India and China agree to restore bilateral relations

Source: The post India and China agree to restore bilateral relations has been created, based on the article “The long and winding road of India-China relations” published in “The Hindu” on 21st February 2025.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper2- International Relations-India and its neighbourhood- relations.

Context: The article discusses the recent India-China agreement to restore bilateral relations after tense years, focusing on border issues and troop mobilization. It highlights India’s cautious approach to ensure stability before progressing in other areas of relations, stressing the need for clarity and transparency.

For detailed information on India-China Relations after the LAC Disengagement read this article here

What Was the Purpose of the India-China Meeting?

1. India’s Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri visited China in January 2025.
2. He met China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi and other senior officials.
3. The meeting aimed to restore bilateral relations after tensions since the Galwan clashes in June 2020.
4. Both countries announced plans to resume media and think tank exchanges, the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, and bilateral flights by summer 2025.

Why Is This Agreement Happening Now?

1. Donald Trump’s Influence: Donald Trump’s potential re-election as U.S. President, noted for his unpredictable policies, seemed likely by October 2024. His re-election could disrupt international relations, influencing India and China to ease tensions preemptively.
2. Historic Patterns: China has previously adjusted its foreign policies during international pressures, such as after the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre. Facing potential instability from Trump’s policies, China might seek to stabilize relations with neighbouring countries like India.
3. Economic Concerns: Both India and China face economic challenges, making cooperation more appealing to boost economic stability and growth.

What Is the Situation on the Border?

1. Since May-June 2020, both countries have mobilized large troops along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
2. Tensions were highest in areas like Galwan, Depsang Bulge, Charding Nala, Gogra Post, Hot Springs, and Pangong Lake.
3. The Indian government has not confirmed if China has withdrawn troops. It is unclear if India has regained full patrolling rights.

Has India Changed Its Stand on China?

1. India’s official position has been that border stability is a precondition for improving relations.
2. The January 2025 agreement announced media exchanges, flights, and the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra.
3. The October 2024 BRICS briefing only mentioned a “process of disengagement”, without clear details.
4. No confirmation if China has withdrawn troops from key areas like Galwan and Depsang Bulge.
5. China insists India should “move on” from 2020 clashes, while India’s silence raises doubts about its firm stance.

Why Is Clarity Important?

Without clear communication, it may seem like India is accepting China’s position. India-China relations have fluctuated in recent years. Since both countries have different global ambitions, challenges will continue. A cautious and transparent approach is needed. The Indian government must clarify its stance to reassure the public.

Question for practice:

Evaluate the factors influencing the recent India-China agreement to restore bilateral relations and its potential impact on future engagements.