance.

  5. International Abhidhamma Diwas: It was held on October 17, 2024, in New Delhi, celebrating Abhidhamma’s teachings and Pali’s role in preserving Buddha Dhamma.

  About Buddhism

  

  1. Origins of Buddha Dhamma: Buddha Dhamma originated in the 6th century BCE when Siddhartha Gautama achieved enlightenment, sharing profound teachings on the nature of existence and the path to liberation.

  2. Post-Mahaparinirvana: After the Buddha’s passing, his followers preserved and spread his teachings, which eventually evolved into three main Buddhist traditions: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana.

  3. Emperor Ashoka’s Contribution: Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (268-232 BCE) played a transformative role in promoting Buddha Dhamma, applying its principles to governance, which fostered societal peace, happiness, and harmony. His rock and pillar edicts remain as lasting testaments to Buddhism’s spread across Asia.

  4. Early Divisions and Development: By the first century CE, Buddhism saw a significant split, leading to Mahayana and Nikaya Buddhism, with Theravada as the only remaining Nikaya school. This division marked the formation of distinctive interpretations within Buddhism.

  5. Expansion and Adaptation: As Buddhism expanded beyond India, it adapted to local cultures.  It spread northward through Central Asia into East Asia, forming the Northern branch, and eastward into Southeast Asia, developing the Southern branch.

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

•  Battle of Walong 

  October 18, 2024

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  Source: This post on  Battle of Walong has been created based on the article “Indian Army lines up month-long commemorative events to mark 62 years of Battle of Walong” published in The hindu on 18th October 2024.

  Why in news?

  The Indian Army is organizing a series of month-long events to commemorate the 62nd anniversary of the Battle of Walong, which occurred during the 1962 war with China.

  About Battle of Walong

  1. The Battle of Walong, fought between 14 and 16 November 1962, was the only counterattack launched by India during the India-China war of 1962.

  2. The battle took place in Arunachal Pradesh’s Walong, the easternmost town near the Tibet region.

  3. The Indian Army’s 6 Kumaon Battalion launched the counterattack with limited resources, ammunition, and manpower. Despite being heavily outnumbered, Indian troops managed to hold back the Chinese forces for over 20 days.

  4. Initially, China had reserved a full division for attacks on Tawang and Sela sectors and assigned just one regiment for Walong. However, due to stiff Indian resistance, the Chinese had to divert their division meant for Tawang to Walong.

  4. Notable Incidents: On 23 October, a company led by Lt Bikram Singh removed planks from a wooden bridge, causing the first Chinese soldier crossing the bridge to fall into a river, alerting Indian troops and allowing them to repel the Chinese assault, inflicting heavy casualties.

  6. Counterattack at Tri Junction: On 12 November, Indian troops planned to disrupt Chinese operations by attacking from a feature called Tri Junction. The counterattack launched by two companies under Captain B.N. Singh on 14 November was met with fierce Chinese resistance.

  7. Final Day of Battle: On 16 November, Chinese troops launched a massive attack on Walong. Despite valiant resistance from the few remaining Indian troops, they were surrounded and ordered to withdraw due to lack of reinforcements and mounting casualties.

  8. Post-War Scenario: After the war, the Chinese vacated most of the territory they had captured, including Walong, but India learned hard lessons regarding preparedness, infrastructure, and the importance of proper military equipment.

  9. Legacy and Recognition: The bravery and determination of Indian soldiers were recognized, with Time magazine in January 1963 stating, “At Walong, Indian troops lacked everything. The only thing they did not lack was guts.”

  UPSC Syllabus: History 

• Abhidhamma Divas

  October 16, 2024

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  Source: This post on Abhidhamma Divas has been created based on the article “Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi to Attend the Celebrations of Abhidhamma Divas andRecognition of Pali as a Classical Language”  published in PIB on 16^th October 2024.

  Why in news?

  Recently, Abhidhamma Divas was celebrated on 17th October 2024 by Ministry of Culture in association with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC).

  About Abhidhamma Divas

  1. Abhidhamma Divas, also known as Abhidhamma Day, is a significant Buddhist observance. It commemorates the Buddha’s descent from the Tāvatiṃsa Heaven after imparting Abhidhamma teachings.

  2. The event signifies the Buddha’s return to the human world to share these advanced teachings with his disciples.

  3. Abhidhamma Divas coincides with Pavāraņā Festival which signifies the end of the first Rainy Retreat.

  Historical Significance:

  1. According to tradition, after attaining enlightenment, the Buddha spent three months in the Tāvatiṃsa Heaven. He taught the Abhidhamma to his mother, Māyā, who had passed away and was reborn there.

  2. This period coincides with the Buddhist Lent, known as Vassa, a time when monks stay in monasteries to meditate and study.

  3. Abhidhamma Divas is celebrated on the full moon day of the seventh lunar month. It marks the end of the Vassa period and is observed with devotion across Theravāda Buddhist countries like: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos,  Cambodia and Sri Lanka.

  4. Religious Activities: Devotees gather at temples for various religious practices: Offering alms to monks and nuns, participating in scripture recitation and listening to sermons on the Abhidhamma and engaging in meditation and reflecting on the Buddha’s teachings

  5. Cultural and Spiritual Practices: The day is an opportunity for Buddhists to:

  i) Deepen their understanding of the Buddha’s teachings, particularly the Abhidhamma, which focuses on Buddhist psychology and philosophy.

  ii) Cultivate virtues of generosity, wisdom, and loving-kindness.

  iii) Perform acts of charity, such as donating food, clothing, or money to monasteries, charitable organizations, and the needy.

  Significance in Modern Times: Abhidhamma Divas encourages mindfulness, self-reflection, and spiritual growth. It reinforces the core values of Buddhism, including compassion and the pursuit of wisdom. The observance also highlights the importance of connecting with the teachings of the Buddha to lead a life of peace and purpose.

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture 

• Chenchu Tribe

  October 5, 2024

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  Source: The post on Chenchu Tribe is based on the article “A tribe out of time: how Chenchus have been caught between ancestral past and uncertain future in Andhra Pradesh” published in “The Hindu” on 4th October 2024.

  Why in the News?

  The Chenchus of Penukumadugu who are long residents of the dense Nallamala forests face dwindling employment opportunities under MGNREGA.

  About Chenchu Tribe

  

  1. About:  The Chenchus are an aboriginal tribe residing in the Nallamala Hills, part of the Nagarjuna Sagar Tiger Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh. They are recognised as a Scheduled Tribe in Andhra Pradesh.

  2. The tribe’s origin is linked to Lord Malikarjuna of the Srisailam temple. They also have smaller populations in Tamil Nadu and Odisha.

  3. Social Structure and Living Pattern: The Chenchus live in small villages known as “Penta,” consisting of several huts grouped based on kinship patterns. Villages are overseen by a village elder called “Peddamanishi,” whose word holds the highest social authority.

  4. Occupation: Traditionally, the Chenchus rely on hunting for their livelihood. They hunt animals such as deer, wild boar, rabbits, wild cock, and birds, using bows and arrows. Jungle products like roots, tubers, fruits, beedi leaves, mahua flowers, honey, gum, tamarind, and green leaves are collected and sold to traders and government cooperatives.

  5. Livelihood: They also craft leaf cups and plates from tobacco leaves and sell items like tamarind and mahua flowers in local markets, which are in high demand. Honey is especially favored among the Chenchus and forms a significant part of their diet.

  6. Marriage: The Chenchu society is divided into clans, with 26 gotras found within their community. Marriages within the same gotra are prohibited. Marriage is known as “Pelli”. It is often arranged by elders or chosen by the youth. The maternal uncle performs the ‘sampradaan’ ceremony (handing over of the bride).

  7. Religion and Beliefs: The Chenchus worship Bhagwan Taru, a sky god who oversees their well-being, and Garelamai Sama, the goddess of the forest who protects them from danger. Other deities worshipped include Lord Shiva, Hanuman, and the Goddess of Fire.

  8. Language: They speak Chenchu language variants such as Chenchucoolam, Chenchwar, Chenswar, and Choncharu, which have a Telugu accent.

  UPSC Syllabus: Tribes in news

• Classical Language Status Granted to Five New Languages

  October 4, 2024

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  Source: The post on Classical Language Status Granted to Five New Languages is based on the article “Marathi, Bengali among five granted classical language status by Union Cabinet”   published in “The Hindu” on 4th October 2024.

  Why in the News?

  The Union Cabinet has approved classical language status for five new languages: Marathi, Bengali, Assamese, Pali and Prakrit.

  India’s Classical Languages

  Prior to this decision, India had six classical languages: Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Sanskrit and Odia.

  Tamil was the first to receive classical status in 2004, followed by Sanskrit in 2005.

  Current criteria for Declaring a Language as Classical

  i) Antiquity: The language must have early texts or recorded history spanning 1500-2000 years.

  ii) Literary Heritage: The language should have a body of ancient literature or texts considered valuable heritage by generations of speakers.

  iii) Original Literary Tradition: The literary tradition should be original and not borrowed from another speech community.

  iv) Distinctiveness: The classical language and its literature should be distinct from the modern form, and there may be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or offshoots.

  Languages with Classical Status: Tamil declared in 2004, Sanskrit declared in 2005, Kannada declared in 2008, Telugu declared in 2008, Malayalam declared in 2013 and Odia declared in 2014.

  Benefits of Classical Language Status

  i) Awards: Two major annual international awards for scholars of eminence in classical Indian languages.

  ii) Centres of Excellence: Establishment of a Centre of Excellence for studies in Classical Languages.

  iii) Academic Support: The University Grants Commission is requested to create a certain number of Professional Chairs for the Classical Languages, at least in the Central Universities.

  Employment and Cultural Opportunities

  1. The inclusion of new classical languages is expected to create employment opportunities in academia, research and related fields.

  2. Preservation and digitisation of ancient texts will also generate jobs in archiving, translation, publishing and digital media.

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

• International Day of Non-Violence 2024

  October 3, 2024

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  Source: The post on International Day of Non-Violence 2024 is based on the article “International Day of Non-Violence 2024″ published in “PIB” on 2nd October 2024.

  Why in the News?

  Recently, International Day of Non-Violence 2024 was observed on 2nd October.

  About International Day of Non-Violence 2024

  

  1. About: October 2 is celebrated as the International Day of Non-Violence annually.

  2. It was proclaimed by the United Nations in 2007 to honour the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.

  3. Purpose: International Day of Non-Violence celebrates Gandhi’s philosophy of peace and non-violence. It is a reminder of the enduring power of non-violence in shaping societies worldwide.

  Global Influence

  Gandhi’s non-violent philosophy inspired global movements, including Martin Luther King Jr.’s civil rights campaign in the U.S. and Nelson Mandela’s fight against apartheid in South Africa.

  His ideas continue to influence leaders worldwide, emphasizing non-violence as a powerful instrument for change and reform.

  Modern Relevance of his Thought

  In today’s world, characterized by political conflicts, social unrest, and environmental crises, Gandhi’s principles of non-violence are seen as more crucial than ever.

  Gandhi’s philosophy offers solutions to issues like terrorism, inequality, and climate change.

  His belief in humanity’s intrinsic goodness provides a path to resolve modern challenges, such as poverty and pandemics through peaceful means.

  UPSC Syllabus: International organisation

• Mahakaleshwar Temple

  October 1, 2024

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  Source: The post on Mahakal Temple is based on the article “Two dead as wall near Ujjain’s Mahakal temple collapses due to heavy rain” published in “India Today” on 27th september 2024.

  Why in the News?

  Due to heavy rainfall, it has recently caused the collapse of a boundary wall near the Mahakal Temple in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, killing two people.

  About Mahakaleshwar Temple

  

  1. Location: The Mahakal Temple is located in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. It is situated on the banks of the holy river, Shipra.

  2. Dedicated to: It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas in India, which are considered the most sacred abodes of Shiva.

  3. Distinctive feature: The temple’s importance lies in its unique representation of Shiva in the form of the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga which is believed to be a Swayambhu (self-manifested) linga, emerging naturally from the earth.

  4. Architecture and Structure:

  1. The Mahakal Temple is an architectural marvel, blending intricate design elements that showcase the rich cultural heritage of India.

  2. The temple complex is expansive, with multiple shrines dedicated to various gods and goddesses, including Omkareshwara, Ganesh and Parvati.

  3. The main sanctum houses the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga, and the temple’s towering Shikhar (spire) dominates the skyline of Ujjain.

  4. One unique feature of the temple is the Bhasma Aarti, a ritual performed every morning during which the linga is bathed in sacred ash (bhasma). This ritual is carried out in the early hours and symbolizes the concept of life, death, and rebirth.

  5. Spiritual Significance:

  The Mahakal Temple holds a special place in Hindu cosmology and mythology.

  It is mentioned in several ancient scriptures, including the Puranas where Ujjain (referred to as Avantika) is depicted as a major center for spiritual and scholarly pursuits.

  The temple is believed to be the place where time itself is under the control of Mahakala, or Shiva, who is the lord of time and death.

  6. Festivals and Celebrations:

  The temple is particularly vibrant during Mahashivratri which is an annual festival dedicated to Lord Shiva.

  Another important celebration is the Nag Panchami during which special offerings are made to the serpent gods, considered companions of Lord Shiva.

  The temple also plays a key role in the Simhastha Kumbh Mela held in Ujjain every twelve years.

  UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture