9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Articles 16 February, 2024
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Mains Oriented Articles
GS PAPER - 1
Controversy with the Places of Worship Act-Places of worship and an unsettling judicial silence
Source: The post controversy with the Places of Worship Act has been created, based on the article “Places of worship and an unsettling judicial silence” published in “The Hindu” on 16th February 2024.
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper1-Society – secularism
News: The article discusses the Supreme Court of India’s handling of cases involving religious sites, focusing on the Places of Worship Act, 1991. It mentions challenges to the Act, petitions against mosques, and concerns about secularism and the Act’s future. Controversy With The Places of Worship
What is the background of the issue?
Babri Masjid Verdict: In November 2019, the Supreme Court of India gave a verdict in the Babri Masjid case, awarding the disputed land to the group that demolished the mosque.
Places of Worship Act, 1991: The Court praised this Act, which aims to preserve the religious character of worship places as of August 15, 1947.
Post-Verdict Petitions: After the verdict, petitions were filed against mosques in Kashi, Mathura, and others, claiming they were originally Hindu temples.
What is the controversy with the Places of Worship Act?
Act’s Objective: The Places of Worship Act, 1991, aims to maintain the religious character of places of worship as they existed on August 15, 1947.
Challenges to the Act: There are increasing petitions against mosques, claiming they were built on ancient temples. Examples include petitions against mosques in Kashi and Mathura.
Supreme Court’s Involvement: The Court has allowed some petitions to be considered, challenging the Act’s intent.
Concern Over Cut-off Date: A petitioner suggested changing the Act’s cutoff date from 1947 to 1206, questioning the Act’s scope.
What are the implications of such controversy?
Threat to Secularism: The challenges to the Places of Worship Act potentially undermine India’s commitment to secularism, as the Act was designed to protect the religious character of places of worship.
Political Implications: These controversies are influencing political narratives, especially with the upcoming general election in 2024. The petitions and debates are becoming a tool in political agendas.
Legal Precedent: The Supreme Court’s decisions on these matters could set significant precedents for how religious sites are treated legally.
Public Trust and Harmony: Challenges to the Act and the filing of numerous petitions against mosques risk breaching public trust and could lead to communal disharmony.
Historical Reinterpretation: The petitions, by questioning historical facts and attempting to change the religious status of sites, could lead to a reinterpretation of history, impacting the collective memory and cultural heritage of the nation.
Read More UPSC Topics-
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Way forward
The way forward involves the Supreme Court upholding the integrity of the Places of Worship Act, ensuring secularism and historical preservation. It’s crucial to maintain public trust and communal harmony, especially with the looming general election in 2024, where such issues could significantly influence political narratives.
Question for practice:
Evaluate the potential impact of the Supreme Court’s decisions on petitions challenging the Places of Worship Act.
GS PAPER - 2
On Electoral Bonds Scheme Verdict – Supreme Court’s electoral bonds verdict turns back the clock
Source: This post on Electoral Bonds Scheme Verdict has been created based on the article “Supreme Court’s electoral bonds verdict turns back the clock” published in “Indian Express” on 16th February 2024.
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 Governance – Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability.
GS Paper 4 Ethics – Information sharing and transparency in government.
News: The article discusses the recent Supreme Court verdict on electoral bonds.
A detailed article on the Electoral Bonds Scheme Verdict can be read here.
Background:
The Supreme Court (SC) struck down the Electoral Bonds (EB) Scheme (2018), by holding all the amendments made in the Representation of People Act (RPA), the Companies Act (CA) and the Income Tax Act (ITA) violative of the fundamental right to information under Article 19(1)(a) and the right to equality (Article 14) of the Constitution. On Electoral Bonds Scheme Verdict
What were the provisions?
1) Exclusion from Reporting to ECI: The amendment in RPA excluded the EBs from the requirement of mandatory reporting by political parties to the Elections Commission of India (ECI).
2) Tax Exemption: ITA was amended to make cash donations of only Rs 2,000, received other than by way of cheque, bank draft, electronic clearing system or electoral bonds, eligible for tax exemption from income tax.
3) Ceiling on Contribution Removed: The amendment of the CA had the effect of making every company, loss-making or profit-making, eligible to make unlimited corporate funding to political parties. The earlier ceiling of 7.5% of profits was removed.
All the above amendments were held unconstitutional.
What are the other provisions in the SC judgment?
1) No Fresh Issue of Electoral Bonds: It stops the State Bank of India (SBI) from issuing any more EBs.
2) Details of Purchase of EBs to be submitted to ECI: SBI has been directed to submit the details of EBs purchased to the ECI. The details shall include the date of purchase, the name of the purchaser and the denomination of the electoral bond.
SBI has also been directed to submit the details of the political parties, which received and deposited the contributions through EBs.
3) Publishing of these Details: ECI has been directed to publish the information received from the SBI on its website by March 13.
What are the principles used by the SC to base its judgment on?
- Ensure Transparency in Governance: The SC laid stress on the virtues of “open governance” and the idea that “information about funding of political parties is essential for the effective exercise of the choice of voting”.
- Prevent Undue Influence over Policymaking: The SC wanted to discourage/stop corporate funding for political favours, since political contributions enhance access to legislators and influence over policymaking.
- Violates Right to Information: SC accepted that the purpose of curbing black money could be a legitimate objective of EBs. However, it viewed EBs as infringing on the right to information.
What are the challenges which still remain in the case of electoral funding?
1) Corporates may resort to making completely unaccounted political donations.
2) Only profitable corporates would be able to make political donations within the limit of a maximum of 7.5% of profits. According to the authors, though this route was always available, it was seldom used and is unlikely to be used in the future as well.
Question for practice:
What were the principles relied on by the Supreme Court in its electoral bonds verdict? What are the challenges which still remain in the case of electoral funding?
Defence Exports: A Strategic Imperative
Source: This post has been created based on the article “Defence exports: A strategic imperative” published in “Business Standard” on 16th February 2024.
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 International Relations – Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
News: The article discusses India’s defence exports industry – its growth, reasons behind growth and positive future prospects. India Defence Exports: A Strategic Imperative
Background:
What are the benefits of defence exports?
1) Economic Gains due to Expanding Market: Experts predict a rapid expansion of the global defence and aerospace industry, from $750 billion in 2022, to $1.38 trillion by 2030.
2) Strategic advantages:
- Dependencies: Defence equipment from a specific nation establishes technological dependencies, influencing maintenance, repair, spare parts, etc.
- Military Interoperability: It also enhances military interoperability, expanding options for joint operations.
These significantly impact the diplomatic and strategic geopolitical stance of partner nations.
What is the status of India’s defence exports?
India’s defence exports surged to a record Rs. 16,000 crore in 2022-23, a huge 800% growth in 5 years and reaching 85 countries across continents. This propelled India into the top 25 defence exporters globally.
Nearly 80% of this growth is attributable to private industry.
India’s expanding defence exports encompass missiles, rockets, torpedoes, artillery-guns, and drones, among others.
Read More UPSC Topics-
Bhagat Singh’s Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam |
A dictionary to prevent a language from vanishing |
What has led to a surge in India’s defence exports?
- Enabling participation of private sector and startups in defence industry ecosystem.
- Streamlining export permissions via a web-enabled system, which has reduced delays.
- Online system to share enquires and leads with defence industry.
- Instituting open general export licence.
- Including defence exports as a key area for evaluating performance of defence attaches posted in Indian embassies abroad.
- Availability of defence lines of credit (LOC).
- Repositioning DefExpo and Aero India as world-class exhibitions showcasing India’s defence innovation ecosystem.
What are the reasons behind positive future growth prospects?
1) Integration of MSMEs: Hundreds of Indian MSMEs will be integrated into global defence original equipment manufacturer (OEM) supply chains.
2) China’s declining arms exports: This is due to poor quality and unreliable performance of Chinese equipment. For instance, Nigeria returning Chengdu F-7 fighters.
3) Other Exporters Pre-Occupied: Russia-Ukraine conflict-related disruptions, Israel’s preoccupation with Hamas, and USA being tied up on multiple fronts has led to India emerging as a reliable partner for countries looking to diversify their sourcing.
4) India’s Expertise: For instance, India is skilled at servicing Russian platforms, thus making it attractive to countries possessing Russian inventory.
5) India’s Strenghts in the IT Space: The rising importance of software and AI in defence platforms aligns with India’s strengths.
6) Defence Startups: Government’s Innovation for Defence Excellence (IDEX) programme has created hundreds of startups, which are poised for global licensing of their technologies.
7) India’s Positive Perception: Transformation of the global perception of India as a rapidly reforming and growing innovation economy lends credibility to its defence industry.
What more needs to be done?
- G2G Sales: Rules should be developed for government-to-government sales to make it easier for foreign governments to procure from Indian firms.
- Defence LOCs: Allowing empanelled defence firms to include defence LOC as part of their proposals could be considered. Interest rates for defence LOC need to be reduced.
- Licensing of Indian Technologies: Establishing a licensing template safeguarding national and startup interests is essential.
Question for practice:
What is the status of India’s defence exports? Why are they expected to grow further in the future?
Issues with RBI’s decision in the PayTM case – Banking laws and regulatory shake-ups
Source: This post on the Issues with RBI’s decision in the PayTM case has been created based on the article “Banking laws and regulatory shake-ups” published in “Business Standard” on 16th February 2024.
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 Indian Polity – Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.
News: The article discusses the issues with RBI’s decision in the PayTM case. It also highlights the principles that should be followed by regulatory bodies in such cases.
Background:
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently directed the Paytm Payments Bank Ltd (PPBL) to stop onboarding customers with immediate effect, thereby essentially stopping the operations of the PPBL. Paytm Issue with RBI
What are the issues with RBI’s decision in the PayTM case?
- There was no formal legal order from the RBI setting out the failures and the justification for the action.
- There is no information on whether a hearing took place, PPBL’s side of the story and RBI’s rebuttal of PPBL’s defence is not known.
- It is unclear whether due process and rule of law principles were followed by public authorities before imposing punitive actions.
According to the author, a possible reason for lack of transparency in this case can be that it could cause a bank run.
What principles should be followed by regulatory bodies in such cases?
- Rule of law: The term “rule of law” is about equal treatment of everyone, with the same set of laws and fair procedures in the legal process.
- Natural justice: It has two basic elements:
a. No person should be judged without a fair hearing, providing the person the opportunity to respond to the evidence against her.
b. No one should be a judge in her own cause.
A modern market economy requires these concepts to be operational, because arbitrary exercise of state power is unfair and deters private investment.
Read More UPSC Topics-
Santiniketan chronicles: Unesco tag adorns the idyllic haven |
Express View on Santiniketan’s world heritage status: At home in the world |
What should be the way forward?
1) Revisiting Old Laws: For instance, in this case, Section 35A of the Banking Regulation Act effectively instructs the RBI to do the things that were done. These old laws need to be revisited.
2) Modern Law Required: India needs a modern Banking Regulation Act, one that would ensure that the rule of law and natural justice apply fully in regulatory enforcement matters, whenever authorities engage with financial firms.
Question for practice:
What are the issues with RBI’s decision in the PayTM case? What principles should be followed by regulatory bodies in such cases?
US opioid crisis-The US opioid crisis: Is it a theatre of Cold War Il?
Source: The post US opioid crisis has been created, based on the article “The US opioid crisis: Is it a theatre of Cold War Il?” published in “Live mints” on 16th February 2024.
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS paper2-International relations – Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests.
News: This article discusses how the US opioid crisis, largely self-inflicted due to misleading pharmaceutical marketing, has international implications. It touches on how China’s role in producing opioid ingredients and US-China relations affect the crisis. US opioid crisis
What is the US opioid crisis?
Origin and Misleading Marketing: The crisis started with oxycodone, falsely advertised as a safe pain relief medication.
Role of Pharmaceutical Companies: Firms like Purdue Pharma played a key role in aggressively marketing opioids.
Shift to More Potent Drugs: The crisis worsened with the rise of fentanyl; a synthetic opioid far more potent than others.
Alarming Overdose Statistics: In 2021, over 100,000 overdose deaths were reported in the US, with fentanyl implicated in over two-thirds of these cases.
Historical Echoes: The situation resembles the Opium Wars of the 19th century in its dynamics and consequences.
How does the US opioid crisis affect its foreign relations?
China’s Role: China produces ingredients for opioids like fentanyl, linking it to the US crisis.
US-China Diplomacy: The opioid crisis has led to US requests for China to help control drug supplies.
Impact on US-Russia Relations: Russian President Putin’s views on US leadership can influence perceptions of the crisis. Putin’s comments on preferring a Biden presidency over Trump’s could impact how the crisis is managed.
Read More UPSC Topics-
Opium, history and economics |
A scientific survey at Gyanvapi, its limits” |
What does this mean for democracy?
Democratic Values at Stake: The crisis tests the core values of democracy, including accountability, transparency, and the protection of public welfare, underscoring the challenges faced by democratic governments in crisis management.
Biden’s Democratic Values: President Biden’s framing of the crisis underscores the importance of democratic values in confronting and managing such national issues, contrasting with how autocracies might handle similar situations.
Impacts on India: As the largest democratic country neighboring China, India is impacted by the dynamics of US-China relations and the management of the US opioid crisis.
Way forward
To address the opioid crisis, it’s essential for the US to manage it effectively, reflecting democratic values and ethical governance as emphasized by President Biden. Strengthening international cooperation, especially with China, to control drug supplies is key. This approach will not only tackle the health crisis but also potentially influence global democratic perceptions and policies.
Question for practice:
Discuss the impact of the US opioid crisis on its foreign relations and how it challenges democratic values.
Supreme Court’s decision on electoral bonds-SC decision on Electoral Bonds case: Will it revive the flagging RTI Act?
Source: The post Supreme Court’s decision on electoral bonds has been created, based on the article “SC decision on Electoral Bonds case: Will it revive the flagging RTI Act?” published in “Indian express” on 16th February 2024.
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS paper2-governance- transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.
News: This article discusses a Supreme Court judgment declaring the Electoral Bonds scheme unconstitutional, which supports the Right to Information Act. The judgment addresses transparency in political funding and challenges in implementing the RTI Act, like delayed responses and non-compliance by political parties.
What are electoral bonds?
Electoral bonds are interest free “bearer instrument”. (Bearer instruments are similar to promissory notes. These are payable to the bearer on demand.
For more information read here
What is the Supreme Court’s decision on electoral bonds?
Supreme Court’s Unanimous Decision: The five-judge bench, led by the Chief Justice of India, unanimously ruled the Electoral Bonds scheme unconstitutional.
Violation of Right to Information: The Court found that anonymous electoral bonds violate the Right to Information and Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.
Directive to State Bank of India (SBI): The Supreme Court has ordered SBI to halt the issuance of electoral bonds.
Requirement for Transparency: SBI is also directed to provide details of electoral bonds purchases to the Election Commission of India (ECI), ensuring greater transparency in political funding.
Impact on Transparency in Political Funding: This judgment enforces the idea that voters have a right to know the sources of political funding, aligning with the principles of the Right to Information Act.
For information on RTI Act read here
What are the impacts of this judgment on the RTI Act?
Reinforcement of RTI Act Principles: The Supreme Court’s decision reinforces the principles of transparency and accountability within the RTI Act.
Addressing Legal and Bureaucratic Challenges: The judgment addresses the legal and bureaucratic hurdles that have hindered the effectiveness of the RTI Act, such as the delayed hearing of appeals and the casual approach of officers in dealing with RTI queries.
Implications for Information Commissions: The judgment has implications for the functioning of Information Commissions, which have faced issues like vacancies and backlog. As of June 30, 2023, there were 321,000 appeals pending.
Way forward
Moving forward, it’s crucial to strengthen the RTI regime by addressing its current challenges. This involves filling vacancies in information commissions, reducing the backlog of over 321,000 pending appeals, and ensuring compliance with RTI requests, especially from political parties. A committee including various stakeholders can oversee these improvements, aligning with the government’s emphasis on transparency and accountability.
Question for practice:
Discuss the Supreme Court’s recent judgment on electoral bonds and its impact on the Right to Information Act.
Diversity important in health policy making-The diversity blindspot in health policy
Source: The post diversity important in health policy making has been created, based on the article “The diversity blind spot in health policy” published in “The Hindu” on 16th February 2024.
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS paper2- governance-Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health
News: This article discusses the lack of diversity in India’s health committees. It highlights the underrepresentation of women, non-medical professionals, and people from diverse regions, and suggests that this affects the quality of health policies and decisions.
What is the gender distribution in health sector roles?
Gender Distribution in Health Sector Roles in India:
Women make up nearly half of all health workers in India.
However, only 18% of them reach leadership positions in health panels, committees, and hospitals.
In the 23 National Health Committees analyzed, women representation is just 11%.
Remarkably, 36% of these committees do not have any women members at all.
Women constitute 29% of doctors and 80% of the nursing staff.
Nearly 100% of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) in India are women.
Women’s roles are often in frontline, lower-paid positions.
Global Gender Distribution in Health Sector Roles:
Women account for 70% of the global health workforce.
They occupy only 25% of senior positions in healthcare worldwide.
Just 5% of women are in leadership roles in the global healthcare sector.
What are the issues with health committees in India?
Underrepresentation of Women: Only 11% of members in India’s National Health Committees are women, and 36% of these committees have no female members.
Lack of Diversity: The committees predominantly consist of men, particularly doctors and bureaucrats, mainly from urban and privileged backgrounds. This limit diverse perspectives in policymaking.
Centralization of Power: Most committee members are from the Delhi-NCR region, indicating a geographical imbalance in representation.
Dominance of Medical Professionals: There’s an over-concentration of doctors in these committees, which may lead to a narrow clinical view in health policy, overlooking preventive and community health aspects.
Limited Inclusivity in Policy Making: The lack of varied backgrounds among committee members affects the inclusivity and relevance of health policies for diverse populations.
Why is diversity important in health policy making?
Reflects Varied Needs: Diverse committees can better address the different health needs of various populations. For example, policies might fail to consider affordability and household dynamics without diverse perspectives.
Enhanced Understanding of Women’s Health Needs: Including women in health policy making brings essential insights into maternal care, reproductive health, and gender-specific diseases. This diversity in perspectives ensures that the health policies developed are more comprehensive and sensitive to the needs of women,
Regional Representation: Over-concentration of individuals from metropolitan areas, particularly Delhi-NCR, overlooks regional health issues. Diverse regional representation is essential for policies that cater to the unique health challenges of different areas.
Professional Diversity: The dominance of doctors in committees can lead to a narrow clinical focus. Including non-medical professionals and NGOs can broaden the scope to include preventive care and social health aspects.
Way forward
To improve health policy making, India needs more inclusive health committees with reserved seats for women and marginalized groups. This approach can ensure diverse perspectives in decision-making, leading to more equitable and effective health policies that address the needs of all population segments.
Question for practice:
Discuss the importance of diversity in health policy making in India, considering factors such as gender representation, regional diversity, and professional backgrounds.
Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)
Kotravai sculpture from the Pallava era found
Source-This post on Kotravai sculpture from the Pallava era found is based on the article “Kotravai sculpture from Pallava period unearthed near Ulundurpet” published in “The New Indian Express” on 14th February 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, archaeologists unearthed an eighth-century Kotravai sculpture, an artifact dating back to the Pallava period, near Ulundurpet, Tamil Nadu.
What does the discovery suggest?
![Kotravai sculpture](https://forumias.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Kotravai-sculpture-300x169.png)
1. It is crafted from slab stone during the eighth century Pallava period.
2. The sculpture portrays items like chakkara, sword, bell, and abhaya mudra in its right hands, while the left hands display a conch, bow, shield, and Uru Mudhra, along with bangles in all hands.
What are the significant details regarding the Pallava Dynasty?
![Pallava dynasty](https://forumias.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Pallava-dynasty.png)
Aspect | Details |
About | 1. The Pallava Dynasty was a prominent force in South India that existed between the 3rd and 9th Centuries. 2. They governed northern Tamil Nadu, sections of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana, with Kanchipuram as their capital. |
Origin | 1. They were earlier feudatories of Andhra Satavahanas. 2. Following the decline of the Andhra Satavahanas in Amaravati, the Pallavas gained autonomy and grew independent 3. They gradually moved southward and established their capital in Kanchipuram during the 4th century CE. |
Foreign Traveler Account | 1. Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang, who visited Kanchipuram during the Pallava era, praised their kind rule. 2. He portrayed Bodhidharma, the founder of the Chan (Zen) school of Buddhism in China, as a prince of the Pallava empire. |
Notable Kings | During the reigns of Mahendravarman I (571 – 630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630 – 668 CE), the Pallava realm experienced increased wealth and strength. |
Architecture | 1. The Pallava Dynasty was renowned for their contributions to Dravidian architecture, particularly in temple construction. 2. They played a pivotal role in shifting from rock-cut architecture to stone temples. 3. Mahabalipuram, a significant hub of art, architecture, and literature during Pallava rule, showcases their remarkable achievements. 4. Narasimhavarman II commissioned the construction of the Kailasanatha Temple in Kanchipuram and the Shore Temple. |
Religion | They embraced Shaivism, a local religion, and identified as Dravidians. |
Combat | 1. The Pallava Dynasty engaged in persistent battles with the Chalukya Dynasty to the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas to the south. 2. Their conflicts with the Chalukyas of Badami persisted until they were eventually subdued by the Chola kings in the 8th century CE. |
Decline | 1. The rise of the Rashtrakutas led to the decline of the Pallava Dynasty. 2. In 897 AD, Vijayalaya, the Chola King, defeated Aparajitavarman, the last Pallava King, completely. |
UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture
Global Pulses Conference: India need to augment pulses production
Source: This post on Global Pulses Conference: India need to augment pulses production is based on the article “Global meet urges India to augment production of pulses to meet nutritional requirements” published in “The Hindu” on 15th February 2024.
Why in the News?
The Global Pulses Conference recently suggested India to augment production of pulses to meet the nutritional requirements.
The two-day conference is jointly organised by the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd. (NAFED) and the Global Pulse Confederation (GPC).
What is the status of pulse production in India?
![Pulse production in India](https://forumias.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/pulsesindia.png)
1. Current Production– Over the past decade, pulse production has increased by 60%, rising from 171 lakh tonnes in 2014 to 270 lakh tonnes in 2024.
2. India’s contribution– India holds the title of the world’s largest producer, consumer, and importer of pulses. India contributes 25% to global production, consuming 27% of the world’s total, and importing 14%.
3. Area covered– Pulses cover about 20% of the foodgrain area and contribute 7-10% to the total foodgrain production in the country.
4. Sowing Season– While pulses are cultivated in both Kharif and Rabi seasons, Rabi pulses contribute over 60% to the total production.
5. Pulse Varieties contribution– Gram is the leading pulse, comprising about 40% of total production, followed by Tur/Arhar at 15-20%, and Urad/Black Matpe and Moong at approximately 8-10% each.
6. Current status of pulse varieties- India now produces enough chickpeas (chana) and various other pulse crops to meet its own needs, with only a minor shortfall in pigeon peas (tur) and black gram.
Note– The government aims to attain self-sufficiency in pulses by the end of 2027.
What is Global Pulses Confederation (GPC)?
1. About-It is an organization that represents the pulse industry worldwide.
2. Stakeholders– It represents all aspects of the pulse industry, including growers, researchers, traders, government bodies, processors, and consumers.
3. Headquarter– GPC is headquartered in Dubai and licensed by the Dubai Multi Commodity Centre (DMCC).
UPSC Syllabus- Indian Economy/Events or Summits
UN World Restoration Flagships
Source-This post on UN World Restoration Flagships is based on the article “From restoring forests to river basins, seven conservation initiatives across continents recognised by UN” published in “DownToEarth” on 13th February 2024.
Why in the News?
The United Nations recently designated seven initiatives spanning Africa, Latin America, the Mediterranean, and Southeast Asia as the UN World Restoration Flagships.
What is UN World Restoration Flagships?
![UN World Restoration Flagships](https://forumias.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/UN-World-Restoration-Flagships-300x168.png)
1. About – It is a component of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, led by the UN Environment Program (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization.
Note – The UN General Assembly declared the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030) to scale up restoration efforts of degraded ecosystems in order to combat climate change, improving food security, water supply, and biodiversity.
2. Objective– Its goal is to stop, prevent, and reverse the decline of ecosystems across all continents and oceans.
3. Eligibility– The awards recognize noteworthy initiatives that contribute to global commitments aimed at restoring one billion hectares of land.
4. Significance:
a. The recognition granted by the UNEP and FAO of the UN makes the initiatives qualified for technical and financial assistance from the organization.
b. Inclusion in the UN Secretary-General’s Report to the General Assembly.
What are the seven initiatives designated under UN World Restoration Flagships?
1. The Restoring Mediterranean Forests Initiative:
a. It includes countries Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey.
b. It employs an innovative approach to protect and restore natural habitats and vulnerable ecosystems. Around two million hectares of forests have been restored across the region since 2017.
2. The Living Indus initiative:
a. It was approved by the Pakistan parliament after the 2022 climate change induced floods.
b. It was officially launched at the 27th Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Sharm el-Sheikh.
c. The initiative designates the Indus River as a living entity with rights to protect rivers globally.
3. The Acción Andina social movement- It is led by Peruvian conservation non-profit ECOAN aims to protect and restore a forest area of one million hectares.
4. The Sri Lanka Mangrove Regeneration initiative – It is a community-led program focused on restoring the natural balance in the ecosystem through science-driven methods.
5. The Terai Arc Landscape initiative:
a. It aims to restore critical forest corridors in the India- Nepal region with the help of local communities acting as citizen scientists, anti-poaching units, forest guards, and more.
b. It also helped in increasing the tiger population in the landscape shared by India and Nepal to 1,174.
6. Regreening agriculture in Africa- To reverse land degradation on 1 million hectares across 8 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
7. The Growing Forests in Africa’s Drylands initiative- It aims to increase from 41,000 restored hectares area to 229,000 hectares by 2030.
UPSC Syllabus- Environment/International Organisations
First-ever State of the World’s Migratory Species report
Source-This post on First-ever State of the World’s Migratory Species report is based on the article “Landmark UN report: The world’s migratory species of animals are in decline, and the global extinction risk is increasing” published in “unep.org” on 12th February 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) of Wild Animals launched the first-ever State of the World’s Migratory Species report. It was launched at the opening of a major UN wildlife conservation conference (CMS COP14).
The report was prepared by conservation scientists at the UN Environment Programme.
What are the key findings of the report?
![State of the World’s Migratory Species report](https://forumias.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/State-of-the-Worlds-Migratory-Species-report-300x213.png)
1. Decline in Population – Almost half (44 %) of the migratory species listed under CMS are experiencing a decline in population.
2. Risk of Extinction – Over one-fifth of CMS-listed species are at risk of extinction, and 97% of listed fish are facing this risk.
3. Lack of Protection – 51% of Key Biodiversity areas important for migratory animals listed under CMS lack protection. Also, 58% of monitored sites for these species experience unsustainable human pressure.
4. Identified causes:
a. The most significant threats to migratory species are overexploitation and habitat loss caused by human activity.
b. Climate change, pollution, and invasive species also greatly affect migratory species.
5. Lack of coverage under CMS– Despite being listed by CMS, many migratory species remain at risk, with 399 threatened species not yet included under CMS.
What are the key recommendations of the report?
1. Addressing illegal and unsustainable practices.
2. Safeguarding critical sites for migratory species.
3. Focusing on species most threatened with extinction.
4. Intensifying actions against climate change and pollution.
5. Broadening CMS listings to encompass more endangered species.
About Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
1. About– CMS, also known as the Bonn Convention, is an international treaty aimed at conserving migratory species and their habitats worldwide.
2. Purpose– It provides a framework for countries to collaborate in conserving migratory species and their habitats. This particularly includes species that cross national borders during their annual migrations.
Read more– Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) |
UPSC Syllabus- Environment (Species in news)
Kaji Nemu
Source-This post on Kaji Nemu is based on the article “‘Kaji Nemu’ declared as State Fruit, Assam government says will benefit farmers” published in “The New Indian Express” on 14th February 2024.
Why in the News?
The Assam government recently declared the GI-tagged ‘Kaji Nemu’ (Citrus Limon) as the official State Fruit.
About Kaji Nemu
![Kaji Nimu](https://forumias.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Kiju-Nimu-300x171.png)
1. About– It is a variety of lemon (Citrus Limon) that is native to Assam.
2. Shape– It possesses an elongated and oblong shape in contrast to other lemon varieties.
3. Distinctive traits:
a. It is much juicier than other varieties of lemons.
b. It is renowned for its distinct fragrance and antioxidant properties. It is traditionally associated with Assamese cuisines.
c. It is considered a powerhouse of nutrients, enhancing overall health.
4. Cultivation– It is cultivated across nearly all districts of the Assam and is available throughout the year.
5. GI Tag– In 2019, Kaji Nemu was awarded a GI (Geographical Indication) tag.
Note– Assam boasts a significant diversity of citrus, with a total of 16 species and 52 hybrid varieties.
What is a GI tag?
1. About– According to the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), a GI tag is a symbol used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that is due to that origin.
2. Third-party restriction– A GI right prevents its use by a third party whose product does not conform to the applicable standards.
3. Regulation in India– GI tags in India are issued as per the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, of 1999.
UPSC Syllabus- Geography (GI tag)
Stone age wall discovered in Baltic Sea
Source-This post on Stone age wall discovered in Baltic Sea is based on the article “Scientists accidentally find a mysterious one-km-long wall in Baltic Sea” published in “Hindustan Times” on 13th February 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, scientists have discovered a Stone Age wall beneath the Baltic Sea in Germany. It is believed to be the oldest megastructure constructed by humans in Europe.
Scientists believe that the 971-meter wide and less than 1 mtr tall wall was not created by natural forces like tsunamis or glaciers. Rather, it was built over 10,000 years ago by hunter-gatherers. It could have served as a reindeer hunting lane.
About Baltic Sea
![Baltic Sea](https://forumias.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Baltic-Sea.png)
1. Location– It is a semi-enclosed sea located in Northern Europe.
2. Branch– It is a branch of the North Atlantic Ocean, stretching northward from southern Denmark towards the Arctic Circle. It divides the Scandinavian Peninsula from the rest of mainland Europe.
3. Borders and Coastline– It has about 8,000 kilometers of coastline, shared by many countries such as Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, Estonia, Germany, Denmark, and Russia.
4. Size– It occupies an area of about 377,000 square kilometers. The sea stretches approximately 1,600 kilometers in length and is about 193 kilometers wide.
5. Maritime link:
a. It connects to the White Sea through the White Sea Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal.
b. It also connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish Straits.
6. Gulf– The Baltic Sea has three main gulfs: the Gulf of Bothnia to the north, the Gulf of Finland to the east, and the Gulf of Riga slightly to the south of that.
7. Inflows- Over 250 rivers and streams flow into the Baltic Sea. The Neva River is the largest among them.
8. Islands: The Baltic Sea is inhabited by more than 20 islands and archipelagos. Gotland, situated near the Swedish coast, is the largest island in the Baltic Sea.
Distinct Features:
a. It is commonly referred to as the largest brackish inland water body in the world.
b. The Baltic Sea’s water is less salty compared to the world’s oceans because of the inflow of freshwater from surrounding land and the sea’s shallow depth.
About Baltic Nations
1. Countries– Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, collectively known as the Baltic Nations.
2. Borders– They are bordered by the Baltic Sea to the west and north, by Russia to the east, by Belarus to the southeast, and by Poland and a Russian exclave to the southwest.
UPSC Syllabus- Geography and Places in News
Micellar water
Source-This post on Micellar water is based on the article “What is micellar water and how does it work?” published in “The Hindu” on 14th February 2024.
Why in the News?
This article discusses micellar water, a popular product found in markets. It is used for effectively removing makeup and sunscreen due to its cleansing properties.
What is Micellar water?
![Micellar water](https://forumias.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Michelle-water-300x169.png)
1. Micellar water is a gentle solution with a mild detergent. It is a skincare product made up of tiny oil molecules called micelles – groups of molecules that are good at removing oil.
2. The micelles in micellar water are created by special molecules called surfactants. These molecules have both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-hating) properties.
3. These micelles molecules have water-friendly outer layer that easily mixes with water.
How micellar water works?
1. When someone applies micellar water to a cotton pad, an interesting thing happens. The wet cotton attracts the water-loving part (hydrophilic) of the micelles, while the oily part (hydrophobic) sticks out.
2. This oily part is attracted to makeup, sunscreen, oils, and dirt on your face.
3. As one wipe the cotton pad across your skin, these substances attach to the micelles and are removed. Some are even trapped inside the micelles.
4. This result in a cleaner skin in the end.
UPSC Syllabus – Science & Technology
Weimar Triangle
Source-This post on Weimar Triangle is based on the article “Poland, France and Germany vow to make Europe stronger as fears grow over Russia and Trump” published in “The Hindu” on 13th February 2024.
Why in the News?
Recently, the foreign ministers of Poland, France, and Germany met to discuss reviving the Weimar Triangle. They pledged to enhance security and defense capabilities in Europe amidst concerns about Russian aggression spreading in the region.
What is Weimar Triangle?
![Weimar Traingle](https://forumias.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Weimar-Traingle-1.png)
1. About – The Weimar Triangle was created in 1991. It is a regional alliance to promote cooperation among France, Germany, and Poland.
2. Origin of name – The name “Weimar” refers to the city in Germany where the initial meeting took place.
3. Objective – To strengthen bonds and encourage cooperation among the three countries, especially in politics, economy, and culture. Also, to tackle the common challenges faced by them.
4. Initial goal – Initially, its focus was on promoting reconciliation between Germany and Poland following World War II.
5. Significance – The forum offers a platform to discuss regional and global issues and has had a big impact on European relations and policies.
What are the key areas of cooperation under Weimar Triangle?
1. Political dialogue– It serves as a platform for regular discussions aimed at aligning positions on European and global issues.
2. Economic collaboration- This group works on initiatives to increase trade, investment, and economic growth among the involved nations.
3. Cultural exchanges: The group aims to enhance mutual understanding among nations through programs like town twinning agreements and youth exchanges.
4. Security and defense cooperation- They conduct joint military exercises, share intelligence, etc., to tackle common challenges and enhance stability in Europe, under NATO’s framework.
5. Contemporary issues- Issues like energy security, climate change, and technological innovation are also addressed by the Weimar Triangle.
UPSC Syllabus – International Relations/International Organisation