Current Affairs Compilations for UPSC IAS Prelims 2022

Mains Oriented Articles

GS Paper 2

• Apar Gupta writes: On Manipur, internet shutdown is no cure
• As Article 370 hearings begin in the Supreme Court, question of the ‘temporary’ provision
• How UIDAI is using AI to tackle payment frauds
• From state visit to a more robust trade relationship
• The Will’s Not There For Our Woods

GS Paper 3

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Mains Oriented Articles

GS Paper 2

Apar Gupta writes: On Manipur, internet shutdown is no cure

Source: The post is based on the article “Apar Gupta writes: On Manipur, internet shutdown is no cure” published in “The Indian express” on 3rd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS2-Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential;

News: The author discusses the frequent internet shutdowns in India, which are meant to maintain law and order but also harm citizens’ rights and the economy. Different methods of “limited internet shutdowns” are used, like restricting certain mediums, limiting time, geographically targeting areas, or blocking specific websites. These shutdowns can favor the rich, are hard to enforce, and can increase surveillance. Despite their regular use, no government study confirms their effectiveness.

About frequent internet shutdowns in India

India frequently shuts down the internet to maintain law and order.

In 2018, India led globally in internet shutdowns.

Jammu and Kashmir faced a 550-day mobile data blackout until 2021.

Manipur’s ongoing ban has lasted over 80 days since May 3, 2023.

Rajasthan had 85 shutdown orders between January 2020 and September 2021.

Despite shutdowns, no government study confirms their positive impact.

What are different judicial cases related to internet shutdown?

Gujarat High Court Case:

Concerning Gauravbhai Sureshbhai Vyas in 2015.

The court found shutdown orders proportional because they limited only mobile internet.

Manipur High Court Case:

The court restored wired internet but continued to block social media and VPNs.

Supreme Court’s Anuradha Bhasin Judgment:

Condoned selective internet bans.

What are different methods of “limited internet shutdowns”?

Restriction by Medium:

Internet access is limited based on its medium, like mobile or wired.

Example: Gujarat High Court’s 2015 decision allowed only wired internet.

Data: Only 3.8% of Indians use wired connections; most rely on mobiles.

Restriction by Time:

Internet is shut down for specific hours or days.

Example: In Rajasthan, shutdowns are often limited to two-three days.

Geographical Localization:

The shutdown targets specific districts or areas instead of an entire state.

Example: 26 out of 85 shutdown orders in Rajasthan targeted Udaipur.

Website or Service Specific:

Blocks or permits specific websites or types of services, like social media or banking.

Example: In Jammu and Kashmir, whitelisting allowed 153 sites, but 80 didn’t work effectively.

Recent trend: Banning VPNs, social media, and messaging apps, although enforcement is challenging.

What are the implications of “limited internet shutdowns”?

Socio-economic Impact: Limited access affects mostly the less affluent.

Challenging Enforcement: Restricting specific services or apps is hard to implement. For example, in Jammu and Kashmir, 80 out of 153 whitelisted websites didn’t work effectively.

Increased Surveillance: Whitelisting can lead to invasive checks like physical stop-and-frisk measures.

No Confirmed Effectiveness: No government study proves the positive impact of these shutdowns.

Hinders Peaceful Protests: Social media shutdowns can prevent citizens from organizing non-violent demonstrations. For instance, shutdowns limited the spread of information about the Phaknung gangrape protest in Imphal.

Possibility of Increased Violence: Some studies suggest violence can rise during shutdowns as peaceful protests are stifled.

What should be done?

Empirical Study:

The government should study the actual effects of internet shutdowns.

The standing committee on IT urged an assessment of shutdowns’ impact on the economy and public safety.

Evidence-based Policymaking: Policymakers should base decisions on concrete data rather than assumptions.

Promote Accountability: Encourage the use of the internet for holding the state accountable.

Re-evaluate Policies: Avoid “limited internet shutdowns” that endanger citizens without proven benefits.

As Article 370 hearings begin in the Supreme Court, question of the ‘temporary’ provision

Source: The post is based on the article “As Article 370 hearings begin in the Supreme Court, question of the ‘temporary’ provision” published in “The Indian express” on 3rd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS2- Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure,

News: The article discusses the debate on Article 370, which gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir. The Supreme Court is examining if its 2019 removal was legal.

What are the arguments in favor of removing Article 370?

Temporary Provision: Article 370 is titled “Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”. This suggests it wasn’t meant to be permanent.

Self-contained Exit: Article 370(3) allows for the President to declare the article inoperative, indicating a mechanism for its removal.

Uniformity: Removal can lead to uniform application of Indian laws to Jammu & Kashmir, integrating it fully with India.

Development & Growth: Some believe removal can boost the region’s development, as it would get equal attention and opportunities like other states.

What are the arguments against removing Article 370?

Original Agreement: The accession of Jammu & Kashmir to India was based on certain terms, with Article 370 being central.

“Temporary” Misunderstood: The term “temporary” in Article 370 refers to the period before J&K’s Constituent Assembly created its Constitution (1951-1957), not the Article’s lifespan.

Constituent Assembly’s Role: Clause (3) of Article 370 mandated that any change to the relationship between J&K and India needed the J&K Constituent Assembly’s recommendation.

End of Constituent Assembly: Since the Constituent Assembly ceased to exist after 1957, the power to alter Article 370 also ended, making the Article permanent.

Preservation of Identity: Article 370 ensured J&K maintained its unique identity and relationship with India.

Collaborative Relationship: The petitioners saw Article 370 as fostering a collaborative relationship between J&K and India. Removing it could disturb this balance.

How UIDAI is using AI to tackle payment frauds

Source: The post is based on the article “How UIDAI is using AI to tackle payment frauds” published in “The Indian express” on 3rd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS2- Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential;

News: The article discusses increasing fraud in India’s Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS). The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is using artificial intelligence to fight this, especially by identifying fake fingerprints. Despite this, fraud continues due to issues like dishonest bank agents and lack of awareness.

About financial crime in India

Fraud in Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) is rising.

UIDAI uses AI to identify real versus fake fingerprints.

In 2020-21, 2.62 lakh financial crimes were reported.

Crimes jumped to 6.94 lakhs in 2022.

Payment frauds increased from 700,000 in FY21 to 20 million in FY23.

Many don’t report cyber frauds; only 2.6% of 2022’s complaints led to FIRs.

Business correspondents, local bank agents, sometimes cheat users.

Crime Branch warned about cyber criminals cloning fingerprints from government sites.

Why there is increased fraud in  Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS)?

Growing Usage: As AePS gains popularity, it becomes a bigger target for fraudsters.

Fake Fingerprints: Criminals have created fake fingerprints using silicone to steal money.

Rural Users: A significant part of AePS users are in rural areas, often less aware of fraud risks.

Business Correspondents (BCs): BCs sometimes misrepresent transaction amounts. For example, they might give out Rs 500 but record a higher amount.

Lack of Receipts: Rural users often don’t ask for or receive transaction receipts from BCs, making fraud easier.

Limited Awareness: Many people don’t know about cyber frauds and thus don’t report them.

How India is fighting with fraud in Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS)?

AI Integration: UIDAI is using artificial intelligence to detect fake fingerprints.

Fingerprint Technology: UIDAI introduced the Finger Minutiae Record – Finger Image Record (FMR-FIR) modality. It checks fingerprint “liveness” to spot cloned prints during authentication.

Facial Recognition: In collaboration with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), Airtel Payments Bank implemented facial recognition for transaction authentication.

Liveness Detection: New technology differentiates between live fingers and cloned ones.

Awareness Campaigns: Efforts are being made to raise awareness about cyber frauds, especially in rural areas.

Increased Monitoring: The RBI’s ombudsman received over 2,000 AePS complaints between November 2021 and March 2023, indicating active monitoring.

Law Enforcement: Crime Branch wing of Haryana Police is investigating numerous AePS-related cyber fraud complaints.

From state visit to a more robust trade relationship

Source: The post is based on the article “From state visit to a more robust trade relationship” published in “The Hindu” on 3rd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS2- Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

News: In this article author discusses the historic visit of India’s Prime Minister to Washington. They highlight the growing U.S.-India partnership, especially in defense and technology. However, the trade relationship, though improving, hasn’t reached its potential. Both nations should prioritize creating a strong Free Trade Agreement to maximize benefits.

About India-US trade

Historic Visit: India’s PM 2023 visit to Washington strengthens U.S.-India relations.

Current Trade: Exceeds $120 billion.

U.S. Approach: Shifted from traditional FTAs, emphasizing resilient supply chains and labor rights.

Enhancing Relations: Resolved six WTO disputes during India’s PM US visit; potential for a major Free Trade Agreement.

Agriculture Trades: Exchanges like mangoes for India and cherries for the U.S. without an FTA.

Trade Potential: By prioritizing, bilateral trade could reach $500-$600 billion by 2030.

What is the U.S.’s current trade approach?

Shift from FTAs: The U.S. has evolved away from Free Trade Agreements.

Supply Chain Focus: Emphasis on creating resilient supply chains.

Reshoring and Friend-shoring: Aim to bring production back to the U.S. or move to friendly countries.

Labor and Environment: Prioritizing labor rights and environmentally friendly production over traditional globalization.

Skeptics’ Views: Many believe the U.S.’s goals could be better achieved with a revamped FTA strategy.

How can both countries enhance their trade relationship?

Resolve Disputes: During recent India’s PM US visit, six disputes under the World Trade Organization were settled.

Explore FTAs: Both countries should consider major Free Trade Agreement negotiations.

Utilize Past Successes: Examples include small trade deals like exchanging mangoes, pomegranates from India for U.S. cherries, hay, and pork.

Agriculture Opportunities: India has shown willingness to open its agricultural market in exchange for concessions, as seen with Australia gaining access for wine, wool, and sheep meat.

Work Towards Major Agreements: Initiating negotiations for a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement could cover a wider range of goods and services.

Stronger Leadership Mandate: Trade needs more attention from both Biden and Modi administrations for better outcomes.

Set Ambitious Goals: Aiming for $500-$600 billion in bilateral trade by 2030 is possible with a focused approach.

The Will’s Not There For Our Woods

Source: The post is based on the article “The Will’s Not There For Our Woods” published in The Times of India on 3^rd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS 2 – Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.

Relevance: concerns associated with the Forest Conservation Amendment Bill 2023.

News: The article explains the concerns associated with the Forest Conservation Amendment Bill 2023.

Why was FCA originally enacted?

Click Here to Read

What did the Supreme Court say in Godavarman (1996)? 

The judgment made two key observations:

1. The term “forest land” in the FCA referred to all forest areas, regardless of ownership or condition.
2. The FCA applied to lands recorded as forests in government records and also to forest lands not officially notified or recorded but fulfilling the dictionary definition of forests (often known as “deemed forests”).

As a result, states were mandated to establish district-level committees responsible for identifying and reporting all forests, including degraded and denuded forest areas.

In 1997, states submitted expert committee reports on forest identification, but there were significant variations in the process.

What did the Lafarge judgment (2011) require? 

In the judgment, the SC issued guidelines instructing states to conduct an exercise to identify forests, including those falling under the dictionary meaning.

The court provided a specific procedure to follow in cases where there was uncertainty about whether an area should be classified as a forest or not.

How does the FC Amendment 2023, impact forests as per dictionary meaning?

Section 1A of the Act states that the provisions of FCA will cover lands that are either (a) notified by statute as forest, or are (b) not notified by statute as forest, but recorded as forest in government record.

The FC Amendment does not address forests as per the dictionary meaning, raising uncertainties about the future status of already identified forest lands as per dictionary meaning.

The Ministry of Environment, Forestry and climate change has clarified that areas identified in 1997 by the expert committees will be recorded as forests. However, the wording of the amendment creates ambiguity.

Must Read: Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023: Explained

Who are other potential impacts of the amended act? 

First, the real estate and mining lobbies are expected to benefit the most from the proposed changes. Forest lands in states like Haryana and Uttarakhand may decrease if they are not identified as forests as per the dictionary meaning.

The threat is particularly high in the NCR region, where the potential windfall gains for real estate in the Aravallis could lead to the loss of significant forested areas.

Second, citizens who rely on the hydrological functions of forests, such as groundwater recharge and stream flow, will be the biggest losers.

This is because forested watersheds play a crucial role in sustaining springs, streams, and groundwater sources, which are essential for the success of the Har Ghar Nal Se Jal program.

GS Paper 3

Electricity: Getting the timing right

Source: The post is based on the article “Electricity: Getting the timing right” published in “Business standard” on 3rd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS3- infrastructure (energy)

News: In this article author is discussing a new electricity pricing system in India called Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff. This system changes prices based on demand, encouraging less use during peak hours. Smart meters are needed for this and could help manage renewable energy sources better.

What is Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff?

Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff is a system that changes electricity prices based on demand throughout the day.

During peak usage hours, electricity costs more. During off-peak hours, it’s cheaper.

The aim is to encourage consumers to use less electricity when demand is high.

This system is being introduced in India in 2024 for commercial and industrial users and in 2025 for other users.

ToD tariffs are already used in many countries, including the US, UK, and Japan.

For this system to work, smart meters are needed to track electricity use every 15 minutes.

What are the benefits of Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff?

Shifts Demand: ToD tariff incentivizes consumers to use electricity during off-peak hours, reducing strain during high-demand periods.

Improves Grid Management: Helps in managing fluctuations in renewable energy sources like solar and wind.

Saves Money for Consumers: Those who adjust their usage to off-peak times can save money.

Supports Renewable Energy: India’s shift towards renewables benefits from ToD. For instance, using electricity during “solar hours” will be cheaper.

Helps Climate Goals: By optimizing renewable energy usage, India moves closer to its target of 65% energy capacity from non-fossil fuels by 2030.

Consumer Empowerment: Allows consumers to actively participate in energy decisions, rewarding those who adjust their consumption based on varying rates.

Boosts Renewable Integration: Encourages using more renewable energy when it’s abundantly available, aiding in grid integration.

What are the limitations of Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff?

Increased Complexity: ToD pricing makes billing more complicated. Consumers need to track their usage across different times.

Behavioural Changes Needed: Consumers must adjust habits, like when they charge vehicles or use appliances.

Higher Costs at Peak Times: If users can’t change their habits, they’ll pay more during peak hours.

Depends on Smart Meters: ToD’s success relies on the widespread installation of smart meters. India has a target of 250 million smart meters by 2026.

Possible Resistance: Not all consumers may be willing or able to adjust their usage patterns.

Storage Challenges: Renewable energy has storage issues, making constant supply hard, despite ToD incentives.

The trajectory of progress must change

Source– The post is based on the article “The trajectory of progress must change” published in the “The Hindu” on 3rd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS3- Economy

Relevance: Issues related to global economic development

News– The article explains the challenges faced by the global community and potential solutions to these challenges.

What are the challenges faced by the global community?

The state of global governance is concerning. The world is experiencing divisions and conflicts among nations, leading to wars. There are issues of rising inequalities. Migrants are risking their lives in search of safety and improved living conditions.

The current path humanity is on is unsustainable. Economists often use statistical data to argue that poverty is decreasing and incomes are rising for everyone. However, it is essential for them to observe the ground realities.

Earth is experiencing continuous warming. The current consumptive model of economic growth is unsustainable.

Employment instability is on the rise, even in wealthy nations.

In 2015, the world community adopted the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Not all 17 issues are prevalent in every country. For instance, island nations face immediate life-threatening problems related to the oceans, while landlocked countries may not experience the same issues.

What are the potential solutions to challenges faced by the global community?

More economic growth will not solve the global issues. Economic growth must transform into a sustainable and equitable approach.

As per Einstein, persisting to address systemic issues with the same flawed methods that caused them is irrational. He advocated for a new paradigm in global governance.

It is evident that a single global solution for environmental, societal, or economic challenges cannot be universally applied. Instead, tailored and localised solutions are necessary. One-size-fits-all approaches cannot adequately address the diverse array of challenges we encounter.

These solutions should encompass a combination of approaches to tackle economic, environmental, and social challenges collaboratively.

The McKinsey Global Institute recently published a comprehensive report titled “Pixels of Progress: A granular look at human development around the world”.

It delves into the actual progress experienced on the ground. It goes beyond the conventional statistical methods and GDP.

The report focuses on life expectancy and incomes, to assess the well-being of individuals. Surprisingly, the findings reveal that only 20% of the progress observed can be attributed to the country-level GDP growth.

The vast majority, 80% of the progress, is intricately tied to local factors and specific conditions.

What is the approach of India for resolving the challenges faced by the global community?

As the chair of the G-20, India has put forward a vision of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. It aims to foster global unity and improve conditions for all individuals worldwide.

India has also introduced an approach known as LiFE to the G-20. It advocates for synchronised efforts among various stakeholders at all levels, underpinned by collective actions across society.

Principle 7 of LiFE emphasises the importance of acknowledging and enhancing the contributions of local communities, local and regional governments, and traditional knowledge in promoting sustainable ways of living.

Deep tech startups taking brave risks

Source– The post is based on the article “Deep tech startups taking brave risks” published in “The Hindu” on 3rd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS3- Indian economy

Relevance: Issues related to manufacturing sector

News– The article explains the progress on startups and deep tech startups in India.

What is the progress of India in the area of startups?

In the past decade, the Great Indian Startup Boom has generated a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem in India. It is led by young entrepreneurs and supported by the government’s Startup India initiative.

This phenomenon extends beyond metropolitan cities. Entrepreneurs from suburban and rural areas are adopting it.

Presently, the government recognizes over one lakh startups. Nearly half of them are originating from Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities.

How deep tech startups are making significant progress in India?

The Startup movement has evolved beyond consumer Internet and e-commerce. It has now expanded to deep technology domains like space and remote sensing, artificial intelligence, robotics, biotechnology, drones, defense, telecommunications, semiconductors.

IIT Madras’s Research Park, has incubated over 200 deep tech companies valued at more than ₹50,000 crore. It includes those in space and aviation; C-CAMP, and the National Chemical Laboratory’s Venture Centre.

It demonstrates how science from publicly-funded institutions can be made accessible to citizens and consumers through startups.

The industry has shown a clear inclination towards investing in deep-tech startups and acquiring well-established scaled technologies.

This trend is supported by the acquisition of deep tech startups by prominent Indian legacy corporations. For instance, the Tatas acquired Saankhya and Tejas Networks, Reliance acquired Faradion, and Hero Motors purchased equity in Ather Motors.

Way forward

The government should support the second phase of entrepreneurship, a Startup India 2.0. This support must come through two routes-

1. There should be a significant increase in the availability of risk capital for deep tech startups. The government should prioritize these sectors and allocate more resources to the existing SIDBI Fund of Funds.

The industry should redirect and enhance their research funds to support the financing of deep tech startups.

2. There is a need to facilitate the widespread adoption of domestically developed technologies through mass procurement. More coordinated efforts across the entire government are required.

Industry players and industry bodies can contribute by promoting the adoption of locally-made technologies.

This can be achieved through collaborative efforts in incubators to co-create products and solutions, conducting rapid testing and certification processes, and providing support for large-scale procurement of innovative goods.

The contours of India’s ‘formal jobs’ crisis

Source– The post is based on the article “The contours of India’s ‘formal jobs’ crisis” published in the “The Hindu” on 3rd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS3- Indian economy and employment

Relevance: Statistics on employment

News– The article explains the EPF numbers on employment in India. It also explains the issues related to employment and employment statistics in India.

What is the employment scenario in India as revealed by EPFO data?

The monthly enrolment data of the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF) typically indicates a rise in contributors.

EPFO annual reports talk about the regular contributors. Regular contributors refer to employees who are enrolled in the EPF scheme and consistently make PF contributions throughout the year.

EPF Organization’s annual reports indicate that the number of regular contributors to the scheme has shown little to no growth. It has even declined in recent years in some stances.

Between 2012 and 2022, the count of regular contributors witnessed a substantial increase from 30.9 million to 46.3 million.

However, the growth in the number of regular contributors has significantly slowed down over the past five years. From 2017 to 2022, the count of regular contributors only marginally increased from 45.11 million to 46.33 million.

This growth occurred during a period when overall EPF enrolments escalated from 210.8 million to 277.4 million.

What can be inferred from EPFO data on employment?

The number of individuals enrolled in the EPF is generally expected to be higher than the count of regular contributors due to issues like duplication and outdated membership data.

However, it is concerning that in recent times, the gap between these two figures has been widening.

EPF data suggests that over the past five years, there has been a mere net creation of 1.2 million formal jobs.

The divergence between EPF enrolments and regular contributors implies that a significant portion of EPF enrolments is associated with jobs of a temporary, subcontracted, or casual nature.

What are challenges related to employment in India?

India is witnessing a growth in employment opportunities, but most of these jobs are not formal, stable, or well-paid.

Numerous highly qualified young individuals compete for a limited number of public or private sector job openings.

The stagnation in formal employment can partly be attributed to the impact of the pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis led to a decline in the number of EPF contributors,

What are issues related to employment statistics in India?

Earlier , the EPFO used to release monthly reports on regular contributors. However, when the media highlighted the decline in EPF contributors, the EPFO disputed its own data and ceased to publish the monthly data series.

The Indian government has shown neglect towards other potential sources of formal employment and labor data.

For instance, the Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGET) used to collect employment market information, but it hasn’t been published since 2013.

Historically, DGET data served as the original source of formal sector payroll employment data in India since the 1950s. The Reserve Bank of India relied on it for formal sector employment numbers and related calculations.

Forest law amendments: Rich in rhetoric, poor in substance

Source– The post is based on the article “Forest law amendments: Rich in rhetoric, poor in substance” published in “The Indian Express” on 2nd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS3- Environment. GS3- Science and Technology

News– A new genetically modified (GMO) corn varietal called ‘smart corn’ has been introduced by Bayer. This is designed to withstand the increasingly costly pressures of climate change.

What are some facts related to GMO corn developed by Bayer?

Bayer genetically engineered the corn plant by introducing a foreign gene that suppresses the production of gibberellic acid, a plant growth hormone. As a result, the corn can now produce the same quantity of fruit on significantly shorter and stronger stalks.

Purpose– It is specifically developed to combat environmental challenges.

Climate change has led to more severe and costly damage to corn and soy crops due to intensifying high-wind storms. In the United States, these storms are known as derechos. They have caused immense devastation to farms in the Midwest.

In 2020 alone, with winds reaching 160 kmph, they caused billions of dollars worth of destruction across millions of acres of crops.

As a result, there is a growing demand for a crop variety characterized by shorter and thicker stalks, providing better resistance against these high-wind storms.

What are other recent notable crop varieties designed for climate adaptation?

Last year, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted approval for HB4. It is a novel wheat variety developed to withstand drought conditions.

It was achieved through the incorporation of a gene sourced from a sunflower. This wheat variety is pioneered by the Argentine company Bioceres.

In a recent development, Nutrien, a prominent fertilizer company, revealed its intentions to distribute a new genetically modified soybean created by the startup ZeaKal Inc.

This genetically modified soybean includes a foreign gene that enhances photosynthesis. It enables the crop to capture more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

What are issues related to newly developed GM crops like smart corn?

This innovative adaptation allows policymakers, investors, and voters to evade the core issue of climate change. While new approaches to adapt to the climate crisis are appreciated, they should tackle the problem at its source.

These innovations cannot completely solve all climate-related challenges faced by farmers.

Bayer’s smart corn may not be sufficient to overcome problems caused by derechos, which can bring heavy rains leading to machinery sinking in the fields.

Additionally, excessive rainfall can saturate plant roots. It will cause them to rot and perish, regardless of the corn’s height.

Moreover, there is the issue of rising temperatures. Future agriculture will require plants engineered not only for wind resistance but also for resilience to drought, heat, and floods.

Way forward-

These plants must be capable of enduring changing seasons, temperature fluctuations, and invasive pests. The crops of tomorrow won’t rely on just one foreign gene. But, they will need a multitude of genetic modifications.

Haryana violence was preventable. Why did it happen?

Source: The post is based on the article “Monu Questions – Haryana violence was preventable. Why did it happen? What do such incidents around business hubs cost?” published in The Times of India on 3^rd August 2023.

Syllabus: GS 3 – Internal Security

Relevance: About communal clashes in Haryana

News: Recently, communal clashes took place in Nuh, Haryana which raised various concerns over the state administration.

 What are the different issues arising out of the clashes?

The clashes that erupted in the Nuh spread to Gurugram where many big companies are situated. This raises concerns about the lack of preventive measures by the state administration. 

The Chief Minister referred to a “conspiracy,” as explanation for the violence but the state failed to prevent the “conspiracy”.

Both sides had access to weapons, raising questions about the police’s knowledge and action. The police’s lack of knowledge about the video’s origin and failure to remove it in time also raises questions.

Despite the Supreme Court’s directive to prevent hate speech and violence, VHP and Bajrang Dal conducted more assemblies in Delhi-NCR.

These organizations, including individuals like Monu Manesar, appear to act without facing consequences, as the state machinery seemingly ignores their actions.

Must Read: Killer On The Train: Why was a railway cop his bosses say was suffering mental health issues, put on armed duty? RPF committee must answer

What can be done to prevent such incidents?

This lawlessness has severe consequences for India, as it disrupts businesses and deters new investments, impacting the country’s economic growth and social harmony.

In order to seize the China+1 opportunity and promote prosperity, India must tackle the issue and take measures to prevent the recurrence of such incidents.

The government should also recognize the importance of maintaining peace and stability for the nation’s progress.

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Adopt WHO-standard good manufacturing practices: Govt sets deadline for pharmas

Source: The post is based on the article “Adopt WHO-standard good manufacturing practices: Govt sets deadline for pharmas”  published in Indian Express  on 3rd August 2023

What is the News?

Government of India has set a deadline for mandatory implementation of the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in India pharmaceutical industries.

What are Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)?

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is the aspect of quality assurance that ensures that medicinal products are consistently produced and controlled to the quality standards appropriate to their intended use and as required by the product specification.

In India, GMP was revised in 2018, bringing them on par with World Health Organisation (WHO) standards.

Why has the government made it mandatory for Indian pharmaceutical industries to follow GMP?

The Indian pharma industry is facing a credibility crisis. In 2022, the WHO had said that the deaths of dozens of children in Gambia and Uzbekistan were due to contaminated cough syrups manufactured by Indian drugmakers.

In February 2023, blindness, severe eye infections and a death in the US were linked to India-made eye drops.

In this context, making GMP mandatory would help restore India’s image as the pharmacy of the world.

Which Pharma companies need to follow GMP?

Companies with a turnover of over Rs 250 crore will have to implement the revised GMP within six months.

However, medium and small-scale enterprises with turnover of less than Rs 250 crore will have to implement it within a year.

The companies will also have to introduce a GMP-related computerized system. These computer programmes will be designed to automatically record all the steps followed and checks done, which will ensure all the processes are followed.

Those who do not comply with these directions will face suspension of license and/ or penalty.

What is the significance of these directions?

Currently, only 2,000 of the 10,500 manufacturing units in the country have been found to be compliant with the global WHO-GMP standards.

Now, all will have to implement the revised GMP, ensuring quality medicines for the domestic market and abroad.

Govt. kicks off contractual dispute settlement scheme

Source: The post is based on the article “Govt. kicks off contractual dispute settlement scheme”  published in The Hindu on 3rd August 2023

What is the News?

Government of India has launched the Vivad se Vishwas-II scheme for settling contractual disputes involving the government and government undertakings.

What is the Vivad se Vishwas-II Scheme?

Source: The Hindu

Vivad se Vishwas-II Scheme was announced in the Union Budget 2023-24.

Aim: To resolve the government’s contractual disputes with private parties, clear the backlog of litigation and improve the ease of doing business.

Applicability: The scheme will apply to all domestic contractual disputes where one of the parties is either the Government of India or an organization operating under its control.

Cases covered: The scheme will cover cases where the court order was passed by 30 April 2023, and the arbitral order given by 30 January 2023.

Under the scheme, for court orders passed on or before 30 April 2023, the settlement amount offered to the contractor will be up to 85 per cent of the net amount awarded or upheld by the court.

– For arbitral orders passed on or before 1 January 2023, the settlement amount offered is up to 65 percent of the net amount awarded.

Claims processed through: Eligible claims will be processed only through the government e-marketplace. 

Under the Startup India initiative, ‘Action Plan’ for Startups unveiled to create a vibrant startup ecosystem in the country

Source: The post is based on the article “Under the Startup India initiative, ‘Action Plan’ for Startups unveiled to create a vibrant startup ecosystem in the country”  published in PIB on 2nd August 2023.

What is the News?

The Union Minister of State for Commerce and Industry has informed Lok Sabha about the various programs undertaken by the Government to promote startups across the country.

What are the programs launched by the Government to promote startups across the country?

Startup India Action Plan: It was unveiled in 2016.The Action Plan comprises 19 action items spanning across areas such as “Simplification and handholding”, “Funding support and incentives” and “Industry-academia partnership and incubation”.

Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) Scheme: It was established with a corpus of Rs. 10,000 crore, to meet the funding needs of startups. DPIIT is the monitoring agency and Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) is the operating agency for FFS.

Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS): It is aimed at providing credit guarantee up to a specified limit against loans extended by Member Institutions (MIs) to finance DPIIT recognised startups.

Support for Intellectual Property Protection: It facilitates the startups to file applications for patents, designs and trademarks through registered facilitators in appropriate IP offices by paying only the statutory fees. Startups are provided with an 80% rebate in filing of patents and 50% rebate in filing of trademark vis-a-vis other companies.

International Market Access to Indian Startups: It aims to help connect Indian startup ecosystems to global startup ecosystems through various engagement models.

Start-ups Intellectual Property Protection(SIPP) Scheme: It facilitates the startups to file applications for patents, designs and trademarks through registered facilitators in appropriate IP offices by paying only the statutory fees. 

– The Government bears the entire fees of the facilitators for any number of patents, trademarks or designs, and startups only bear the cost of the statutory fees payable. Startups are provided with an 80% rebate in filing of patents and 50% rebate in filing of trademark vis-a-vis other companies.

Income Tax Exemption for 3 years: Startups incorporated on or after 1st April 2016 can apply for income tax exemption. The recognized startups that are granted an Inter-Ministerial Board Certificate are exempted from income-tax for a period of 3 consecutive years out of 10 years since incorporation.

Faster Exit for Startups: The Government has notified Startups as ‘fast track firms’ enabling them to wind up operations within 90 days vis-a-vis 180 days for other companies.

Startup India Hub: The Government launched a Startup India Online Hub in 2017 which is one of its kind online platforms for all stakeholders of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in India to discover, connect and engage with each other. 

National Startup Advisory Council

Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS): The Scheme aims to provide financial assistance to startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials, market entry and commercialization. 

National Startup Awards(NSA)

National Mentorship Portal(MAARG)

Startup20 Engagement Group: It is a new engagement group initiated under India’s G20 presidency. It aims to create a global narrative for supporting startups and enabling synergies between startups, corporates, investors, innovation agencies and other key ecosystem stakeholders.

Narco-terror nexus examined case-wise, Centre informs RS

Source: The post is based on the article “Narco-terror nexus examined case-wise, Centre informs RS”  published in The Hindu on 3rd August 2023.

What is the News?

The Union Home Ministry has informed the Rajya Sabha that the nexus between illegal trade in narcotics and terrorist activities is examined case-wise.

India’s Vulnerability to drug trafficking:

Traditionally, India has been seen as sandwiched between the Golden Crescent (Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan) and Golden Triangle (Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar and Thailand).

India is being flooded with drugs, especially heroin and methamphetamine, from these two regions by drug lords indirectly supported by intelligence setups. 

Nearly 90% of the world’s demand for these drugs is being met from these two regions. India is both a big market and a transit route for other countries.

Is there a nexus between narcotics business and terrorist activities?

The Home Ministry said that the nexus between illegal trade in narcotics and terrorist activities is examined case-wise.

For instance, in Manipur, since 2018, four cases have been reported to the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), in which five “Indians” were arrested with narcotic substances along with arms and ammunition.

What are the steps taken by the government of India to tackle illegal drug trafficking?

The Government of India has entered into bilateral agreements with 27 countries, Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with 16 countries and two agreements on security cooperation for preventing illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursor chemicals.

The Government of India has introduced the Narco Coordination Centre (NCORD) mechanism in 2016 to have effective coordination of actions among various ministries, departments, Central and State law enforcement agencies dealing with narcotics.

A Special Task Force on Darknet and Crypto Currency has been constituted to monitor suspicious transactions related to drugs on Darknet.

Government introduces a new category of Ayush visa for foreign nationals seeking treatment under Indian systems of medicine

Source: The post is based on the article “Government introduces a new category of Ayush visa for foreign nationals seeking treatment under Indian systems of medicine”  published in PIB on 2nd August 2023.

What is the News?

The Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India has notified the creation of a new category of Ayush (AY) visa for foreign nationals for treatment under Ayush systems/Indian systems of medicine.

Ayush Visa for Foreign Nationals:

In 2022, the Prime Minister had announced the creation of a special Ayush Visa category to facilitate foreign nationals’ travel to India for Ayush therapy. 

This move is also part of the Heal in India initiative aimed at promoting India as a medical value travel destination. 

The Ministry of Ayush and the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare are working together to develop a one-stop Heal in India portal for promoting India as a world-class medical tourism destination. 

Medical Tourism in India: 

Medical Value Travel(MVT) has seen significant growth in India in recent years. 

According to the report ‘The Global Wellness Economy: Looking beyond COVID’ by the Global Wellness Institute (GWI), the Global Wellness economy will grow at 9.9% annually. Ayush based healthcare & Wellness economy is estimated to grow to $70 billion by 2025.

India is clearly poised for a greater share of the MVT pie. In the MTA’s Medical Tourism Index (MIT) India is ranked 10th out of the 46 global destinations, 12th in 20 wellness tourism markets, and 5th in the wellness tourism market in Asia Pacific. 

According to the data from the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), approximately 6,97,453 medical tourists visited India in 2019 alone for medical treatment and by 2023, India is expected to account for 6% of the global MVT market share.

Rescued Himalayan vultures script India’s first captive breeding success story in Assam Zoo

Source: The post is based on the article “Rescued Himalayan vultures script India’s first captive breeding success story in Assam Zoo”  published in Deccan Herald on 1st August 2023.

What is the News?

In 2011-2012, Himalayan vultures were rescued from poisoning incidents in Assam. Despite initial skepticism from veterinarians about their survival in the hot and humid weather, most of them not only survived but also contributed to India’s first captive breeding success story of Himalayan vultures at Assam State Zoo in Guwahati.

What is Himalayan Vulture?

Himalayan Griffon vulture or Himalayan Vulture inhabits the higher regions of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau.

This species is distributed from western China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan, east through the Himalayan mountain range in India, Nepal and Bhutan, to central China and Mongolia.

They can fly at an elevation of up to 5,500 metre with help of their wide and powerful wings.

IUCN Status: Near Threatened

Vultures Found in India:

In India, a total of nine species of vultures are found. Out of these six species are resident (white–rumped vulture, Indian vulture, slender-billed vulture, red-headed vulture, bearded vulture and Egyptian vulture) and three species are migratory (cinereous vulture, griffon vulture and Himalayan vulture).

India’s telemedicine service eSanjeevani completes over 14 crore consultations: Center

Source: The post is based on the article “India’s telemedicine service eSanjeevani completes over 14 crore consultations: Center”  published in The New Indian Express on 1st August 2023.

What is the News?

India’s telemedicine application eSanjeevani has completed 14 crore consultations.

What is eSanjeevani?

eSanjeevani is a cloud-based integrated telemedicine solution of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India.

It is a telemedicine app that provides both doctor-to-doctor and doctor-to-patient telecommunication.

It is being designed, developed, deployed and maintained by The Centre for Development and Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Mohal

eSanjeevani service is available in two variants:

– The first one is eSanjeevani Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centre (AB-HWC): It is the Doctor-to-Doctor telemedicine service through which the beneficiaries visiting a HWC can virtually connect to doctors/ specialists in the Hub that could be at tertiary healthcare facility/hospital/medical college.

– This enables the government to provide general and specialized health services in rural areas and isolated communities. 

– The second variant is eSanjeevani OPD: It is serving patients across the country, connecting them directly to doctors from the comforts of their homes.

Centre forms expert panel to revise anti-discrimination guidelines on campuses

Source: The post is based on the article “Centre forms expert panel to revise anti-discrimination guidelines on campuses”  published in The Hindu on 3rd August 2023.

What is the News?

The Union Education Ministry has constituted an expert committee to revisit its regulations and guidelines on anti-discrimination guidelines in higher educational institutions.

About anti-discrimination guidelines in higher educational institutions:

University Grants Commission (UGC) had in 2012 issued the UGC (Promotion of Equity in Higher Educational Institutes) Regulations,2012.

This covered all forms of discrimination, provided for liaison officers to check reservation fulfillment and gave mandates for strict grievance redressal cells to address concerns of discrimination. 

However, these guidelines have not been fully implemented in several higher educational institutions, including a lot of the Indian Institutes of Technology. 

The IIT-Delhi in fact got the mandate for its SC/ST Cell passed only in 2023, providing for a liaison officer and anti-discrimination officers.

Why has the government decided to revisit the anti-discrimination guidelines?

In the last six months, at least half a dozen students from marginalised backgrounds have died of suicide on campuses of IIT-Madras, IIT-Bombay, and IIT-Delhi.

After this, the Supreme Court had then asked the UGC to detail the steps it had taken to address caste discrimination on campuses. 

After this, the government formed an expert committee to revisit the UGC regulations/schemes concerning the SC/ST/OBC/PwD and minority communities in Higher Educational Institutions [HEIs] and suggest further remedial measures if required.

The following today’s current affairs articles have been covered in 7 PM Explained section of the day:

7 PM Editorial of the day: E20 blending: Explained, pointwise