9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Articles 14th September, 2024

Print Friendly and PDF

Dear Friends,

9 PM Brief is our prime initiatives for the preparation of current affairs. What we are providing in this initiative:

  • Ensure that all relevant facts, data, and arguments from today’s newspaper are readily available to you.
  • We have widened the sources to provide you with content that is more than enough and adds value not just for GS but also for essay writing.

It is our endeavor to provide you with the best content, and your feedback is essential for the same. We will be anticipating your feedback and ensure the blog serves as an optimal medium of learning for all the aspirants.

For previous editions of 9 PM BriefClick Here

For individual articles of 9 PM BriefClick Here

Download Factly and 9 PM Weekly Compilations | Arranged Subject-wise and Topic-wise

Mains Oriented Articles

GS PAPER - 2

Judicial view on Arvind Kejriwal’s arrest

Source: The post judicial view on Arvind Kejriwal’s arrest has been created, based on the article “Arvind Kejriwal’s bail: From Supreme Court, a limited relief” published in “Indian Express” on 14th September 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2- judiciary

Context: The article discusses Justice Ujjal Bhuyan’s judgment granting bail to Arvind Kejriwal and criticizing the CBI’s illegal arrest. It highlights judicial reluctance to defend civil rights, procedural misuse, and the need for clearer self-incrimination protections under Article 20(3).

For detailed information on The Need for a Bail Law read this article here

What is the Judicial view on Arvind Kejriwal’s arrest?

  1. Justice Ujjal Bhuyan: Found Kejriwal’s arrest by the CBI illegal, stating it aimed to prevent his bail in the Enforcement Directorate (ED) case. He criticized the CBI for using procedural technicalities as punishment.
  2. Justice Surya Kant: Agreed that Kejriwal should be granted bail but accepted the CBI’s reasons for his arrest without deeper scrutiny.
  3. CBI’s Justification: The CBI claimed Kejriwal’s arrest was due to his “evasive replies” and lack of cooperation. Justice Bhuyan dismissed this reasoning, emphasizing that such grounds violate Article 20(3) on self-incrimination rights.
  4. Delhi High Court: Criticized by Justice Bhuyan for unnecessarily directing Kejriwal to seek bail from the trial court again, despite hearing detailed arguments earlier.

What Broader Issues Does the Judgment Highlight?

  1. Denial of Bail in High-Profile Cases: Courts tend to deny bail in high-profile cases without legal justification. Justice Bhuyan highlighted this problem, urging courts to protect personal liberty.
  2. Right Against Self-Incrimination: The judgment questions the limited interpretation of Article 20(3) in the Kathi Kalu Oghad case (1961), which restricted self-incrimination rights during pre-trial investigations.
  3. Judiciary’s Reluctance to Challenge the Government: Justice Bhuyan pointed out a growing trend where courts, especially in high-profile cases, avoid challenging the government, potentially compromising civil rights.

Question for practice:

Examine how Justice Ujjal Bhuyan’s judgment on Arvind Kejriwal’s arrest addresses the misuse of procedural technicalities and the right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3).

The struggles of transgender individuals

Source: The post the struggles of transgender individuals has been created, based on the article “Being ‘trans’ is being human” published in “The Hindu” on 14th August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper2- Governance- mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.

Context: The article discusses the struggles of transgender individuals facing violence and denial of rights. It shows how questioning their existence is harmful, like past human rights issues. The focus is on affirming transgender identities as real and deserving of equality.

For detailed information on Challenges faced by transgender people in India read this article here

What Are the Challenges Faced by Transgender Individuals?

  1. Family Rejection: Many transgender teenagers, especially from rural and working-class communities, face brutalization and eviction by their families.
  2. Violence and Persecution: Transgender persons often endure violence and persecution on the streets, surviving harsh conditions and even suicide attempts.
  3. Social Discrimination: The ongoing debate about transgender rights often treats their existence as a “question”, like past issues like racial segregation and women’s suffrage. This creates an environment of hostility and exclusion.
  4. Legal and Policy Challenges: In 2022-23, a bill in the U.S. Congress sought to prohibit schools and libraries from keeping materials on sexual orientation or gender identity, showing how legislation can further marginalize transgender persons.

How Is Transgender Rights Debate Similar to Historical Civil Rights Issues?

  1. Historical civil rights debates, like the “woman question” or “segregation question,” treated human rights as problems to be debated, much like transgender rights today.
  2. Bathroom segregation once targeted Black men, just as today’s bathroom bills target transwomen.
  3. In 1940, Nazi Olympic officials required women athletes to prove their sex, similar to modern efforts to deny trans identities.
  4. Far-right and gender-critical groups frame transgender rights as a debate, justifying exclusion, similar to historical justifications for denying civil rights to marginalized groups.
  5. Past civil rights movements faced similar accusations of being unreasonable or violent.

How Do Philosophical Views on Gender and Sexuality Influence This Issue?

  1. Simone de Beauvoir challenged the idea that gender is purely biological, stating that “one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.” She argued that the sexed body does not determine gendered consciousness, emphasizing that our understanding of the body is shaped by social experiences.
  2. J.K. Rowling’s gender-critical view defines women by biological traits, like producing large gametes, contrasting with de Beauvoir’s approach.
  3. This debate mirrors past struggles, such as the racial and gender segregation questions, where “scientific detachment” was used to deny marginalized groups’ rights and humanity.

What Does This Debate Say About Society?

  1. Society’s character is questioned when it decides how to treat marginalized groups like transgender individuals.
  2. Dehumanizing transgender people by questioning their “realness” fragments the concept of an integral human self, revealing a flawed societal character.

Question for practice:

Examine the challenges faced by transgender individuals in society.

GS PAPER - 3

Concerns about manpower shortages in Indian Railways

Source: The post concerns about manpower shortages in Indian Railways has been created, based on the article “Railway Board Chairman flags shortage of manpower” published in “The Hindu” on 14th August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3- Infrastructures

Context: The article discusses how Satish Kumar, the new Chairman of the Railway Board, raised concerns about manpower shortages in Indian Railways. He urged for more staff due to increased infrastructure, rising train numbers, safety concerns, and expanded railway assets.

For detailed information on the issue of Indian railway safety read this article here

What Has Led to the Need for More Manpower?

  1. Increased Infrastructure: The Indian Railways has seen significant growth in infrastructure, including new lines, trains, and assets, requiring more manpower for safe and efficient operation.
  2. Rise in Capital Expenditure: Railways’ capital expenditure increased from ₹1.48 lakh crore in 2019-20 to ₹2.62 lakh crore in 2023-24, expanding assets and the need for additional staff.
  3. Growth in Locomotives: The number of locomotives increased by 59.86%, from 11,739 in 2019 to 15,564 in 2024.
  4. Passenger Amenities: The number of escalators grew from 656 to 1,436, and lifts increased by 196% over five years. Additionally, 63,456 km of railway route has been electrified, up from 35,488 km.
  5. Financial Improvements: From 2019-20 to 2023-24, passenger earnings rose by 40%, and freight loading increased by 31.4%, indicating significant revenue growth for the Railways.

What safety concerns are associated with staff shortages?

  1. There have been several major accidents in the last two years, raising safety concerns.
  2. Trade unions have long demanded the filling of vacancies, especially in safety-related jobs.
  3. Satish Kumar stressed that outsourcing tasks like track and locomotive maintenance is not feasible for ensuring safety.

What Should be Done?

  1. Urgently recruit additional manpower to ensure the safe operation of trains due to the rapid growth of railway infrastructure.
  2. The Ministry of Railways should be granted the authority to create non-gazetted posts, especially in safety-related categories.
  3. Outsourcing critical tasks like track, locomotive, and signalling maintenance is not viable due to safety concerns.

Question for practice:

Discuss the factors that have contributed to the need for more manpower in Indian Railways.

India’s Mission Mausam

Source: The post India’s Mission Mausam has been created, based on the article “Weather gods: Attempts at controlling the weather are still in the realm of uncertainty” published in “The Hindu” on 14th August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3-Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life

Context: The article discusses India’s Mission Mausam, which aims to improve weather forecasting by upgrading instruments. It also explores new research in cloud simulation and weather modification, with the goal of reducing lightning strikes and better controlling rainfall.

For detailed information on Mission Mausam read this article here

What is Mission Mausam?

  1. Mission Mausam is a ₹2,000 crore initiative by the Union Cabinet to upgrade India’s weather forecasting system.
  2. It aims to enhance the capabilities of organizations like the India Meteorological Department, National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.
  3. By 2026, it plans to install 60 weather radars, 15 wind profilers, and 15 radiosondes.
  4. A key innovation is a proposed cloud-simulation chamber to model rain clouds and test weather interventions.
  5. It also explores reducing lightning strikes, which are the leading cause of natural deaths in India.

How Does This Differ from the National Monsoon Mission?

  1. While the National Monsoon Mission, started in 2012, developed models for better monsoon forecasting using intensive computing, Mission Mausam aims to extend capabilities beyond just monsoons.
  2. It plans to enhance daily and seasonal forecasts and develop specific models for heatwaves and cold waves.

Why is This Research Important?

  1. The research aims to reduce lightning strikes, which are the leading cause of natural deaths in India, surpassing floods and landslides.
  2. Advanced instruments like weather radars and wind profilers will improve monitoring of wind, humidity, and temperature.
  3. Experiments such as cloud seeding could help control rainfall, which is crucial for agriculture.
  4. Climate change adds complexity to weather patterns, making fundamental research essential to predict and mitigate its effects.
  5. Weather modification experiments, while uncertain, offer hope for controlling dangerous weather phenomena like lightning, as seen in experiments in other countries.

Question for practice:

Discuss how Mission Mausam aims to improve weather forecasting and mitigate the effects of dangerous weather phenomena like lightning.

Issues in India’s infrastructure projects

Source: The post issues in India’s infrastructure projects has been created, based on the article “The shock of crumbling infrastructure and the solution” published in “The Hindu” on 14th August 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3- infrastructure

Context: The article highlights issues in India’s infrastructure projects, such as delays, cost overruns, and quality control problems. It emphasizes the need for better project management and modern tools to improve efficiency and avoid failures in future developments.

For detailed information on India’s infrastructure read this article here

What is the state of India’s infrastructure sector?

  1. India’s infrastructure sector is vital for economic growth.
  2. The government is committed to improving it with initiatives like the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan, National Logistics Policy, and the Smart Cities Mission.
  3. In Budget 2024, capital expenditure was increased to ₹11.11 lakh crore (3.4% of GDP).

What are the issues in India’s infrastructure projects?

  1. Time Delays and Cost Overruns: India’s infrastructure projects often face significant time delays and cost overruns. According to a Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation report from December 2023, 431 projects had a combined cost overrun of ₹4.82 lakh crore.
  2. Percentage of Delayed Projects: The report also noted that 36% of the projects were delayed between 25 to 60 months, contributing to extended timelines and increased costs.
  3. Project Management Gaps: Many projects suffer from poor planning and execution, particularly those managed by local urban bodies, which lack adequate capacity and expertise. This inefficiency leads to additional government expenditures and crowds out funding for more deserving projects.
  4. Quality Issues: The repeated collapses of under-construction bridges in Bihar highlight severe quality control issues, emphasizing the need for improved project management and oversight practices.

What Should be Done?

  1. Adopt Advanced Project Management Tools: Implement modern management techniques involving real-time data to handle projects efficiently. This aligns with practices in countries like the UK and China, which focus on data-driven approaches for better project execution.
  2. Enhance Training and Skills: Establish a professional agency for project management education, similar to the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. This can develop a workforce skilled in efficient project oversight and execution.
  3. Integrate Departments via PM Gati Shakti: Use the GIS-based ERP portal from the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan to coordinate all government departments, ensuring timely and organized project progress.
  4. Apply a Program Management Approach: Emulate the systematic coordination used in the Shendra-Bidkin Industrial Corridor project, which managed multiple packages simultaneously to prevent delays and cost overruns.

Question for practice:

Examine the key issues in India’s infrastructure projects and suggest potential solutions for improving project management and execution.

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Study on transport sector emission

Source: This post on Study on transport sector emission has been created based on the article “With high targets, CO2 emissions from transport sector could be slashed up to 71% by 2050: Study”, published in Indian Express on 14th Sep 2024.

Why in news?

A World Resources Institute study recently found that road transport accounts for 90% of the transport sector’s emissions.

Key findings of the study

1. India’s transport sector could reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up to 71 per cent by 2050 if ambitious strategies are implemented across three key areas: electrification, enhancing fuel economy standards, and transitioning to cleaner transportation modes and mobility solutions.

2. Current CO2 Emissions Contribution: The transport sector accounted for 14% of India’s total energy-related CO2 emissions in 2020. Road transport was responsible for 90% of these emissions.

3. Role of Road Transport: Two-wheelers contributed 16%, cars 25%, buses 9%, light-duty freight vehicles (LDVs) 8%, and heavy-duty freight vehicles (HDVs) 45% (the highest share).

4. Electrification’s Impact: Expanding electric vehicle (EV) sales offer significant potential, with an annual reduction of 121 MtCO2e. Complementing transport electrification with decarbonised electricity generation (75% from renewables) could lead to a 75% emissions reduction by 2050.

5. The Consequences of Business as Usual (BAU):  In the absence of ambitious interventions, fossil fuel reliance is expected to continue until 2050. Passenger travel demand is expected to triple and freight travel demand to increase sevenfold from 2020 to 2050.

6. Fuel Consumption Projections: Fossil fuel consumption (LPG, diesel, petrol) could quadruple by 2050 if current trends persist. Railways, aviation, and waterways contribute relatively smaller shares of energy consumption at 6%, 3%, and 1%, respectively.

UPSC Syllabus: Environment 

IISc Develops Human Brain-Inspired Computing Platform

Source: This post on IISc Develops Human Brain-Inspired Computing Platform has been created based on the article “IISc proposes ‘human brain’ inspired computing platform to boost speeds, energy efficiency of AI tools”, published in Indian express on 14th Sep 2024.

Why in news?

Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru have created a revolutionary computing platform inspired by human brain function. The platform mimics brain-like processes and could significantly enhance AI tools’ speed and energy efficiency.

 About the ‘Brain on Chip’ Design

Quantum computing
Source: Shutterstock

1. Developed by:  the Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE) at IISc.

2. The system processes and stores data, resembling the functioning of a human brain. It offers 16,500 conductance states within a molecular film, far surpassing traditional digital systems which rely on binary (0 and 1) states.

3. Advantages Over Traditional Digital Platforms:  Existing digital platforms consume large amounts of energy and time, limiting speed. In contrast, this brain-like computing platform is much faster and more energy-efficient.

4. It allows AI-based tasks to be easily deployed on personal devices like smartphones, laptops, and desktops.

Features of brain-inspired neuromorphic computing platform

1. The brain-inspired neuromorphic computing platform’s molecular film enables free ionic movement, creating countless memory pathways and intermediary states, which are inaccessible in conventional digital platforms.

2. Digital platforms can typically only access two conductance states, but this new system offers precise control over molecular kinetics, mapping each movement to a distinct electrical signal.

3. The new system features a neuromorphic accelerator, which can store and process data in the same location, closely mimicking how the human brain operates. This is the first system of its kind, and its tiny molecular changes enable precise and efficient functioning.

Applications and Future Potential

The system could lead to breakthroughs in AI and neuromorphic computing, improving applications like Machine learning models, Edge training, Generative adversarial networks, Memory networks (long-term, short-term) and Transformers.

About Neuromorphic computing

1. It is an innovative field of computing that aims to mimic the architecture and functioning of the human brain.

2. Traditional computers operate using binary logic (0s and 1s) in sequential processing, while neuromorphic systems are designed to replicate the way neurons and synapses communicate in the brain.

3. These systems rely on analog signals and multiple conductance states, enabling them to process information in a manner that closely resembles biological neural networks.

4. Neuromorphic computing is particularly beneficial for AI tasks. By replicating neural networks and integrating processing and memory, these systems are able to perform computations with higher accuracy and efficiency.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology

Helium and its use in rockets

Source: This post on Helium and its use in rockets has been created based on the article “What is helium and why is it used in rockets?”, published in Indian Express on 14th Sep 2024.

Why in news?

The SpaceX Polaris Dawn Mission was recently delayed due to helium-related problems with ground equipment.

About Helium

Periodic symbol and diagram of helium Royalty Free Vector

1. Helium is an inert gas, meaning it does not react with other substances or combust. It has an atomic number of 2, making it the second lightest element after hydrogen.

3. Helium is represented by the symbol “He” and has an atomic number of 2. It is the second most abundant element in the universe, making up about 24% of its elemental mass.

3. Helium is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas under standard conditions.

4. It is used extensively in cryogenics, especially in cooling superconducting magnets, like those in MRI scanners. Helium is used in balloons and airships because it is lighter than air and non-flammable, unlike hydrogen.

5. Helium is produced in large quantities through nuclear fusion reactions in stars, including the Sun.

6. Helium is a non-renewable resource, and its depletion on Earth is a concern due to its wide range of applications.

Why is Helium Used in Rockets?

1. Low Weight: Due to its lightness, using helium helps reduce the weight of the rocket, which is crucial for achieving the necessary speed and altitude.

2. Energy Efficiency: A lighter rocket requires less energy to reach orbit, reducing fuel consumption and the need for more powerful, expensive engines.

3. Low Boiling Point: Helium’s boiling point is extremely low (–268.9°C), allowing it to remain in a gaseous state even in super-cold environments, where rocket fuels are often stored.

How is Helium Used in Spacecraft?

1. Pressurisation of Fuel Tanks: Helium pressurises fuel tanks, ensuring a steady flow of fuel to the rocket engines.

2. Cooling Systems: It is also used in the cooling systems of rockets and spacecraft.

3. Maintaining Pressure: As fuel is consumed, helium fills the empty space in the fuel tanks, maintaining pressure levels.

4. Non-Reactivity: Since helium is non-reactive, it can safely interact with the residual contents of the fuel tanks.

Is Helium Prone to Leaks?

Helium’s small atomic size and low molecular weight make it prone to escaping through tiny gaps or seals in fuel systems.

However, helium is rare in Earth’s atmosphere, leaks are easily detectable, making it useful for spotting faults in spacecraft or rocket fuel systems.

ISRO’s Chandrayaan 2, ESA’s Ariane 5 and NASA’s Starliner are few notable missions affected by helium Leaks.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology

Port Blair Renamed as Sri Vijaya Puram

Source: This post on Port Blair Renamed as Sri Vijaya Puramt has been created based on the article “Port Blair renamed as Sri Vijaya Puram: How the city got its name — and its connection with imperial Cholas”, published in Indian Express on 14th Sep 2024.

Why in news?

Recently, Union Minister Amit Shah announced that Port Blair, the capital city of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, will be renamed ‘Sri Vijaya Puram.’ The new name, Sri Vijaya Puram, symbolizes the victory achieved in India’s freedom struggle and highlights the unique role the Andaman and Nicobar Islands played in it.

Origin of the Name Port Blair

Kala Paani Port Blair
Source: IE

1. Port Blair was named after Archibald Blair, a naval surveyor and lieutenant in the Bombay Marine. Blair led a thorough survey of the Andaman Islands, making him the first officer to do so.

2. After joining the Bombay Marine in 1771, Blair participated in various survey missions along the coasts of India, Iran, and Arabia.

3. In 1778, Blair embarked on his first survey of the Andaman Islands from Calcutta, along with two ships, Elizabeth and Viper. Initially, Blair named the natural harbor he discovered Port Cornwallis, after Commodore William Cornwallis, but it was later renamed Port Blair in his honor.

4. Colonial Importance of the Andaman Islands: The East India Company (EIC) decided to colonize the Andaman Islands in the late 18th century, mainly to check the activities of Malay pirates. The island served as a penal colony, with several convicts being transported there for unpaid labor.

In 1792, the penal colony was shifted to Port Cornwallis, but severe disease and death led to its abandonment by 1796.

Connection to the Imperial Cholas and Srivijaya

Chola Naval Expedition: Historical records suggest that the 11th-century Chola emperor, Rajendra I used the Andaman Islands as a strategic naval base during his campaign against the Srivijaya Empire (modern-day Indonesia). An inscription from Thanjavur (1050 CE) refers to the Andaman Islands as “Ma-Nakkavaram land” (great open land), which may have influenced the later British name, Nicobar.

Reasons for the Chola Attack on Srivijaya: Historian Nilakanta Sastri proposed that the Cholas attacked Srivijaya to secure trade routes or expand their empire. American historian G W Spencer interpreted the expedition as part of Chola expansionism, which involved conflicts with other empires in South India and Sri Lanka.

Aftermath of the Attack: Rajendra I captured King Sangrama Vijayottunggavarman of Srivijaya and looted treasures, including the jewelled war gate, Vidhyadara Torana, from the Buddhist empire.

Role of Port Blair in India’s Independence Struggle: After the Revolt of 1857, Port Blair was re-established as a penal colony for Indian prisoners, many of whom were freedom fighters.

It also mark the place where Subhash Chandra Bose first unfurl the Tiranga.

The Cellular Jail, also known as Kala Pani is also located here. It was built by 1906, housing several prominent freedom fighters like Veer Savarkar.

UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

OpenAI o1

Source: This post on OpenAI o1 has been created based on the article “What is OpenAI o1, an AI model that ‘thinks’ before it answers?”, published in Indian express on 14th Sep 2024.

Why in news?

OpenAI has introduced a new AI model called OpenAI o1 as part of its “Project Strawberry.”

About OpenAI o1

1. About: The o1 series is designed to excel in reasoning, tackling complex tasks in science, coding, and maths.

2. Availability and Usage: It is available to ChatGPT Plus and Team users, with weekly message limits of 30 for o1-preview and 50 for o1-mini.

3. How OpenAI o1 Works:  The model “thinks” before responding, similar to human problem-solving processes. It approaches problems from multiple perspectives, checks its outputs, and learns from errors.

4. Performance and Strengths: OpenAI o1 performs well in subjects like physics, chemistry, and biology, on par with PhD students. It shows particular strength in maths and coding. It solved 83% of maths problems in a tough contest, compared to 13% from previous models. It ranked higher than 89% of coding participants.

5. Limitations: While it excels in solving complex tasks, the o1 model is not yet equipped to browse the web or handle files and images. A cheaper version (80% less costly) targeted at developers, effective in coding tasks.

6. Safety Improvements: OpenAI has improved its model’s safety by using a new training method, boosting its safety score from 22 to 84 out of 100. This progress is the result of collaboration with the UK and US governments and AI safety experts to enhance the model’s reliability.

7. Impact on Jobs:

i) Automating tasks like software development, coding, and data analysis could reduce the need for human involvement in these areas.

ii) Workers may need to develop higher-order skills like creativity and critical thinking.

iii)  New job roles may emerge in AI safety, ethical AI usage, and AI maintenance.

8. Impact on Research: OpenAI o1 could assist researchers in physics, chemistry, biology, and healthcare by speeding up problem-solving and dataset analysis.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology

BRICS Literature Forum 2024 

BRICS Literature Forum 2024 

Source: This post on BRICS Literature Forum 2024 has been created based on the article “India participates in BRICS Literature Forum 2024 in Russia”, published in PIB on 14th Sep 2024.

Why in news?

Recently, the BRICS Literature Forum 2024 took place in Kazan, Russia.

About BRICS Literature Forum 2024

BRICS Literature Forum 2024
Source: PIB

1. Event duration: It is currently underway in Kazan, Russia, having begun on September 11, 2024.

2. Theme: The theme for this year’s forum is “World Literature in the New Reality: Dialogue of Traditions, National Values, and Cultures.”

3. The event brings together renowned writers, poets, philosophers, artists, and scholars from BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) to share ideas and experiences.

4. During the plenary session, the significance of literature in promoting unity and cooperation among societies was highlighted.

5. Another session, titled “Meet the Authors from India,” centered on the theme “Volga to Ganga: Celebration of Tradition and Multiculturalism,” exploring how river-based cultures have contributed to multiculturalism and social progress worldwide.

6. The forum serves as a valuable platform for intellectual exchange, emphasizing the role of literature in connecting cultures and fostering social harmony across nations.

UPSC Syllabus: International organisation 

Blog
Academy
Community