Current Affairs Compilations for UPSC IAS Prelims 2022

Mains Oriented Articles

GS Paper 2

• An unacceptable verdict in the constitutional sense
• Scientists need the oxygen of free speech
• G N Devy writes: On Uniform Civil Code, intent matters
• Why India-France ties are strong, what’s the significance of PM Modi’s visit
• Data protection Bill: Hiding behind consent
• Out of alignment – On India-UK Bilateral Investment Treaty

GS Paper 3

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Mains Oriented Articles

GS Paper 2

An unacceptable verdict in the constitutional sense

Source: The post is based on the article “An unacceptable verdict in the constitutional sense” published in “The Hindu” on 14th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 2 – Issues related to functioning of Judiciary – Supreme Court

News: The Allahabad High Court recently declined the plea of an inter-faith couple living together, who sought protection from alleged police harassment. The couple claimed that they were being mistreated by local police due to a complaint made by a family member. The court implied that live-in relationships are a “social problem”.

What is the view of Allahabad High court in Kiran Rawat vs State of UP case?

Perspective on Live-In relationships: The Allahabad High Court viewed live-in relationships as a “social problem”. The court believed that traditional law is biased towards marriage and does not intend to encourage such relationships.

Reference to Supreme Court (SC) verdicts and context: The High Court referred to past SC verdicts on live-in relationships, such as D. Velusamy (2010), Indra Sarma (2013), and Dhanu Lal (2015). However, it argued these verdicts were made in the specific context of their respective cases, not to promote live-in relationships in general.

Interpretation of personal liberty and autonomy: The court’s decision implied that marriage is essential for constitutional protection, seemingly prioritizing social and religious orthodoxy over individual rights. It referenced the Muslim law not recognizing premarital or extramarital sex as an example.

Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.PC): The High Court referred to this section, which pertains to maintenance for wives, not “other women”. This reference was seen as irrelevant to the case at hand, focusing on personal marriage laws instead of the main issue of alleged police harassment.

Final verdict: The High Court denied the couple’s plea for protection, a decision criticized for its disregard of constitutional principles and individual rights. For example, the court’s focus on the couple’s live-in status over their fundamental right to not be harassed by police was a point of contention.

What were the previous supreme court judgements on “Live-In Relationships”?

The SC of India has previously shown a progressive stance on live-in relationships. In several verdicts, such as D. Velusamy (2010), Indra Sarma (2013), and Dhanu Lal (2015), the top court acknowledged live-in relationships and asserted that they should not be viewed negatively. It emphasized individual autonomy and personal liberty in these relationships.

The court also clarified in S. Khushboo vs Kanniammal & Anr. (2010) that there is no statutory offence when adults willingly engage in sexual relations outside of a marital setting, implying acceptance of live-in relationships.

Why is the judgement seen as unconstitutional?

This judgement is seen as unconstitutional for a few reasons.

Firstly, critics argue that the court prioritized societal norms over the constitutional principles of individual autonomy and personal liberty.

Secondly, the court seems to have ignored Supreme Court verdicts that are binding on all courts as per Article 141 of the Constitution.

Lastly, the judgement relied on personal marriage laws that were not relevant to the case, disregarding the couple’s fundamental right not to be harassed by the police. The court’s decision is viewed as undermining the principle of constitutional morality in personal relations.

What are the impacts of this judgment?

The impact of this judgment can potentially be significant.

1. It may deter other couples in live-in relationships from seeking legal protection due to fear of social stigma and judicial bias.
2. The judgment could also embolden police or societal harassment of such couples.
3. Furthermore, it undermines the precedent set by the Supreme Court regarding personal liberty and autonomy.
4. Lastly, it challenges the constitutional principle of individual freedom and could potentially influence future cases involving live-in relationships and inter-faith couples.

Scientists need the oxygen of free speech

Source: The post is based on the article “Scientists need the oxygen of free speech” published in “The Hindu” on 14th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 1 – Society,  GS 2- Fundamental rights & GS 3- Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

News: Last week, over 500 scientists and academics criticized the Indian Institute of Science for stopping a discussion about the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act. In response, the head of the Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research in Mohali issued a warning to two professors who signed the letter.

Why is open discussion important in scientific institutions?

Importance of open discussion in scientific institutions are:

Expression of constitutional rights: Scientists, like all citizens, have the right to participate in societal discussions. It’s vital that research institutions respect this constitutional right, thus encouraging free and open conversations.

Educational role: Scientists often enjoy the privilege of public support for their research. This grants them the opportunity to delve deep into complex subjects. By sharing their insights on public interest matters, they uphold their responsibility to educate society. For instance, discussing the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act can provide valuable knowledge about its social and legal implications.

Overlapping science and society: Science and society are interlinked, making open discussions even more crucial. Researchers shouldn’t limit themselves to purely scientific matters. Rather, they should discuss how science can impact society and politics. For example, climate change research naturally leads to broader discussions about global politics, inequality, and justice.

Promoting social benefit: By involving themselves in social and political discussions, scientists can help ensure that their research benefits society, rather than promoting private profit. This is in line with India’s tradition of scientists, like Meghnad Saha and D.D. Kosambi, who engaged with social issues.

Upholding academic freedom: Censorship of discussions in research institutions threatens academic freedom. To safeguard this freedom, scientists must be allowed to express their views, even if they appear controversial or critical of the government.

Which law was used for censorship in this case, and what is the view of the judiciary on it?

The law used for censorship in this case is the Central Civil Service (Conduct) Rules, invoked by administrators like those at IISER Mohali. These rules prohibit criticism of the government.

However, the judiciary has expressed a different view. In 2015, the Allahabad High Court ruled that these rules do not apply to a Central University.

Furthermore, the Tripura High Court stated in 2020 that even if these rules apply, they cannot deprive citizens of their fundamental right to free speech. This signifies the judiciary’s support for freedom of expression.

What is the impact of censorship on academic freedom?

Censorship in academic institutions, like the instances at the Indian Institute of Science and the Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research Mohali, restricts open dialogue.

This can severely limit academic freedom. Scientists and academics may become hesitant to discuss important social and political issues, steering critical debate.

What should be done?

1. To ensure academic freedom, scientific institutions should resist censorship and encourage open discussions on social and political issues.
2. Administrators should avoid preemptive censorship out of fear of government reprisal.
3. Scientists, backed by their community, should stand up against any arbitrary use of authority that stifles discussion.
4. Upholding the value of free speech will not only protect academic freedom but also foster comprehensive understanding of science’s role in society.

G N Devy writes: On Uniform Civil Code, intent matters

Source: The post is based on the article “G N Devy writes: On Uniform Civil Code, intent matters” published in “India Express” on 14th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 1- Society & GS 2 – mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of vulnerable sections.

News: The article raises concerns about the Universal Civil Code (UCC) in India, particularly its potential to overlook diverse cultural customs and linguistic rights, and its inability to address caste inequalities. It emphasizes the need for the UCC to respect diversity and promote genuine equality.

What is the impact of the UCC on Adivasi?

Impact on adivasi Matrimonial Customs: It could change the Adivasi tradition where men move to their wives’ houses after marriage. This custom, considered by many as fairer than the traditional practice of women moving to their husbands’ houses, may not be recognized under the UCC.

Influence on adivasi women’s rights: Adivasi women enjoy significant rights in their communities. For instance, in some Adivasi tribes, the wife can choose to end the marriage in consultation with the community. These rights might be threatened under a uniform civil code that doesn’t consider such practices.

Effect on adivasi property rights: Some Adivasi communities follow matrilineal inheritance, where property is passed down to daughters rather than sons. This unique tradition may not be accommodated in the UCC.

Adivasi customary laws and the UCC: Adivasi communities have their own laws and customs, which might not align with the principles of a uniform civil code. The question remains whether the UCC will take these unique practices into account or impose a standard set of laws, regardless of community customs.

What are the major issues with UCC?

Clash of traditional customs and UCC: The UCC might not consider unique customs of various communities, like the Adivasis or the Khasis. For example, Adivasi traditions of matrilocal residence or Khasi women being family heads might not be recognized.

Language recognition issues: Out of hundreds of languages in India, only 22 are protected by the government. The UCC may not recognize the right to speak in one’s language as a civil matter.

Handling of caste inequalities: The UCC may not adequately address caste inequalities and discrimination, leaving marginalized groups without proper protection.

Conflict between religious and civil identity: Religious identity plays a significant role in personal decisions like marriage. A UCC may find it difficult to reconcile this with civil law, leading to potential clashes.

Risk of majoritarian imposition: The UCC could be seen as an attempt to impose majority views on diverse communities. For instance, communities with different customs on marriage or inheritance could be seen as less “nationalistic.”

What should be done?

1. The Universal Civil Code (UCC) must respect India’s diversity. It should account for unique customs and traditions of various communities.
2. The right to speak in one’s language, a civil matter, should be recognized.
3. The UCC needs to address and rectify caste inequalities and discrimination. It must carefully navigate the intersection of religious and civil identities, especially concerning personal decisions like marriage.
4. Finally, it’s important that the UCC is not perceived as a majoritarian imposition.
5. In summary, it must promote equality and respect diversity to avoid the risk of causing civil strife.

Why India-France ties are strong, what’s the significance of PM Modi’s visit

Source– The post is based on the article “Why India-France ties are strong, what’s the significance of PM Modi’s visit” published in the “The Indian Express” on 14th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS2- Bilateral groupings and agreements

Relevance: India and France bilateral relationship

News- PM Modi is on a visit to France.

Why is the partnership between India and France important for India?

Over the past 25 years, four French Presidents and three Indian Prime Ministers have cultivated this relationship.

The strategic partnership between the two countries began immediately after India’s nuclear tests. Most Western nations had distanced themselves from New Delhi.

France holds the distinction of being the first country to recognize India’s strategic significance following the 1998 nuclear tests.

The partnership between India and France is the most crucial strategic alliance for India in Europe. It is characterised by a complete convergence of interests.

D.B. Venkatesh Varma described India and France as “mirror images” in their shared pursuit of strategic autonomy amid global power dynamics.

There is a notable alignment in their strategic outlooks. France consistently supported India at crucial junctures, including during the civil nuclear negotiations with the United States.

What are the areas of cooperation between India and France?

Defence– The defence relationship between India and France is characterised by trust and dependability. Unlike defence deals with the United States, French defence agreements come with no conditions or limitations.

During the Prime Minister’s visit, it is expected that agreements will be made regarding the acquisition of 26 Rafale-M fighters for the Indian Navy. Co-production of three additional Scorpene class submarines at Mazagaon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd may be agreed.

France has offered its Safran engine for the indigenous Tejas Light Combat Aircraft, with a commitment for complete technology transfer.

Climate change– The two countries also collaborate closely on climate change initiatives. They signed a Road Map on Green Hydrogen. It aims to integrate the French and Indian hydrogen ecosystems to establish a reliable global supply chain for decarbonized hydrogen.

In February 2022, Road Map on the Blue Economy and Ocean Governance was signed.

Digital technology– There are possibilities for future cooperation in digital technology. A potential roadmap could be established for collaboration on 6G, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing.

An MoU signed recently between NPCI International Payments Limited and Lyra, a French payment services provider, may soon enable UPI and RuPay payments in Europe.

What shows the convergence of India and France on regional and global issues?

Both India and France value their strategic autonomy. Both pursue independence in their foreign policies and seek a multipolar world.

As per French President, Europe must not get entangled in America’s confrontation with China and preserve its “strategic autonomy”.

He warned that Europe’s security dependence on the US could turn European states into “vassals” if the US-China confrontation escalated. He also pushed the idea of Europe as a “third superpower” with France in the lead.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and its geopolitical consequences has brought a new European awareness of the strategic importance of India and vice versa.

France has a better appreciation than other European states of New Delhi’s position on the war.

India understands that if there will be a rapprochement between Europe and Russia, it will have to be led by France. For this reason, French support will also be critical to a consensus outcome at the G20 summit.

France is the only EU state with territories in the Indo-Pacific. It could be an important partner for building maritime domain awareness and keep an eye on China’s presence in the region.

Data protection Bill: Hiding behind consent

Source– The post is based on the article “Data protection Bill: Hiding behind consent” published in “The Indian Express” on 14th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS2- e-governance. GS2- Government policies and interventions

Relevance: Issues related to regulation of data

News-. The Union Cabinet recently approved the draft Data Protection Bill.

What are the issues with the draft data protection Bill?

It appears the objective of the bill is to facilitate data collection and processing by the government and private entities rather than addressing the concerns for data protection.

SC has recognised privacy as a fundamental right of citizens. It has emphasised the importance of informational self-determination and control for protecting the privacy and freedom of individuals. To ensure these protections, the SC established the standards of determination through three criteria: legality, legitimacy, and proportionality.

Legality– Legality entails the existence of appropriate laws, particularly for significant government digital applications like digital surveillance.

However, the current Bill seems contradictory.  Section 5 of the latest draft implies that the proposed Act would permit any purpose unless explicitly prohibited by law.

Legitimacy and proportionality– Legitimacy is related to the obligation of the state to convey that proposed digitalization involves a valid interest. Digital application should meet the test of proportionality.

There should be a careful balance between the extent to which Fundamental Rights might be affected. But there are currently no established standards for either of these tests.

Legitimacy is disregarded. There is a lack of clear standards for determining proportionality. The draft bill contains the provisions to make “reasonable efforts” and implement “appropriate technical and organisational measures”.

These are insufficient measures for assessing the intrusive nature of the digital application and effectively balances risks.

Consent provision– Draft Bill seems to have heavy reliance on consent. Individuals need to have an accurate understanding of all the privacy risks associated with complex digital applications.

In pervasive applications, denying consent may limit options, create hardships, or impede freedom of expression.

What are the suggestions for improvement in the draft data protection Bill?

Specific guidelines and criteria are necessary for conducting risk assessments and determining legitimacy. These standards cannot be developed without well-defined guidelines and regulations.

It should acknowledge the privacy risks associated with digital applications.

There are not only the risks of illegal surveillance, profiling, and unauthorised exposure of private information. There are also indirect harms when data elements are linked together to create distorted digital representations.

The measures of post-violation complaints and penalties are not adequate for protection. Protection from indirect harms needs to be ex-ante rather than ex-post. 

Data fiduciaries and data controllers need to have standards for ex-ante privacy protection and purpose limitation.

Effective data protection necessitates an accountability-based framework rather than one solely based on consent. This framework places the responsibility on data controllers and fiduciaries, regardless of the level of consent, rather than solely on individuals.

Out of alignment – On India-UK Bilateral Investment Treaty

Source- The post is based on the article “Out of alignment” published in the “The Indian Express” on 14th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 2 – Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements

Relevance – Issues related to foreign investment

News – Negotiations are undergoing on the India-UK bilateral investment treaty.

What is the main point of contention in negotiation?

London has conveyed its unease regarding New Delhi’s insistence on including the “exhaustion of local remedies clause” in dispute resolution mechanisms.

This clause has played a central role in India’s decision to unilaterally terminate 68 out of 87 Bilateral Investment Treaties between 2013 and 2019. It has also been a fundamental aspect of a model BIT by the Indian government.

Why is the “exhaustion of local remedies clause” problematic?

1) It is impractical to expect foreign investors to rely solely on local remedies. The Indian judicial system is known for its slow pace.

Policy interventions by the government further complicate matters. For example, the Vodafone case lasted 13 years, partly due to the government retroactively amending tax laws.  This compelled Vodafone to appeal to the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

2) Courts and regulators have not consistently upheld contractual obligations. In the dispute between Amazon and Future Group, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) initially ruled in favour of Amazon,

A decision later confirmed by a single-judge Bench of the Delhi High Court. However, on appeal, a Division Bench of the same court favoured Future Group. But the Supreme Court upheld the SIAC’s decision.

The government claims that international arbitration favours investors over governments. But it is incorrect.

Data from the UNCTAD demonstrates that out of 1,104 known cases of international dispute settlement, 274 rulings were in favour of states, while 212 rulings favoured investors.

What should be the India government’s approach towards investment treaties?

India should accept international arbitration for confidence-boosting of investors.

It should honour decisions of arbitration courts. It will avoid the embarrassment caused by seizing of Indian assets abroad by corporations to enforce arbitral awards, which occurred in the case of Cairn Energy.

India should not impose this clause in investment treaties.

GS Paper 3

Unfair taxation in the name of climate action

Source: The post is based on the article “Unfair taxation in the name of climate action” published in Business Standard on 14^th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 3 – Environment – Climate Change

Relevance: concerns associated with levying emission related taxes

News: Rich countries have proposed global tax and tariff to mobilize finance for climate change. These taxes will harm the developing countries.

What are some of the taxation measures being adopted by rich countries?

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): There are many flaws with CBAM –

• In the short run, this will generate more revenue for the EU and/or force exporters to squeeze their profit margins and wages to reduce costs.
• A tariff on an externality only alleviates if it is applied at the source of the externality, but the tariff in this case is imposed at the point of sale.
• The data needed to accurately assess and compare emissions is also contentious.
• CBAM mainly targets raw materials rather than finished goods. It will disproportionately affect countries in Africa and the European neighborhood that are not significant historical or present-day polluters.

A proposed tax on Carbon Emissions from Shipping: It is based on the argument that shipping services are underpriced as no account is taken of their carbon emissions. Therefore, the tax can reduce emissions either by reducing shipping movements or by promoting switching to alternative low-carbon shipping technologies.

However, the immediate impact of the tax will depend on the demand elasticity for shipping.

If demand is inelastic, there will be no significant short-term reduction in emissions. Instead, it will increase the cost of shipping goods, and the burden of this tax will be passed on to consumers.

Moreover, the tax will discriminate against island states and importers of bulk goods, including fuels, agricultural goods, and essential minerals. It will also discriminate against countries seeking to industrialize through export-led growth.

The tax revenues will primarily only benefit the top 10 shipping countries, which are predominantly high-income economies.

What measures are being adopted by rich countries to mitigate the effect of such taxes on developing countries?

First, rich countries have proposed measures of giving developing countries some of the money raised from these taxes.

However, it is the poorer countries themselves that will bear the burden of these taxes as well as be part of financing such transfers.

Second, the other proposal adopted by rich countries involves subsidizing the transition of these countries to lower carbon technologies.

However, if this transition were fully supported through grant finance, there would be no need for these tariffs.

What can be the way ahead?

Rich countries are neither willing to take retroactive responsibility for carbon emissions nor provide grant and concessional finance in substantial measure to tackle the problem in contemporary times.

Hence, by adopting such taxation measures they only tend to hinder the development of poor countries.

Protect rural incomes to tackle the current food security threat

Source: The post is based on the article “Protect rural incomes to tackle the current food security threat” published in Live Mint on 14^th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 3 – Agriculture – Issues of Buffer Stocks & Food Security

Relevance: concerns with rising food inflation

News: Recently, the National Statistical Office has released the retail inflation data.

What are the key highlights of the retail inflation data?

The data shows a moderate rise in inflation to 4.81% in June from 4.3% last month. However, despite the increase, this rate is within India’s tolerance band.

Further, food inflation has climbed to 4.49% from 2.96%, which is a cause for concern for the government.  

What has caused the rise in food inflation?

Analysis of consumer price index (CPI) data shows that the foodgrain group contributed the most to the rise in food inflation.

For instance, cereal inflation stands at 13%, with both rice and wheat experiencing 12% inflation. Arhar (tur), the dominant pulse item also shows inflation of 27%.

Therefore, the concern lies with the rising foodgrain inflation, particularly for cereals and pulses.

What are the concerns present with food grains?

Wheat: Wheat inflation has remained in double digits for over a year.The government was able to procure only 26 million tonnes of wheat against a target of 34 million tonnes, which shows less wheat supply in the market.

Wheat prices have remained high despite massive open market operations by the government before the procurement season. This brings concern that wheat supply may not be as high as projected.

As a result of low procurement this year and the last, wheat stocks are barely sufficient to meet the needs of the Public Distribution System (PDS). It leaves little scope for further market intervention.

Rice: Despite the government holding sufficient stocks, regional spread of the monsoon has raised concerns.

While there has been above -average rainfall in north-west India, there is a deficit in the rest of the country. This excess rainfall in northwestern India has caused floods which may affect rice crops.

Whereas a deficit in rainfall in eastern and peninsular India may result in lower output of rice in the kharif season.

Pulses: There are problems with pulses. Arhar sowing this year is lower by almost 10%. Even oilseeds sowing is down by more than 10%, with soybean sowing falling 14%.

What can be the implications of inflation in food grains?

The inflation in food grains may affect other food items like milk.

Further, as food grains have a significant weight in the consumption basket, the rising prices are likely to squeeze demand for other commodities. Therefore, government intervention is necessary to protect the income of farmers.

What measures can be taken by the government?

While food security interventions, such as the Public Distribution System (PDS), can provide some relief, a more comprehensive strategy is required to protect the rural economy.

This will require the government to step up public spending to generate demand in the economy, raise incomes and create non-farm employment. 

Express View on Chandrayaan-3: To moon, with love

Source: The post is based on the article “Express View on Chandrayaan-3: To moon, with love” published in “India Express” on 14th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS 3- Awareness in the field of space

News: India is preparing for its second moon landing mission, Chandrayaan-3. This mission comes after the first attempt with Chandrayaan-2 in 2019, which ended in a crash-landing. The ISRO team has made improvements to prevent a similar outcome.

What is the significance of Chandrayaan-3?

The hope and expectations of a nation: Over a billion Indians are following Chandrayaan-3’s journey with hope and optimism. They are tracking its path to the moon and the planned soft-landing in late August. This mission carries the dreams of a nation aiming for space success.

A rebound from past disappointments: Chandrayaan-3 is significant as it represents a comeback after the disappointment of Chandrayaan-2. This mission is a chance for ISRO to learn from past failures and make advancements in space exploration.

A stepping stone to greater achievements: The Chandrayaan-3 mission is not just about reaching the moon. It’s a stepping stone to bigger space adventures. Successful landing on the moon would unlock new opportunities for ISRO and pave the way for future missions like Gaganyaan, and others to the Sun and Venus.

Boost to India’s space status: A successful Chandrayaan-3 mission would reaffirm India’s position among top space-faring nations. It could lead to increased collaboration with other international space agencies, bolstering ISRO’s global standing.

What’s the role of private sector in India’s space ambitions?

Private sector’s new role in India’s space industry: The Indian government has opened up the space sector for private companies. This marks a new phase for the country’s space ambitions.

Allowing ISRO to focus on research and exploration: By involving private companies, ISRO can focus more on space research and exploration. This way, ISRO can dedicate its resources to significant missions like Chandrayaan-3 and others in the future.

Providing routine services in space sector: Private companies will take care of routine services in the space sector. These services could include launching satellites and other operations.

Creating a space technology ecosystem: The entry of private companies helps to create a broader space technology ecosystem. This ecosystem can support the development and growth of India’s space ambitions.

Boosting talent and resource base: With private sector involvement, there’s a chance to expand the talent and resource base in the space sector. More people and resources can aid ISRO in its future missions.

How can Chandrayaan-3 impact the future of ISRO?

Potential for learning and growth: Chandrayaan-3 can offer ISRO valuable experience and lessons, helping it to grow. Learning from the mission can aid future endeavors like the Gaganyaan project or missions to study the Sun and Venus.

Reaffirming India’s place in space: The success of Chandrayaan-3 would confirm India’s place among top space-faring nations. It could encourage more global collaborations, like with NASA or the European Space Agency.

Boosting confidence in future missions: If successful, Chandrayaan-3 can build confidence for future ISRO missions. A successful moon landing can reassure the team and the nation about the feasibility of future ambitious projects.

Attracting more support: Success with Chandrayaan-3 could attract more support, including funding and talent, for ISRO’s future missions.

Waiting For Another Gamble – on taxing gambling industry

Source- The post is based on the article “Waiting For Another Gamble” published in “The Times of India” on 14th July 2023.

Syllabus: GS3- Indian Economy – Mobilisation of Resources

Relevance- Taxation issues related to gaming industry

News- The government has proposed a tax rate of 28% on gaming industry.

What is the policy approach of the government to activities that are not regulated but are emerging very fast?

Except for Goa and Sikkim, where casinos are established as tourist attractions, there appears to be an unspoken policy consensus across states and political parties.

If an activity cannot be effectively regulated, excessively high taxation rates are applied. This approach has been observed for cryptocurrency trading and is now being applied to online gaming.

What will be the impact of the government ‘s decision to tax the gaming industry?

Presently, cryptocurrency traders are resorting to offshore online exchanges. Gamers are likely to find similar means. This will result in a loss of foreign exchange and hinder the enforcement of anti-money laundering regulations.

Multiple high court rulings have addressed the debate between skill and chance in gaming, and taxation methods applicable to online games. Despite these rulings, the gaming ecosystem is still facing uncertainty.

The proposed tax changes will not impact horse racing. Casinos will be adversely affected. State governments may attempt to alleviate the blow by reducing the state component of the tax.

Online games that involve prize money, such as rummy, will be heavily impacted, even though the courts had classified them as games of skill.

Games like “teen patti” and casual games funded through advertising revenue are expected to remain largely unaffected.

Many gaming companies will face financial challenges and could become unviable.

What could have been a better approach?

To mitigate the detrimental effects of gambling, it would have been suitable to implement measures such as setting betting limits based on gamers’ income proofs and conducting ID verifications.

Additionally, systems could be established to exclude gamers with substantial losses.

The regulation of gambling falls under the jurisdiction of state governments. According to the regulations, games that are primarily based on chance and involve cash rewards are generally prohibited unless expressly permitted by a state government.

Skill-based games receive some level of protection. It would be unfair to impose heavy taxation on these games. Taxation should not be imposed on the full-face value of these games.

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Tele Law : Reaching the Unreached

Source: The post is based on the article “Tele Law : Reaching the Unreached” published in PIB on 13th July 2023

What is the News?

The Tele Law program has revolutionized access to pre-litigation advice and  empowered over 46 lakh beneficiaries nationwide with free legal advice.

What is the Tele Law Initiative?

The Tele Law Initiative was launched by the Department of Justice in 2017. 

Purpose: It is an e-interface mechanism to seek legal advice and consultation at a pre-litigation stage with the aim of ‘Reaching the Unreached’.

Under this initiative, smart technology of video conferencing, telephone /instant calling facilities available at the vast network of Common Service Centres at the Panchayat level are used to connect the indigent, down-trodden, vulnerable, unreached groups and communities with the Panel Lawyers for seeking timely and valuable legal advice.

– In addition, the service can also be accessed through the Tele Law Mobile App (available on Android and iOS).

Cost: Tele Law is provided free of cost to those persons entitled to free legal aid under Section 12 of the Legal Services Authorities (LSA) Act, 1987, and at a nominal fee of Rs. 30/- per consultation for “others”.

Real time data: A dedicated Tele Law dashboard has been developed to capture real-time data on the nature of cases registered & advice enabled.

Significance: Tele Law initiative has made legal consultation both easily accessible and highly affordable for the common citizens.

Sangam literature for the layman

Source: The post is based on the article “Sangam literature for the layman” published in The Hindu on 11th July 2023

What is the News?

Tamil Nadu Text Book and Education Services Corporation has released Patthuppattu, a collection of ten idylls, one of the earliest Sangam poetry collections.

Note: An idyll is a short poem descriptive of some picturesque scene or incident, mainly associated with pastoral life. 

What is the Sangam Age?

The Sangam Age constitutes an important chapter in the history of South India. 

According to Tamil legends, there existed three Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) in ancient Tamil Nadu popularly called Muchchangam. These Sangams flourished under the royal patronage of the Pandyas. 

The first Sangam, held at Then Madurai, was attended by gods and legendary sages but no literary work of this Sangam was available. 

The second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram but all the literary works had perished except Tolkappiyam. 

The third Sangam at Madurai was founded by Mudathirumaran.It was attended by a large number of poets who produced voluminous literature but only a few had survived.These Tamil literary works remain useful sources to reconstruct the history of the Sangam Age.

Sangam Literature:

The collection of Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku and the two epics – Silappathigaram and Manimegalai. 

Tolkappiyam authored by Tolkappiyar is the earliest of Tamil literature.It is a work on Tamil grammar but it provides information on the political and socioeconomic conditions of the Sangam period. 

The Ettutogai or Eight Anthologies consist of eight works.The Pattuppattu or Ten Idylls consist of ten works.Both Ettutogai and Pattuppattu were divided into two main groups – Aham (love) and Puram (valour). 

Pathinenkilkanakku contains eighteen works mostly dealing with ethics and morals.The most important among them is Tirukkural authored by Thiruvalluvar. 

Silappathigaram written by Elango Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Sattanar also provides valuable information on the Sangam polity and society.

Proposed National Research Foundation looks to tap CSR to address funding concerns

Source: The post is based on the article “Proposed National Research Foundation looks to tap CSR to address funding concerns” published in The Hindu on 14th July 2023

What is the News?

The National Research Foundation(NRF) has been approved by the Cabinet. But there are concerns over its autonomy and its funding structure.

What is the National Research Foundation(NRF)?

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What are the concerns related to the National Research Foundation(NRF)?

Funding: NRF will operate with a budget of ₹50,000 crore for five years, of which 28% will be the government’s share and the remaining 72% (36,000 crore) will come from the private sector.

– But the statistics from the Ministry of Science and Technology suggest that only 36% of India’s research expenditure  of roughly ₹1.2 lakh crore  came from the private sector in 2019-20. 

– This is one of the reasons why India’s expenditure on research and development is still around 0.6% of the Gross Domestic Product, below the 1-2% which was characteristic of countries with a stronger science and technology infrastructure and the global average of 1.8%.

– Hence, the measures being planned is to have private companies and public sector entities contribute from their ‘corporate social responsibility (CSR)’ corpus to the NRF.

Autonomy: NRF has been envisioned as an autonomous body.The money given to it wouldn’t be controlled by the general financial rules (laid down by the Ministry of Finance) and the CEO as well the board would have autonomy in directing research funds.

– But the proposed structure has both the Science Minister and Education Minister as vice-presidents.The Science Ministry will administratively control it.

– Hence, the clauses on autonomy must be clearly spelt out or else it will end up like multiple attempts in the past.

Sediments decode climate and environmental changes on Kaas Plateau around 8664 years BP

Source: The post is based on the article “Sediments decode climate and environmental changes on Kaas Plateau around 8664 years BP” published in PIB on 13th July 2023

What is the News?

A study of the sediments from a seasonal lake in the Kaas Plateau has indicated a major shift in the Indian Summer Monsoons towards dry and stressed conditions with low rainfall during the Early-Mid–Holocene, around 8664 years BP. 

Note: Holocene is the name given to the last 11,700 years of the Earth’s history — the time since the end of the last major glacial epoch, or “ice age.

What is Kaas Plateau?

Kaas plateau also known as valley of flowers is located on the Western Ghats in Maharashtra.

Its name is derived from the Kaasa tree, botanically known as Elaeocarpus glandulosus (rudraksha family).

It is located on a lake that dates back to the Early-Mid-Holocene period, which means it is an ancient lake that has been preserved over a long time.

It was included in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site in 2012 for being a biodiversity rich zone.

The plateau is known for various types of seasonal wild flowers and species of endemic butterflies. 

The plateau boasts of more than 850 species of flowers, which include orchids, shrubs and carnivorous plants, making it a popular tourism destination.

What was the study conducted by researchers at Kaas Plateau?

Researchers studied the ancient lake to understand and decipher the past climate of the Kaas Plateau.

The study has found that there was a major shift in the Indian Summer Monsoons towards dry and stressed conditions with low rainfall during the Early-Mid–Holocene, around 8664 years BP.

Around the late Halocene (around 2827 years BP), there was a decrease in rainfall and a weakened southwest Monsoon.

However, during the recent past (around the last 1000 years), pollen, as well as the presence of a high number of planktonic and pollution-tolerant diatom taxa indicated lake eutrophication, possibly due to human impact and cattle/livestock farming in the catchment. 

Scientists say the ‘Anthropocene epoch’ began in the 1950s: What it means, significance

Source: The post is based on the article “Scientists say the ‘Anthropocene epoch’ began in the 1950s: What it means, significance” published in Indian Express on 13th July 2023

What is the News?

According to the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG), sediments at Crawford Lake in Canada’s Ontario have provided evidence of the beginning of the Anthropocene epoch.

What is the Anthropocene epoch?

Anthropocene is a proposed epoch that denotes the present geological time interval, in which the Earth’s ecosystem has gone through radical changes due to human impact.

The word Anthropocene is derived from the Greek words anthropo, for “man,” and cene for “new”.

The term was coined and made popular by biologist Eugene Stormer and chemist Paul Crutzen in 2000.

There are numerous phenomena associated with this proposed epoch such as global warming, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, mass-scale soil erosion, the advent of deadly heat waves, deterioration of the biosphere and other detrimental changes in the environment.

What is the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG)?

Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) is an interdisciplinary research group dedicated to the study of the Anthropocene as a geological time unit.

It was established in 2009 as part of the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS), a constituent body of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).

What did the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) find out?

AWG has studied the sediments at Crawford Lake in Canada’s Ontario. They have revealed that the Anthropocene epoch started sometime between 1950 and 1954.

However, scientists still debate whether the Anthropocene is different from the Holocene.

Moreover, the term Anthropocene has also not been formally adopted by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), the international organization that names and defines epochs.

The primary question that the IUGS needs to answer before declaring the Anthropocene an epoch is if humans have changed the Earth system to the point that it is reflected in the rock strata.

What is the Geological Time Scale?

The geologic time scale is the calendar for events in Earth’s history.

It is divided into five broad categories: eons, epochs, eras, periods, epochs and ages. While eon is the broadest category of geological time, age is the smallest category. 

Each of these categories is further divided into sub-categories. For instance, Earth’s history is characterized by four eons, including Hadeon (oldest), Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic (youngest).

Currently, we are officially in the Phanerozoic eon, Cenozoic era, Quaternary period, Holocene epoch and the Meghalayan age.

The first GSI survey of the Siachen

Source: The post is based on the article “The first GSI survey of the Siachen” published in The Hindu on 14th July 2023

What is the News?

In 1958, V. K. Raina, a top Indian geologist, led the first Geological Survey of India expedition to the Siachen glacier. 

This event is of historical and geostrategic significance as it puts to rest all myths to the effect that Pakistan was in control of the glacier since the beginning.

What is the Siachen glacier?

Siachen glacier is located in the Eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas.

At 78 km long, Siachen Glacier is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second longest in the world’s non-polar areas. It is also the world’s highest battlefield.

The glacier lies just northeast of Point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.

The Siachen has been an important bone of contention between India and Pakistan since 1984 when the Indian Army launched Operation Meghdoot to take control of the entire Siachen glacier.

The glacier’s melting waters are the main source of the Nubra River in the Indian region of Ladakh which drains into the Shyok River. The Shyok in turn joins the Indus River which flows through Pakistan.

Siachen Glacier also boasts of the world’s highest helipad built by India at Point Sonam, 21,000 ft (6,400 m) above the sea level, to supply its troops. India also installed the world’s highest telephone booth on the glacier.

Low-energy-consuming switchable smart windows developed based on novel architecture for confining liquid crystals

Source: The post is based on the article “Low-energy-consuming switchable smart windows developed based on novel architecture for confining liquid crystals” published in PIB on 13th July 2023

What is the News?

Researchers have developed a novel technique for confining liquid crystals in an architecture known as hierarchical double networks of polymers.

This technique can provide next-generation solutions for low-energy consumption on-demand switchable smart windows that operate between low and high transmittance.

What are Polymers?

 The term polymer is defined as very large molecules having high molecular mass (103 -107u). 

These are also referred to as macromolecules, which are formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale.

The repeating structural units are derived from some simple and reactive molecules known as monomers and are linked to each other by covalent bonds. The process of formation of polymers from respective monomers is called polymerisation.

Types of Polymers: Under this type of classification, there are three sub categories:

– Natural polymers: These polymers are found in plants and animals. Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, some resins and rubber.

– Semi-synthetic polymers: These are those that are derived from nature itself but are made to undergo chemical processes to enhance their quality. Cellulose derivatives such as cellulose acetate (rayon) and cellulose nitrate etc. are the usual examples of this sub category.

– Synthetic polymers: These are those which are human-made polymers. Some examples of synthetic polymers are: plastic (polythene), synthetic fibres (nylon 6,6) and synthetic rubbers (Buna – S).

What are Interpenetrating polymer networks?

Interpenetrating polymer networks are soft matter systems that innovatively optimize different functionalities such as mechanical, optical, and electrical properties to provide novel solutions in engineering and biomedical applications. 

A specific class of these architectures called as hierarchical double networks synergistically combine rigid and soft networks to realize thermal, electrical, and optical properties.

European Parliament asks India to act promptly to end Manipur violence

Source: The post is based on the article “European Parliament asks India to act promptly to end Manipur violence” published in The Hindu on 14th July 2023

What is the News?

The European Parliament has adopted a resolution on Manipur violence.

What does the European Parliament resolution on Manipur violence say?

Firstly, it called on the Indian government to act “promptly” to halt the violence in Manipur and protect religious minorities.

Secondly, it also calls on authorities to grant unhindered access to the area by journalists and international observers and to end Internet shutdowns.

Thirdly, it asks the Indian government to repeal the unlawful Armed Forces Special Powers Act in line with the recommendations of the UN Universal Periodic Review.

Fourthly, it asserted that the EU should make human rights prominent in its dialogue and relationship with India.

What was India’s response to the resolution?

The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has called the resolution move “unacceptable” and reflective of a “colonial mindset”.

It said that the Indian authorities at all levels including the judiciary, are monitoring the situation in Manipur and are taking steps to maintain peace and harmony and law and order.

PM Modi in France: What is Bastille Day, whose celebrations he will attend?

Source: The post is based on the article “PM Modi in France: What is Bastille Day, whose celebrations he will attend” published in Indian Express on 13th July 2023

What is the News?

The Indian Prime Minister will be attending the French National Day celebrations as the Guest of Honour. 

The National Day of France is celebrated on July 14 also known as Bastille Day and is marked by a long military parade, along with dancing and other merriment.

Note: Before the present PM Modi, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had attended Bastille Day celebrations in 2009.

What is Bastille Day?

Bastille Day is the name given to the National Day of France, which is celebrated on 14 July each year.

The day signifies the start of the French Revolution, more than 200 years ago.

What happened on Bastille Day?

In 1789, people were unhappy with King Louis XVI’s reign, which had been dominated by food shortages and high taxes.

After outbreaks of violence on the streets of Paris, an armed mob surrounded Bastille on the morning of 14 July.

They stormed the Bastille prison and as word spread, the French Revolution was born.

The mob chose Bastille because people were imprisoned here simply because the King said so, without trial and without publicly stated causes.

The monarchy was eventually overthrown and Louis XVI and his wife Queen were executed.

Tropical waters have turned green in colour, courtesy climate change: Study

Source: The post is based on the article “Tropical waters have turned green in colour, courtesy climate change: Study” published in Down to Earth on 12th July 2023

What is the News?

A recent study has indicated that Tropical Ocean waters are turning Green in colour due to alteration in phytoplankton communities.

About the Study:

The study has found that 56% of the global ocean — a territory larger than the total land area on Earth — experienced color change between 2002 and 2022.

Tropical ocean regions near the Equator seem to have become greener over time. The southern Indian Ocean, in particular, has seen a significant colour change.

What does green color in oceans indicate?

Green-coloured water indicates life, especially phytoplankton, which are microscopic plant-like organisms. Blue, in contrast, indicates little life.

The colour also determines the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the ocean. Currently, oceans absorb 25% of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

Why are Tropical oceans turning green in colour?

Researchers said that more work would be needed to find out what exactly those colour changes might mean. But they have said climate change was very likely to be the cause.

What is the impact of Climate Change on oceans?

Climate change threatens global oceans and the life that depends on them in multiple ways.

For instance, a 2020 study has warned that polar bears could largely disappear by the end of the century if global warming continues.

Another study found that half of the world’s coral reefs have already been killed by warmer waters and ocean acidification.

The following today’s current affairs articles have been covered in 7 PM Explained section of the day:

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