9 PM Daily Current Affairs Brief – September 26th, 2023
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Mains Oriented Articles
GS PAPER - 2
G-20 diplomacy and a shifting world order
Contents
Source– The post is based on the article “G-20 diplomacy and a shifting world order” published in “The Hindu” on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS2 – Global groupings
News– Recently, India successfully conducted the G-20 meeting in Delhi.
What are some facts about the Delhi declaration agreed during the G20 summit in Delhi?
The New Delhi Declaration appears to encompass a wide range of topics that cater to various interests.
It covers issues such as condemning terrorism, addressing climate concerns, tripling renewable energy capacity, promoting sustainable development lifestyles, and reforming multilateral development banks.
It highlights India’s contributions, such as digital public infrastructure and the Unified Payments Interface.
The Declaration aligns with the prevailing sentiment within the G-20. It endorses Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of “One Earth, One Family, One Future.”
Regarding the Ukraine conflict, the declaration does not explicitly blame Russia. It seeks a resolution to the conflict. This sets the New Delhi Declaration apart from the Bali Declaration of November 2022, where Russia was condemned for its aggression in Ukraine.
Why should India not be over-optimistic about G-20 outcomes?
China’s reception of the Delhi Declaration is mixed. It underscores that the G-20’s primary purpose is economic cooperation. It is not a platform for addressing geopolitical and security issues.
China acknowledges the establishment of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor Plan. But it cautions against its potential use as a geopolitical tool.
Some world leaders have not fully embraced the Delhi G-20. The South Korean President cautioned about the current state of global affairs marked by geopolitical competition, rising inflation, and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
China remains a dominant force in Asia, and India is a prominent target. India’s growing economic strength and its membership in the Quad demand careful handling.
How has the nature of the G-20 undergone a transformation in recent years?
Earlier during the 2008-09 economic crisis, G20 preferred to focus on global economic issues. It collaborated to prevent a global economic downturn. Now, it has shifted towards addressing global political conflicts with less emphasis on the global economic landscape.
A covert struggle is unfolding between two opposing blocs aiming to reshape the global balance of power. One is led by Western nations and the other by China and Russia,
The world is grappling with an “emerging world disorder,” marked by the resurgence of two antagonistic blocs.
The stalemate in the Ukraine conflict has prompted the U.S. to bolster and expand NATO under its leadership. This development raises the prospect of a U.S.-equipped “territorial force” emerging in Ukraine.
Beyond Europe, several non-NATO allies are being courted to join the U.S.-led alliance aimed at countering “authoritarianism,” represented by Russia and China.
Japan and South Korea have already aligned with the Western alliance, and Australia has become a significant partner in the U.S.-led alliance in the Southern Hemisphere.
Russia and China are deepening their “strategic alignment.” Countries like North Korea are strengthening their ties with this bloc.
China is leveraging its presence in the Pacific Ocean to openly challenge U.S. naval dominance in the region.
Russia and Turkey have also strengthened their relationship. Russia is once again seeking to expand its influence in Africa.
How is the emerging world order impacting international politics?
The increasing number of new alliances will undermine the concept of non-alignment significantly. It is becoming challenging for nations to maintain true non-alignment. Even groupings like BRICS are finding it difficult to sustain their neutral stance.
The proliferation of relationships and the complex web of security agreements have severely restricted the scope for non-alignment.
As rival blocs with conflicting visions of the international order grow stronger, the world faces an uncertain and gloomy future.
Prachanda & Himalayan Xiopolitics
Contents
- 1 How has the Chinese approach regarding India and Nepal relationship has undergone transformation?
- 2 What is the Chinese foreign policy approach towards Nepal?
- 3 What are the issues in project implementation by China in Nepal?
- 4 What is the difference between the Indian and Chinese approach towards Nepal?
Source– The post is based on the article “Prachanda & Himalayan Xiopolitics” published in “The Times of India” on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS 2 – Bilateral and regional groupings
Relevance- India and Nepal bilateral relationship in context of China
News– Nepal PM Prachanda’s visit to China from September 23 has resulted in numerous commitments and bilateral agreements.
How has the Chinese approach regarding India and Nepal relationship has undergone transformation?
Earlier approach- Until a decade ago, China was amenable to Nepal’s growing ties with India. China could not provide Nepal with the same level of support and assistance as India could deliver.
Current approach- China does not want a closer relationship between India and Nepal. The new Chinese ambassador in Kathmandu criticised India-Nepal relations. He has urged the Nepalese to strengthen their ties with China.
A representative from the Communist Party of China’s politburo attempted to convince the Nepalese government in July 2023 to consider recruiting Gorkhas for the People’s Liberation Army. The Nepalese government firmly rejected this proposal.
What is the Chinese foreign policy approach towards Nepal?
China’s earlier objective was primarily security oriented. It aimed to prevent Tibetans from fleeing to Nepal and exert strict control over the Tibetan community in Nepal.
When Tibetans are apprehended by the Nepalese Armed Police, they are often returned to China and placed in re-education or detention camps. Those reaching the UNHCR office in Kathmandu receive exit permits from Nepal’s immigration department.
Over 40,000 Tibetans transited through Nepal under a 1990 Gentlemen’s Agreement. China’s demand for the repatriation of Tibetan refugees raises concerns about Nepalese sovereignty.
China has been active in its efforts to unite various communist parties and factions in Nepal. It has financially supported favoured politicians, established Confucius Institutes throughout Nepal, and provided Chinese language teachers to Nepalese schools.
What are the issues in project implementation by China in Nepal?
The concerning aspects of projects carried out by Chinese firms in Nepal include escalating costs, projects awarded through nomination rather than international and transparent bidding processes, the supply of substandard materials, and the employment of Chinese workers.
For instance, the Pokhara Airport project ended up costing 85% more than the original estimates. Six Chinese aircraft, including two Xian MA60s and four Harbin Y12s, remain grounded, and Nepal Airlines has been unsuccessful in leasing or selling them.
Nepal signed the Belt and Road Initiative Framework Agreement with China six years ago. But many projects have not advanced significantly. Notably, the proposed rail link, initially suggested by King Birendra in 1973, has faced delays.
What is the difference between the Indian and Chinese approach towards Nepal?
Nature of assistance- China provides Nepal with modest grant assistance. The nature of this assistance differs from India’s support. In the fiscal year 2020-21, China provided a grant of $14 million, while India committed grant assistance of $6.32 million during the same period.
Connectivity- The 2016 Sino-Nepalese transit and transport agreement protocol granted Kathmandu access to seven Chinese sea and land ports for third-country trade.
However, most of the Nepal’s trade still passes through India. Kolkata and Visakhapatnam ports are significantly closer than Chinese ports.
In contrast to the open border between India and Nepal and India hosting Nepalese nationals, China maintains a closed northern border with Nepal.
Project implementation- In 2015, during a disruption in supplies to the Kathmandu Valley, China had promised to step in. However, currently, China’s petroleum supply to Nepal is nonexistent.
India has implemented a dedicated pipeline system to ensure uninterrupted and timely delivery, and further pipeline construction is underway.
War in the Caucasus – Azerbaijan should respect the autonomy of the Armenian population
Source: The post is based on the article “War in the Caucasus – Azerbaijan should respect the autonomy of the Armenian population” published in The Hindu on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS 2 – International Relations
Relevance: About Azerbaijan recapturing Nagorno-Karabakh
News: Azerbaijan has recaptured Nagorno-Karabakh, an Armenian-populated enclave, with the help of Turkey. This shows the changing power dynamics in the Caucasus region where American, Russian, and Turkish interests collide.
What is conflict about?
The conflict originated during the final stages of the Soviet Union, when the majority Armenian-Christian population conducted a referendum to declare independence from Azerbaijan, which had a Shia majority.
Until recently, Nagorno-Karabakh was under the administration of Armenian separatists with support from the Republic of Armenia.
However, in 2020, Azerbaijan, with backing from Turkey, engaged in a conflict with Armenia, which is a Russian treaty partner.
This conflict resulted in the capture of a significant portion of Nagorno-Karabakh by Azerbaijan. Despite Russia’s role in brokering a ceasefire, it provided limited assistance to Armenia, and the ceasefire short-lived.
Further, Azerbaijan blockaded the Lachin Corridor, the only road connecting Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia, causing severe economic hardship for the enclave’s 120,000 residents.
Despite international criticism, Azerbaijan maintained control over the corridor and restricted the flow of goods and medicines.
Recently, Azerbaijan attacked Stepanakert, the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh, forcing the separatists to cede full control of the enclave.
Must Read: Why does the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh remain unresolved?
What caused Azerbaijan to recapture Nagorno-Karabakh?
First, Turkey supported Azerbaijan both politically and militarily, seeking a greater role in the Caucasus region.
Second, Russia’s engagement in Ukraine weakened its influence in the Caucasus, leaving Armenia dissatisfied with Moscow’s lack of action during the conflict.
Hence, recognizing this geopolitical advantage, Azerbaijan took control of the enclave.
What can be the way ahead?
Azerbaijan’s recent takeover has caused a significant refugee movement into Armenia, accompanied by allegations of genocidal crimes.
Hence, to peacefully integrate Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan must guarantee equal rights and respect autonomy for the Armenian population.
Failure to do so may result in resistance from the Armenians, posing challenges for Azerbaijan’s control over the region.
What are the findings of the Parliament panel on NEP?
Source: The post is based on the article “What are the findings of the Parliament panel on NEP?” published in The Hindu on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS 2 – Issues Related with Education
Relevance: concerns associated with the implementation of NEP 2020 and measures needed to address them.
News: In the special session of Parliament, a report titled “Implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP), 2020 in Higher Education” was presented by the Parliament Standing Committee on Education.
What are the key findings of the report?
The report evaluated NEP 2020 implementation in higher education, emphasizing that 70% of the country’s 1,043 universities function under the State Act.
Moreover, it pointed out that 94% of students attend State or private institutions, with only 6% in Central higher education institutions. This emphasizes the important role that States play in providing higher education.
What were the issues highlighted by the Committee in the report?
The panel addressed several critical issues, including the rigid separation of academic disciplines, limited access to higher education in socio-economically disadvantaged regions, the scarcity of higher education institutions (HEIs) teaching in local languages, insufficient faculty numbers, etc.
What were the recommendations given by the Committee to address the issues?
First, the committee recommended that by 2030, every district in the country should have at least one multidisciplinary HEI. The Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education, which includes vocational education, should be increased from 26.3% in 2018 to 50% by 2035.
Second, it recommended increased funding, higher enrolment targets, gender balance, and more financial support and scholarships for Socially and Economically Disadvantaged Groups (SEDGs) in public and private HEIs.
Third, the government should promote inclusivity in admission procedures and curriculum, enhance the employability prospects of higher education programs, and develop more degree courses taught in regional languages and bilingually.
Fourth, the government should provide specific infrastructural support for physically challenged students and enforce all no-discrimination and anti-harassment rules.
The Committee cited Jammu and Kashmir as an example of NEP implementation in 2022 which resulted in substantial changes in teaching methods and improved lifelong learning opportunities for students.
Fifth, the Committee proposed improving Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA’s) funding effectiveness by diversifying its sources to include partnerships with private sector, philanthropic foundations, and international institutions.
It also suggested reviewing and adjusting loan interest rates to make them more competitive and affordable for HEIs.
Sixth, the committee raised concerns about the feasibility of implementing the multiple entry and multiple exit (MEME) system in Indian institutions.
They highlighted that while MEME works well in Western institutions, it may disrupt the pupil-teacher ratio in Indian institutions due to uncertainties in student enrollment and exit.
WHO report flags deficits in BP care — facilitating diagnosis is first step
Source: The post is based on the article “WHO report flags deficits in BP care — facilitating diagnosis is first step” published in “Indian express” on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS2- governance- Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health.
News:This article discusses the concerning lack of awareness and treatment for hypertension in India, affecting over 180 million people, and highlights the urgent need for improved healthcare services and education to manage and control this condition effectively.
Why is high blood pressure a concern for India?
Widespread Issue: Over 180 million people are affected.
Awareness Gap: 63% of them aren’t even aware they have it.
Severe Health Risks: It can cause heart attacks, strokes, and damage kidneys and eyes.
Major Cause of Death: Identified as a leading cause of mortality in India.
Treatment Challenges:
Regular BP checks for those above 30 aren’t frequently done, especially in rural areas.
Only 15% effectively control it after diagnosis.
Discontinuation of Medication: People often stop treatment when symptoms improve, against medical advice, risking their health.
What can be done to improve the situation?
Increase Awareness: Educate people on the importance of diagnosing and treating high blood pressure.
Promote Regular Screening: Ensure people over 30 regularly check their blood pressure, especially in rural areas.
Enhance Healthcare Provision: Improve quality of hypertension care in rural areas, where only a third of providers in places like Bihar could offer quality care.
Community Health Workers: Educate community health workers in villages and districts to diagnose and create awareness.
Policy Implementation: Policymakers should focus on enhancing existing policies, following the recommendations in the WHO report.
GS PAPER - 3
Our institutes of higher learning can produce a green generation
Source– The post is based on the article “Our institutes of higher learning can produce a green generation” published in the “mint” on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS3- Environment
Relevance- Issues related to green and sustainable economy
News–
How could the Indian higher education sector play a key role in achieving sustainability by using emerging technologies?
Optimise sustainability through technology: Utilising modern technologies has the potential to make sustainability a mainstream focus on university and college campuses.
A global survey reveals that 87% of climate leaders consider artificial intelligence as a valuable tool in addressing climate change.
Campuses can employ Internet of Things, sensors to collect real-time data on energy and water consumption. It will lead to identification of inefficiencies and data-informed decision-making. Machine learning algorithms can analyse this data to optimise system operations
ML can identify suitable locations for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, optimise bike-sharing routes, and facilitate data-driven sustainable architecture.
The combination of IoT sensors and big data analytics can optimise energy and water usage while monitoring emissions across campuses through an interconnected digital network.
Implementing such solutions on a larger scale across Indian campuses can lead to efficiency improvements and uncover areas for enhancement. Furthermore, digital twin technology can create models of entire campuses for sustainability scenario testing.
Role of behavioural change: The adoption of technology should be accompanied by initiatives that incentivize sustainable behaviours among the 40 million students and 1.5 million teachers in our higher education institutions.
Techniques like gamification and social comparisons can motivate individuals to conserve electricity, water, and paper, as well as increase the use of public transit.
India’s 1,200 universities and 40,000 colleges should prioritise programs that engage students in environmentally friendly habits. The collective impact of sustainable individual choices can complement institutional efforts.
HEIs should make sustainability a way of life, aligning with the vision of Mission LiFE. Sustainability should be integrated into curricula and campus culture.
Green habits can be fostered through experiential learning opportunities like campus gardens, recycling drives, and student-led green projects.
Colleges and universities can enlist notable alumni and public figures as role models to advocate for low-carbon lifestyles. Conferences and competitions can encourage environmental awareness and generate innovative ideas.
Simple changes, such as placing visible recycling bins, can prompt eco-friendly behaviours. Public commitments through green pledges and social media campaigns can inspire youth to align their actions with their values.
India’s HEIs should instil green values, attitudes, and habits to empower students to lead in sustainability efforts long after graduation.
What is the potential for achieving sustainability in the current Indian scenario?
Indian youth are already increasingly advocating for action on climate change. A study shows that 78% of them feel capable of addressing climate-related challenges. This commitment is reflected in the efforts of young environmentalists and climate activists.
The adoption of sustainable practices within India’s higher education sector is of paramount importance. By 2035, this sector is expected to encompass 80 million students and 3 million teachers.
Our chip-making game shows welcome realism
Source– The post is based on the article “Our chip-making game shows welcome realism” published in the “mint” on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS3- Economy
Relevance- Semiconductor manufacturing
News– Recently, India’s electronics and infotech minister Ashwini Vaishnaw talked about focus on the emerging segment that remains largely unexploited in semiconductor manufacturing
What are some facts about ‘compound semiconductors’?
It is the next major innovation. These chips are claimed to be more energy-efficient and offer superior thermal conductivity. It enables faster processing speeds.
However, their high production cost has limited their usage to specialized applications in fields such as telecommunications, power equipment, and automotive technology.
This segment holds significant sales potential, but its growth trajectory will depend on factors such as the availability of raw materials and the enhancement of chip performance.
Why does a strategic approach, focusing on a specific niche rather than competing with major chip manufacturers appear more realistic?
In emerging fields where all participants are still developing their capabilities, local chip producers in India have a better chance of attaining global competitiveness.
In contrast, the silicon industry is already highly competitive. Substantial investments are being made in fabrication facilities in the EU, US, and China, primarily aimed at reducing reliance on imports from Taiwan.
What are the challenges in achieving global leadership in a specific niche?
The semiconductor industry is influenced by geopolitics. China has restricted the exports of gallium in response to tech restrictions imposed by the US.
Gallium is a key component used in chip production and is found in bauxite and zinc ores. Other players like the Vedanta Group could potentially secure a supply source for gallium compound chips. However, the actual progress of locally produced niche chips in the chip-making process remains uncertain.
Unseal And Pause- NDMA finding that Joshimath has overshot carrying capacity was expected
Source: The post is based on the article “Unseal And Pause- NDMA finding that Joshimath has overshot carrying capacity was expected. There’s a huge lesson here” published in “Times of India” on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS3- disaster management
News: This article discusses the overdevelopment in Joshimath, a town in Uttarakhand, raising concerns about land stability and disaster risk, due to the area’s high seismic activity and landslide occurrence.
What is the main concern in Joshimath?
Overdevelopment Issue: Joshimath in Uttarakhand is undergoing excessive development.
Carrying Capacity: The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has confirmed that the town’s development has surpassed its acceptable limits.
Risk Factors:
The region is in seismic activity zone V, indicating the highest level of seismic activity.
The state disaster management authority’s map marks it as an area with a high incidence of landslides.
Historical Concerns: About 50 years ago, a committee raised concerns about land subsidence in Joshimath. They recommended linking construction to the soil’s load-bearing capacity.
Recent Data: In 2023, over 1,100 landslides were reported in Uttarakhand till mid-September, a significant increase from 354 in 2021 and 245 in 2022. This suggests possible overburdening of the land.
What did the High Court say?
Questioned Secrecy: The High Court inquired why the information from NDMA was kept secret and submitted in a sealed envelope.
Importance of Transparency: It emphasized the need for governments to share critical information with the public openly.
Advocated for Open Collaboration: The court highlighted the value of open scientific collaboration to address and find solutions to such developmental and environmental concerns effectively.
What should be done?
Assess Carrying Capacity: Governments should conduct assessments to understand the carrying capacity of each region, especially in environmentally sensitive areas like the Himalayan states, to avoid overdevelopment.
Transparent Risk Assessment: There needs to be transparent risk assessments of infrastructure projects, considering the high seismic activity and incidence of landslides in regions like Joshimath.
Public Awareness and Transparency: Governments need to share crucial information openly with the public and avoid secrecy, as emphasized by the High Court, to ensure the residents are aware of the environmental risks and developmental challenges.
ExplainSpeaking: What’s the link between GDP growth and employment in India
Source: The post is based on the article “ExplainSpeaking: What’s the link between GDP growth and employment in India” published in “Indian express” on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS3- Economy- growth, development and employment.
News: The article discusses the concern that India’s focus on growing GDP isn’t leading to enough job creation, particularly quality jobs. It mentions the SWI 2023 report, showing that high GDP growth hasn’t equated to substantial employment growth, especially for women, and quality jobs are lacking. Policymakers are advised to prioritize employment-focused strategies, including potentially exploring green manufacturing, to ensure more Indians secure stable, well-paying jobs.
About the State of Working India (SWI 2023) report:
Conducted by: Azim Premji University’s Centre for Sustainable Employment.
Data Utilized: Uses official employment and unemployment data, including Periodic Labour Force Surveys (PLFS), National Family Health Surveys (NFHS), Census 2011, and Economic Census 2013, among others.
Focus: Analyses the long-run relationship between GDP growth and employment in India, assessing impacts on different social identities: caste, gender, and religion.
What does the State of Working India (SWI 2023) report say?
Weak Relationship Between Growth and Employment: The SWI 2023 report indicates that the connection between GDP growth and employment in India is weak. Growth in GDP doesn’t assure proportional job creation.
Employment Elasticity Declined: The report shows employment elasticity has consistently decreased between 1983 and 2017, meaning a 1% rise in GDP results in less than a 1% increase in employment.
Shift to Self-Employment (2017-2021): This period witnessed a surge in self-employment, often a result of inadequate hiring opportunities. In 2020-21, regular wage employment reduced by 2.2 million, while formal employment grew by 3 million and informal employment dropped by 5.2 million.
Impact on Different Groups: The employment benefits of growth aren’t equally shared among genders, castes, or religions. Notably, women have been majorly disadvantaged in recent times.
How can job creation in India be improved?
Enhance Labour-Intensive Manufacturing: Some argue that India should intensify efforts in labour-intensive manufacturing to spur job creation, even if initially just for domestic consumption.
Pursue Diverse Growth Strategies: The report suggests that India needs diversified growth strategies that focus not just on GDP growth but also on creating quality jobs and addressing employment elasticity.
National Employment Policy: The development of a National Employment Policy, as outlined in the previous SWI report, can address both the demand and supply of labour and improve the quantity and quality of employment in India.
Explore “Green” Manufacturing: There’s a discussion about exploring opportunities in green manufacturing, allowing India to redo its industrial evolution.
Address Structural Issues: Addressing structural issues in the economy related to caste, gender, and religion is crucial for equitable distribution of growth benefits.
There is a better way to capture the growth picture
Source: The post is based on the article “There is a better way to capture the growth picture” published in “Indian express” on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS3- Economy- Indian economy
News: The author discusses India’s goal to become a $5 trillion economy and the need for accurate GDP measurement. The article emphasizes updating the base year for national accounts statistics, which is overdue, to accurately reflect new economic activities and investments.
Is India’s GDP measurement accurate?
The author talks about the need for accurate GDP measurement in India. Currently, India’s GDP base year is 2011-12, making it outdated. An outdated base year might not capture new economic activities and investments made in recent years.
How can GDP measurement be improved?
Update Base Year: The GDP’s base year needs updating from 2011-12 to accurately capture new economic activities.
Use New Data Sets: Leveraging newly created databases from GST and digital payments will help in obtaining more accurate and current economic data.
Implement Supply Use Tables: These are critical for the validation of national accounts statistics, aiding in reconciling discrepancies in income and expenditure estimates.
Initiate Revision Process: Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (MoSPI) and National Statistical Commission need to initiate the base year revision process immediately to avoid further delays and reflect the economy’s true status.
Form Advisory Committees: MoSPI should form committees with experts from various fields to guide the revision of the national accounts statistics efficiently and accurately.
Publish Relevant Surveys: Results of surveys like the consumer expenditure survey need to be published to assist in the base revision exercise.
Why is accurate measurement of GDP important for India’s economic goals?
Reflects True Growth: It provides a true representation of India’s economic growth and development, considering the substantial investments made in the last decade.
Captures New Activities: A precise GDP measurement ensures that new economic activities and private initiatives are adequately included, providing a realistic economic picture.
Informs Policy: Accurate data is pivotal for effective policymaking and strategic planning, helping in the realization of India’s goal to become a $5 trillion economy.
Attracts Investments: Reflecting the true economic status can enhance India’s global image and potentially attract more foreign investments.
Citizen Participation: It enables more informed and active participation from citizens in economic activities and discussions, fostering cooperation towards national economic goals.
Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)
Prachanda & Himalayan Xiopolitics
Contents
- 1 How has the Chinese approach regarding India and Nepal relationship has undergone transformation?
- 2 What is the Chinese foreign policy approach towards Nepal?
- 3 What are the issues in project implementation by China in Nepal?
- 4 What is the difference between the Indian and Chinese approach towards Nepal?
Source– The post is based on the article “Prachanda & Himalayan Xiopolitics” published in “The Times of India” on 26th September 2023.
Syllabus: GS 2 – Bilateral and regional groupings
Relevance- India and Nepal bilateral relationship in context of China
News– Nepal PM Prachanda’s visit to China from September 23 has resulted in numerous commitments and bilateral agreements.
How has the Chinese approach regarding India and Nepal relationship has undergone transformation?
Earlier approach- Until a decade ago, China was amenable to Nepal’s growing ties with India. China could not provide Nepal with the same level of support and assistance as India could deliver.
Current approach- China does not want a closer relationship between India and Nepal. The new Chinese ambassador in Kathmandu criticised India-Nepal relations. He has urged the Nepalese to strengthen their ties with China.
A representative from the Communist Party of China’s politburo attempted to convince the Nepalese government in July 2023 to consider recruiting Gorkhas for the People’s Liberation Army. The Nepalese government firmly rejected this proposal.
What is the Chinese foreign policy approach towards Nepal?
China’s earlier objective was primarily security oriented. It aimed to prevent Tibetans from fleeing to Nepal and exert strict control over the Tibetan community in Nepal.
When Tibetans are apprehended by the Nepalese Armed Police, they are often returned to China and placed in re-education or detention camps. Those reaching the UNHCR office in Kathmandu receive exit permits from Nepal’s immigration department.
Over 40,000 Tibetans transited through Nepal under a 1990 Gentlemen’s Agreement. China’s demand for the repatriation of Tibetan refugees raises concerns about Nepalese sovereignty.
China has been active in its efforts to unite various communist parties and factions in Nepal. It has financially supported favoured politicians, established Confucius Institutes throughout Nepal, and provided Chinese language teachers to Nepalese schools.
What are the issues in project implementation by China in Nepal?
The concerning aspects of projects carried out by Chinese firms in Nepal include escalating costs, projects awarded through nomination rather than international and transparent bidding processes, the supply of substandard materials, and the employment of Chinese workers.
For instance, the Pokhara Airport project ended up costing 85% more than the original estimates. Six Chinese aircraft, including two Xian MA60s and four Harbin Y12s, remain grounded, and Nepal Airlines has been unsuccessful in leasing or selling them.
Nepal signed the Belt and Road Initiative Framework Agreement with China six years ago. But many projects have not advanced significantly. Notably, the proposed rail link, initially suggested by King Birendra in 1973, has faced delays.
What is the difference between the Indian and Chinese approach towards Nepal?
Nature of assistance- China provides Nepal with modest grant assistance. The nature of this assistance differs from India’s support. In the fiscal year 2020-21, China provided a grant of $14 million, while India committed grant assistance of $6.32 million during the same period.
Connectivity- The 2016 Sino-Nepalese transit and transport agreement protocol granted Kathmandu access to seven Chinese sea and land ports for third-country trade.
However, most of the Nepal’s trade still passes through India. Kolkata and Visakhapatnam ports are significantly closer than Chinese ports.
In contrast to the open border between India and Nepal and India hosting Nepalese nationals, China maintains a closed northern border with Nepal.
Project implementation- In 2015, during a disruption in supplies to the Kathmandu Valley, China had promised to step in. However, currently, China’s petroleum supply to Nepal is nonexistent.
India has implemented a dedicated pipeline system to ensure uninterrupted and timely delivery, and further pipeline construction is underway.
Galactic tides: Pushing and pulling the heavens
Source: The post is based on the article “Galactic tides: Pushing and pulling the heavens” published in The Hindu on 26th September 2023
What is the News?
This article talks about the Galactic Tides.
What are Galactic Tides?
Galactic tides are a gravitational phenomenon that occurs within galaxies, including our Milky Way.
They are similar to Earth’s ocean tides but on a much larger scale.
They are caused by gravitational forces within a galaxy arising in the interactions between celestial objects like stars and gas clouds.
How does Galactic Tides influence various aspects of a galaxy’s evolution?
Firstly, they can reshape a galaxy structure by creating tidal tails and bridges, promoting star formation, and disrupting smaller star systems.
Secondly, they can disrupt the orbits of stars, leading to gradual and long-term changes in a galaxy’s structure.
Thirdly, galactic tides also have a say in the ways in which proximate galaxies do and don’t interact.
– Researchers have observed the closest galaxy to the Milky Way, the colossal Andromeda, and found that tidal streams near its edges could be signatures of dwarf galaxies that were later devoured.
– The Andromeda galaxy is heading towards the Milky Way and will collide in four billion years.
Fourthly, they also affect the supermassive black holes at galaxy centers, leading to events that change the ways in which these cosmic beasts interact with nearby stars.
First ever drone exhibition cum display ‘Bharat Drone Shakti 2023’ inaugurated by Raksha Mantri at Hindan Air Force Station
Contents
Source: The post is based on the article “First ever drone exhibition cum display ‘Bharat Drone Shakti 2023’ inaugurated by Raksha Mantri at Hindan Air Force Station” published in PIB on 26th September 2023
What is the News?
The Defence Minister has inaugurated the Bharat Drone Shakti-2023 exhibition at the Hindan Air Base in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.
The minister also formally inducted the first C-295 MW transport aircraft into the Indian Air Force(IAF).
What is Bharat Drone Shakti?
Bharat Drone Shakt is a collaborative effort between the Indian Air Force and the Drone Federation of India (DFI).
Aim: To present the full potential of the Indian drone industry with an impressive lineup of over 50 live aerial demonstrations.
– These demonstrations will encompass a diverse range of drone applications, including survey drones, agriculture drones, fire suppression drones, tactical surveillance drones, drone swarms and counter-drone solutions.
What are the key highlights from Bharat Drone Shakti-2023?
A compact drone system designed for easy transport on motorbikes was exhibited at the drone show.
These motorbikes are equipped to carry unassembled drones, providing an efficient means of deploying technology across rural terrains.
What is a C-295 MW Aircraft?
Indian Standards on Biofuel to Aid GBA’s Clean Energy Goals
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Source: The post is based on the article “Indian Standards on Biofuel to Aid GBA’s Clean Energy Goals” published in PIB on 26th September 2023
What is the News?
India’s national standards body, The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has released standards on Biofuels.
What is the purpose behind BIS releasing standards for different products?
BIS operates a Product Certification scheme for ensuring compliance to Indian Standards.
Presence of BIS standard mark (popularly known as ISI mark) on a product indicates conformity to the relevant Indian Standard.
Before granting license to any manufacturer, BIS ascertains the availability of required infrastructure and capability of the manufacturer to produce and test the product conforming to the relevant Indian Standard on a continuous basis.
The BIS certification scheme is voluntary in nature.However for a number of products, compliance to Indian Standards made mandatory by the Central Government under various statutes in public interest.
What are the standards released by BIS on biofuels?
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has released nine standards on biofuels to aid stakeholders including manufacturers, traders, and other entities dealing with biofuel or related matters.
These standards related to use as blending components in motor gasoline, automotive fuels, aviation turbine fuel and Positive Ignition Engine Powered Vehicles – Specification.
These new standards for Biofuel are in line with the objectives of Global Biofuel Alliance(GBA).
Note: BIS has also been working on a green diesel standard.The green diesel is derived from 2G feedstock including agro-residues like rice & wheat straw, cane trash, corn cobs & stover, cotton stalk, bagasse, Empty Fruit bunches, etc.
What are the steps taken by the government to promote use of ethanol?
The global ethanol market was valued at $99 billion USD in 2022, with an expected annual growth rate of 5% by 2032, presenting opportunities for Indian industries, job creation, and economic development.
Currently, India heavily relies on fossil fuels for transportation, resulting in substantial petroleum imports. Ethanol blending can lead to significant cost savings.
Indian Oil Manufacturing Companies (OMCs) are expanding ethanol production, and Indian vehicle manufacturers are developing ethanol-compatible engines.
The government has introduced an interest subvention scheme to promote ethanol production using molasses and grain-based distilleries.
Flex fuel vehicles, capable of using up to 85% ethanol are expected to enter the Indian market, following examples from the USA and Brazil.
Following India, U.S. raises concerns over Chinese vessel’s visit with Sri Lanka government
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Source: The post is based on the article “Following India, U.S. raises concerns over Chinese vessel’s visit with Sri Lanka government” published in The Hindu on 26th September 2023
What is the News?
India and the U.S. have raised concerns with the Sri Lankan administration over the scheduled visit of a Chinese research vessel to Sri Lanka.
What has happened?
The Chinese research vessel, Shi Yan 6, is part of a geophysical scientific research expedition organized by the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology (SCSIO) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
It will operate in the eastern Indian Ocean for 80 days, conducting 28 scientific research projects spanning more than 12,000 nautical miles.It is scheduled to visit Sri Lanka.
This planned visit follows a series of notable events involving Chinese vessels in Sri Lanka.
In 2022, a Chinese warship docked at Colombo port, causing tensions between India and Sri Lanka.
In August 2022, Chinese military ship Yuan Wang 5 arrived at Hambantota port, despite strong reservations expressed by India and the U.S.
What has been the response of the US and China on this?
The U.S. raised its apprehensions about the upcoming visit of the Chinese research vessel.
India had also previously conveyed its concerns about the Chinese research vessel to Sri Lankan authorities.This underscores a growing international interest in the situation.
What is the response of Sri Lanka on this?
Sri Lanka has said that it would adhere to a “Standard Operating Procedure” that the government has recently finalized for all foreign vessels intending to call at a Sri Lankan port.
Union Minister flags-off 1st Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus from Kartavya Path, New Delhi
Source: The post is based on the article “Union Minister flags-off 1st Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus from Kartavya Path, New Delhi” published in PIB on 26th September 2023
What is the News?
The Union Minister has flagged off the 1st Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus from Kartavya Path, New Delhi.
What is India’s first Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus?
Developed by: Indian Oil Corporation(IOC)
Working: The fuel cell utilizes Hydrogen and air to generate electricity to power the bus and the only by-product from the bus is water therefore making it possibly the most environmentally friendly mode of transportation as compared to conventional buses that run on diesel and petrol.
– The buses have also been equipped with four cylinders that have a capacity of 30 kg and can run the buses for 350 km. Re-fuelling time has also been cut down and it will now take 0-12 minutes for the four tanks to fill
Deployment: Initially, 15 fuel cell buses will be deployed on specified routes in the Delhi NCR Region to establish the performance data under Indian operating conditions.
– These 15 buses shall cover a cumulative 3 lakh kilometers to establish the efficacy, efficiency and sustainability of the complete value chain.
Significance: Green Hydrogen has the capacity to replace fossil fuel-derived feedstocks in industries like petroleum refining, fertilizer production, and steel manufacturing.
– Fuel cell technology powered by green hydrogen is emerging as a significant component of the e-mobility landscape.
What is Green Hydrogen?
Rules amended, NGOs under FCRA will have to declare movable, immovable
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Source: The post is based on the article “Rules amended, NGOs under FCRA will have to declare movable, immovable” published in TOI on 26th September 2023
What is the News?
The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has modified rules pertaining to filing of annual returns by non-government organizations(NGOS) registered under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA).
What is the FCRA?
The FCRA regulates foreign donations and ensures that such contributions do not adversely affect internal security.
It was enacted during the Emergency in 1976 amid apprehensions that foreign powers were interfering in India’s affairs by pumping money into the country through independent organizations.
The law mandates that all NGOs register themselves under the FCRA and its registration is initially valid for five years and it can be renewed subsequently if they comply with all norms.
As per the FCRA, every person or NGO seeking foreign donations has to be registered under the Act and has to open a bank account in State Bank of India, Delhi.
Moreover, they can utilize the funds received from abroad only for the purpose they stated during registration.
What are the new rules introduced now?
NGOs and associations registered under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) will now be required to annually declare details of movable and immovable assets created by them out of the foreign contributions received.
What were the changes made to the FCRA in the past?
In 2020, the Centre had amended the FCRA.It had stated that foreign contributions received by an organization cannot be transferred to any other person or organization unless that person or organization is also registered to accept foreign contributions.
The new rules had also reduced the use of foreign funds to meet administrative costs by NGOs to 20 percent from the existing 50 per cent.
In 2022, the Centre made more amendments, allowing Indians to receive up to Rs 10 lakh in a year from relatives staying abroad without informing the authorities.The earlier limit was Rs 1 lakh.If the amount exceeds, the individuals will now have 90 days to inform the government instead of 30 days earlier.
Unified Registration Portal for GOBARdhan introduced by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation to streamline the registration of Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) and biogas plants nationwide
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Source: The post is based on the article “Unified Registration Portal for GOBARdhan introduced by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation to streamline the registration of Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) and biogas plants nationwide” published in PIB on 26th September 2023
What is the News?
The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation has introduced a Unified Registration Portal for GOBARdhan to streamline the registration of Compressed Bio-Gas and biogas plants nationwide.
What is the GOBARdhan Initiative?
Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan(GOBARdhan) is an umbrella initiative of Government of India based on the whole of Government approach.
It covers the entire gamut of schemes/programmes/policies promoting the conversion of organic waste like cattle dung/ agri-residue etc to biogas/ CBG/ Bio CNG.
Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti is the coordinating department for GOBARdhan.
What is the Unified Registration Portal for GOBARdhan?
Anyone who operates or intends to set up a biogas/ CBG/ Bio CNG plant in India can obtain a registration number by registering in this unified registration portal.
The registration number is required to avail benefits/ support from other Ministries/ Departments.
What has been announced in the Budget 2023-24 under GOBARdhan?
As per Budget Announcement 2023-24, 500 new ‘waste to wealth’ plants under GOBARdhan scheme will be established for promoting the circular economy.
These will include 200 compressed biogas (CBG) plants, including 75 plants in urban areas, and 300 community or cluster-based plants.
These plants will be established primarily by the private sector with support from stakeholder Ministries/Departments.
Eight institutes give an array of reasons for Joshimath sinking
Source: The post is based on the article “Eight institutes give an array of reasons for Joshimath sinking” published in The Hindu on 26th September 2023
What is the News?
The Uttarakhand government has made public reports on the land subsidence crisis in the sinking hill town of Joshimath.
What happened at Joshimath?
What are the reasons for the sinking of Joshimath according to different institutes?
Central Building Research Institute Roorkee: Many buildings in Joshimath did not meet India’s building code standards, and the town was situated on geologically unstable terrain.
It recommended developing a disaster-resilient model town to rehabilitate people displaced from Joshimath.
Central Ground Water Board: It said that Joshimath’s location on loose sediment embedded with large boulders overlying metamorphic rocks was a significant factor contributing to the crisis.
It recommended an immediate halt to construction activities in the spring zone area and clearing any concrete material covering the emergence point of springs.
IIT Roorkee: It pointed out that the main reason for the subsidence appears to be internal erosion caused by the subsurface drainage, which may be due to infiltration of rainwater, melting of ice, waste water discharge from households and hotels.
National Institute of Hydrology: It suggested that the subsidence might have been caused by a blockage of sub-surface channels, leading to an eruption when the hydrostatic pressure of stored water exceeded the soil-water bearing capacity of the area.
It recommended prioritizing the safe disposal of water coming from the upper reaches and waste from the town.
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology: It mentioned earthquakes as a contributing factor to gradual land subsidence.
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO): It suggested various reasons including slope instability due to drainage water, loose soil and flash floods.
Geological Survey of India (GSI): It reported that areas with dense populations and multistory buildings experienced a higher density of ground cracks.
– The report explained that the excessive load from densely constructed towering structures on the colluvium debris mass, saturated with shallow subsurface water, contributed to increased subsidence in these areas.