Zika virus transmission in Africa is low due to differences in mosquito species
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Source: The post Zika virus transmission in Africa is low due to differences in mosquito species has been created, based on the article “Genomic variation in mosquitoes responsible for low rates of Zika transmission in Africa: Study” published in “Down to Earth” on 14th December 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper3-Science and technology-Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

Context: The article explains that Zika virus transmission in Africa is low due to differences in mosquito species. The native mosquito, Aedes aegypti formosus, is less effective at spreading the virus. Temperature and mosquito genetics influence Zika spread, though urbanization and climate change may increase future risks.

For detailed information on Zika virus read this article here

Why is Zika Virus Transmission Low in Africa?

The Zika virus spreads less in Africa due to differences in mosquito species. The native mosquito, Aedes aegypti formosus (Aaf), is less effective at transmitting the virus than its globally invasive counterpart, Aedes aegypti aegypti (Aaa). Aaf feeds on both humans and animals, lowering human infection risks, while Aaa primarily feeds on humans, making it more efficient at spreading the virus.

How Do Mosquito Variations Affect Transmission?

Aedes aegypti exists in two forms:

  1. Aedes aegypti aegypti (Aaa): Found outside Africa, it breeds in artificial containers, lives in human habitats, and feeds mainly on humans.
  2. Aedes aegypti formosus (Aaf): Native to Africa, it breeds in natural habitats, like tree holes, and feeds on both humans and animals.

The mixed feeding behavior of Aaf acts as a natural barrier, reducing Zika virus transmission in Africa.

How Do Genetics and Temperature Influence the Spread?

  1. Genetics: Zika burden closely matches the proportion of Aaa mosquitoes in African regions. Aaf mosquitoes are genetically less capable of transmitting the virus.
  2. Temperature: Sub-Saharan Africa has ideal conditions for Zika transmission in some regions. However, areas with extreme temperatures (too hot or cold) limit mosquito survival and virus spread.

What Did the Study Find About Urban Risks?

  1. Researchers analyzed 59 African cities with populations over 1 million.
  2. They found: 23 cities (39%) are already suitable for Zika outbreaks due to their climate and mosquito populations.
  3. Rapid urbanization and climate change could increase vulnerability to Zika in African cities.

Conclusion

The low Zika burden in Africa is due to mosquito genetics and feeding preferences. However, urbanization and climate change could make African cities more prone to outbreaks in the future.

Question for practice:

Discuss how mosquito species, genetics, and environmental factors influence the transmission of the Zika virus in Africa.


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