9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Articles 21 November, 2024
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Mains Oriented Articles
GS PAPER - 2
SEBI’s efforts to regulate the securities market
Source: The post SEBI’s efforts to regulate the securities market has been created, based on the article “Tightening the norm” and the article “Free market needs free speech” published in “Indian Express” on 21st November 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2-Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.
Context: The article discusses SEBI’s efforts to regulate the securities market. It highlights SEBI’s proposals to curb manipulation in SME IPOs, including stricter norms like increased lock-in periods for promoters and better fund monitoring. SEBI also seeks to regulate finfluencers and digital platforms, raising concerns over free speech and jurisdictional overreach.
For detailed information on New SEBI Rules to Curb F&O Frenzy and Protect Small Investors read this article here
Why is SEBI focusing on SME IPOs?
SEBI is addressing concerns about manipulation in small and mid-cap IPOs. Recent SME IPO data shows that 159 companies raised ₹5,700 crore in 2023-24, compared to 31 in 2021-22. SEBI proposed stricter norms, including:
- Increasing the minimum application size to attract informed investors.
- Raising the minimum investor base from 50 to 200 for better liquidity.
- Requiring promoters to lock-in their shares for five years to ensure accountability.
- Restricting IPO funds from being used to repay promoter loans.
- SEBI suggests appointing monitoring agencies for IPOs above ₹20 crore to ensure proper fund utilization. It has warned about promoters inflating business operations to boost stock prices. These measures aim to protect retail investors and maintain market integrity.
Why is SEBI targeting finfluencers on digital platforms?
- SEBI is concerned about misleading securities-related content shared by finfluencers on platforms like YouTube and WhatsApp.
- Misleading content can manipulate investors’ decisions, impacting market integrity.
- SEBI aims to regulate these platforms, requiring them to block false information, blacklist violators, and report regularly. For example, SEBI penalized unregistered finfluencers for sharing deceptive content and settled some cases with heavy penalties.
- SEBI proposes that financial intermediaries only associate with registered finfluencers to ensure accountability.
What concerns arise from SEBI’s move to regulate finfluencers?
- Disruption to Price Discovery: SEBI’s regulation of speech could harm the price discovery process, which benefits from a mix of optimistic, pessimistic, and neutral views. For example, In the Adani-Hindenburg episode, short-sellers, Adani promoters, and analysts (including finfluencers) provided contrasting opinions, helping investors make informed decisions.
- Existing Regulations Are Adequate: SEBI already penalizes unregistered finfluencers under its existing powers. For example, it uses laws against fraudulent and manipulative practices and mandates that investment advisors and analysts register with SEBI.
- Jurisdictional Overlap:Digital platforms like YouTube and WhatsApp are regulated by MeitY under the IT Act. SEBI’s involvement may lead to conflicts over jurisdiction.
- Threat to Free Speech:SEBI’s proposals risk curbing free speech in the securities market, a fundamental right. The marketplace of ideas allows investors to evaluate different views and build trust.
- Parliamentary Oversight is Necessary:SEBI’s attempt to expand its powers through a circular bypasses parliamentary approval. Expanding jurisdiction over non-securities entities requires legislative endorsement to avoid overreach.
Question for practice:
Discuss SEBI’s proposed measures to regulate SME IPOs and their impact on market integrity and retail investors.
GS PAPER - 3
Challenges of indoor and outdoor air pollution
Source: The post challenges of indoor and outdoor air pollution has been created, based on the article “Expert explains: What to know about indoor air quality and purification” published in “Indian Express” on 21st November 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3-Environment
Context: The article discusses the challenges of indoor and outdoor air pollution, focusing on the impact of PM2.5 on health. It explains how air purifiers can improve indoor air quality but highlights the inequities of relying on personal solutions instead of addressing outdoor pollution sources.
For detailed information on On Air Quality Standard of India read this article here
What is the Impact of Air Pollution on Different Groups?
- Privileged Groups: They stay indoors in homes, offices, and vehicles, where air quality can be controlled. They use N95 masks, air purifiers, and AC cars to reduce exposure.
- Vulnerable Groups: Street vendors, delivery workers, and laborers face prolonged outdoor exposure due to their work. They cannot afford air purifiers or sealed homes, making them more vulnerable to pollution.
- Gendered Impact: Women in poorly ventilated kitchens face high indoor air pollution from cooking with solid fuels, leading to severe health risks.
How Can Indoor Air Quality Be Improved?
- Limit Entry of Pollutants: Close windows and doors and seal gaps around them to reduce air leaks.
- Use Air Purifiers: Place HEPA-based purifiers in high-use areas like bedrooms. Closing doors enhances efficiency. Avoid purifiers emitting ozone, as it worsens air quality.
- Improve Ventilation: Ensure proper airflow, especially in kitchens, to prevent a build-up of cooking-related pollutants.
- Monitor Air Quality: Use low-cost sensors to check PM2.5 levels indoors.
- Reduce Harmful Activities: Avoid burning candles or incense, which release fine particles and harmful gases.
What are the Sources of Indoor Air Pollution?
- Cooking with Solid Fuels: Releases fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Kitchens often have the highest pollution levels, especially in poorly ventilated homes. Women face the greatest burden due to traditional gender roles.
- Burning Incense and Candles: Emits fine particles and volatile organic compounds, worsening air quality.
- Poor Ventilation: Traps pollutants indoors, even in homes with modern stoves.
- Outdoor Pollution Infiltration: Unsealed homes allow outdoor pollutants, like PM2.5, to enter easily.
For detailed information on INDOOR AIR POLLUTION read this article here
How Do Air Purifiers Help?
- Air purifiers use a HEPA filter and a fan to trap PM2.5 particles.
- Activated Carbon Filters: Help capture gaseous pollutants.
- Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR): Indicates purifier efficiency, especially for large rooms.
DIY purifiers with HEPA filters and fans are cost-effective. Avoid purifiers that emit ozone, as they can worsen air quality.
What are the Ethical Issues With Air Purifiers?
- Air purifiers benefit those who can afford them but highlight inequality. They address symptoms of air pollution, not the root cause.
- This selective protection may reduce the urgency for systemic changes needed to improve overall air quality.
Question for practice:
Examine the ethical implications of relying on air purifiers to address indoor air pollution while neglecting systemic solutions for outdoor pollution.
Delhi’s persistent air pollution issue
Source: The post Delhi’s persistent air pollution issue has been created, based on the article “Clearing the air on Delhi’s pollution crisis” published in “The Hindu” on 21st November 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3-Environment
Context: The article highlights Delhi’s persistent air pollution issue, comparing it to Beijing’s effective strategies. It critiques Delhi’s ineffective measures, stresses dispersed pollution sources like vehicles, and calls for long-term, integrated plans with political and regional coordination.
What is the air pollution problem in Delhi and other cities?
- Delhi faces severe air pollution, especially in October, despite long-term efforts since M.C. Mehta’s 1984 PIL.
- Air pollution remains a “wicked problem,” needing long-term and coordinated solutions.
- Other cities like Los Angeles and Beijing face similar issues, with 60% of pollution from vehicles, 20% from soil dust, and less than 20% from other sources.
For detailed information on Air Pollution In Delhi- Reasons and Solutions read this article here
Why have existing measures failed?
- The National Clean Air Programme (2019) has had little impact despite focusing on monitoring, targets, and emergency measures.
- The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM, 2021) addresses symptoms but not the deeper, interlinked causes of pollution like urbanization and traffic.
What are the major causes of pollution?
- Vehicles: Account for 60% of pollution due to emissions and traffic congestion.
- Photochemical reactions: Sunlight and low temperatures create ozone from vehicle emissions.
- Stubble burning: Its share in Delhi’s PM 2.5 was less than 1% on October 17, but it still draws disproportionate focus.
- Dust: Soil dust contributes 20%, prompting dust control measures.
How does judicial intervention help?
- The Supreme Court emphasizes the right to clean air under the fundamental right to life.
- It questions why compliance reports show minimal ground results and highlights coordination issues.
- The court critiques Delhi for relying on “cosmetic steps” and shifting blame to Haryana and Punjab.
What lessons can Delhi learn from Beijing?
- Monitoring: Beijing uses 1,000 sensors to track high-emission areas.
- Public transport: Beijing operates over 30,000 low-floor buses, compared to Delhi’s 6,000.
- Warning systems: Smog forecasts are issued 24 hours in advance.
- Regional solutions: Managing regional transportation and secondary pollutants like PM 2.5 is prioritized.
What Should be done?
- Mandate the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) and create a long-term toxicity management plan.
- Ensure proper budget and political support for effective implementation.
- Focus on regional mechanisms and public awareness campaigns instead of quick-fix measures like smog towers.
Question for practice:
Discuss the reasons behind Delhi’s persistent air pollution problem and the measures that can be adopted to address it effectively.
Report by the Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNi)
Source: The post report by the Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNi) has been created, based on the article “Should packaged food content be labelled?” published in “The Hindu” on 21st November 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3-food security
Context: The article discusses a report by the Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNi), which found that food companies sell less healthy products in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) compared to high-income countries (HICs). It highlights health risks, affordability, and the need for better food labeling in India. Report by the Access to Nutrition Initiative
What are the various reports related to food products?
- ATNi report find:
- The Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNi) analyzed 52,414 products from 30 top food companies.
- Products in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) were less healthy than in high-income countries (HICs).
- Products scored 1.8 in LMICs compared to 2.3 in HICs on a health star rating system.
- Only 30% of companies had strategies to make healthier products affordable for lower-income consumers.
- Micronutrient data was less available in LMICs compared to HICs.
- In April 2024, a report by Public Eye and IBFAN found that Nestle’s baby foods in India and LMICs had higher sugar content than in Europe. Nestle denied the claim, but the Indian government asked the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to investigate.
Why is This Significant in India?
- NCD Burden: India faces a high non-communicable disease (NCD) burden. Over 10.13 crore Indians have diabetes, and obesity affects 24% of women and 23% of men (NFHS-5 data).
- Dietary Impact: The Economic Survey 2023-24 reported that unhealthy diets cause 56.4% of India’s disease burden.
- Changing Diets: The ICMR dietary guidelines (2023) highlight increased consumption of processed foods rich in sugar and fat, worsening obesity and micronutrient deficiencies.
- Affordability Issues: Over 50% of Indians cannot afford a healthy diet (UN data). Meanwhile, spending on processed food is rising.
For detailed information on Nutritional Security in India read this article here
What About Food Labeling in India?
- India lacks strong policies for food package labeling.
- A 2017 National Action Plan addressed Non-Communicable Diseases but made little progress on front-of-package labeling.
- In 2022, a draft regulation on labeling foods with high sugar, fat, and sodium was introduced but hasn’t advanced.
- Countries like Chile and Mexico have seen reduced consumption of sugary drinks after introducing mandatory front-of-pack labeling.
What should be done?
- Implement Mandatory Nutrition Policies: The ATNi report emphasizes mandatory policies, as voluntary efforts by companies have failed to ensure widespread improvement in nutrition.
- Strengthen Advertising Regulations: Limit the marketing of unhealthy foods, especially to children, as per WHA resolutions.
Question for practice:
Examine the findings of various reports on the nutritional quality of food products in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) and their implications for India’s health and food labeling policies.
Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)
Second India-CARICOM Summit 2024
Source: This post on Second India-CARICOM Summit 2024 has been created based on the article “Prime Minister proposes seven key pillars to strengthen ties between India, ‘CARICOM’” published in The Hindu on 21st November 2024.
Why in news?
Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Guyana marking the first visit by an Indian head of state to the country in over 50 years. The visit was part of his participation in the second India-CARICOM Summit held in Georgetown, Guyana. Second India-CARICOM Summit 2024
About the summit
1. The 2nd India-CARICOM Summit was co-chaired by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Grenadian Prime Minister Dickon Mitchell.
2. It took place on November 20, 2024, in Georgetown, Guyana.
3. This historic event marked the first time an Indian Prime Minister visited Guyana in over 50 years.
4. Discussions revisited the 2019 India-CARICOM agreement on renewable energy and climate change, supported by a $150 million credit line from India.
5. The summit highlighted the significant presence of the Indian diaspora in Guyana, with approximately 320,000 people of Indian origin residing there.
6. Focus Areas for Collaboration: Discussions during the summit centred on enhancing ties in key areas: Economic Cooperation, Agriculture and Food Security, Health and Pharmaceuticals and Science and Innovations
Seven Key Pillars Proposed
Prime Minister Modi outlined seven pillars to bolster India-CARICOM relations, emphasizing a multifaceted approach:
1. Trade – Increasing bilateral trade opportunities.
2. Technology – Promoting technological collaborations.
3. Tourism – Enhancing cultural and economic exchanges through tourism.
4. Talent – Leveraging skilled professionals for mutual benefit.
5. Tradition – Preserving and sharing cultural heritage.
6. SME Development – Implementing a $1 million grant for SME sector growth, announced in a prior meeting.
7. Online Portal – Proposing a digital platform to connect private sectors and stakeholders across member nations.
Key Outcomes of the Summit:
1. Technological Collaboration: India committed to sharing its advancements in seaweed management technology to help Caribbean nations address the challenges posed by seaweed infestations.
2. Educational Initiatives: Over the next five years, India will offer more than 1,000 scholarships to students from CARICOM countries, aiming to enhance educational exchanges and capacity building.
4. Transportation Enhancements: The introduction of river and sea ferries is intended to bolster marine transport and connectivity among Caribbean nations.
5. Energy Security: Recognizing Guyana’s growing significance as an oil-producing nation, Prime Minister Modi emphasized its potential role in contributing to India’s energy security.
UPSC Syllabus: International Relations
Nafithromycin Antibiotic
Source: This post on Nafithromycin Antibiotic has been created based on the article “Dr. Jitendra Singh announces soft launch of India’s First Indigenous Antibiotic, Nafithromycin, to Combat Drug Resistance”
published in PIB on 21st November 2024.
Why in news?
India’s first indigenous antibiotic, Nafithromycin, was launched to address drug resistance challenges. Nafithromycin Antibiotic
About the antibiotic
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1. Developed By: Created with support from Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), a unit of the Department of Biotechnology.
2, Market Name: Introduced as “Miqnaf” by Wockhardt Pharmaceuticals.
3. Target Condition: Designed to combat Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP), caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
Features of Nafithromycin
1. The first new antibiotic in its class developed worldwide in over three decades.
2. Enhanced Efficacy: It is10 times more effective than azithromycin. It achieves comparable results with a three-day treatment regimen.
3. Wide Pathogen Coverage: It is effective against both typical and atypical bacteria and can overcomes existing drug resistance mechanisms.
4. Safety and Tolerability: It has minimal gastrointestinal side effects, no significant drug interactions ansd is unaffected by food, enhancing patient convenience.
Significance of Nafithromycin
1. Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): It offers a solution to combat multi-drug-resistant pathogens. It also addresses a critical global health challenge responsible for prolonged illnesses and increased healthcare costs.
2. Global Impact: Pneumonia causes over two million deaths annually, with India bearing 23% of the global burden. Nafithromycin provides hope for reducing mortality and healthcare strain.
UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology
UNICEF SOWC-2024 Report
Source: This post on UNICEF SOWC-2024 Report has been created based on the article “Planetary crisis puts children at risk: UNICEF report” published in PIB on 7th November 2024.
Why in news?
The UNICEF report reveals that nearly one billion children, which is half the world’s child population, are living in countries that face high risks from climate and environmental hazards. The report predicts that three global forces: demographic shifts, climate crises, and frontier technologies will have a profound impact on children’s lives by 2050.
Highlights of the report
Climate crisis
1. The report highlights the intensification of climate destabilization, biodiversity loss, and pollution across the globe.
2. These environmental hazards uniquely impact children, as their developing bodies, including their brains, lungs, and immune systems, are especially vulnerable.
i) Air pollution harms children’s respiratory health, with effects that can last a lifetime.
ii) Rising temperatures increase mosquito populations, spreading diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Zika.
iii) Floods contaminate water supplies, leading to waterborne diseases that are a leading cause of death for children under five.
iv) Extreme weather events reduce food production, increasing the risk of food insecurity.
v) Climate-related disasters also negatively impact children’s mental health, causing feelings of helplessness, trauma, and anxiety.
Educational and Displacement Challenges
1. Since 2022, an estimated 400 million students around the world have experienced school closures due to extreme weather events.
2. This disruption violates children’s rights, stifles learning, and hinders economic growth.
3. Additionally, climate and environmental hazards have displaced millions of children from their homes, exposing them to increased vulnerabilities.
Demographic Shifts and Regional Impacts
1. The global child population is projected to stabilize at around 2.3 billion by the 2050s. However, this stabilization masks significant regional changes.
2. South Asia, eastern and southern Africa, and western and Central Africa will have the largest child populations.
3. These regions already struggle to meet children’s basic needs and face significant risks from climate change. They also lack adequate digital infrastructure to support their growing populations.
Frontier Technologies and Opportunities
1. The report outlines the potential for frontier technologies to improve children’s lives significantly. Advances in artificial intelligence, neurotechnology, renewable energy, and vaccines could enhance child welfare in the future.
2. Digitalization also offers opportunities to empower children, but it comes with risks, such as increased exposure to online sexual exploitation and abuse.
3. The report notes a stark digital divide, with over 95% of people in high-income countries connected to the internet, compared to just 26% in low-income countries.
4. This lack of access exacerbates inequalities, particularly in regions with rapidly growing child populations.
UPSC Syllabus: Reports and index
India and Australia Strengthen Renewable Energy Partnership
Source: This post on India and Australia Strengthen Renewable Energy Partnership has been created based on the article “India, Australia firm up clean energy partnership; pushing for mega trade pact” published in The Hindu on 21st November 2024.
Why in news?
India and Australia have deepened their partnership across key sectors, with a strong focus on renewable energy, during the second India-Australia Annual Summit held alongside the G20 summit.
About Renewable Energy Partnership (REP)


1. India and Australia have established a Renewable Energy Partnership (REP) to foster practical cooperation in critical areas.
2. This partnership aims to enhance collaboration in solar energy, green hydrogen, energy storage, and related investments.
3. The initiative also promotes projects and technologies supporting clean energy transitions.
About Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)
1. Both countries are working towards a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) to boost bilateral trade and economic ties.
2. This agreement is envisioned as ambitious, balanced, and mutually beneficial.
3. Building on the ECTA: The CECA builds on the momentum created by the 2022 Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA). Since its implementation, mutual trade between India and Australia has increased by 40%.
4. Commitment to Economic Growth: Both Prime Ministers expressed a commitment to maximizing the potential of the bilateral economic relationship through CECA.
Key Areas of Collaboration
The summit highlighted several areas for future cooperation:
1. Defence and Security: Both nations pledged to expand ties in defence industries and critical minerals.
2. Science and Technology: Mobility, innovation, and academic exchanges were identified as priority areas for collaboration.
3. Shipbuilding and Space Exploration: Opportunities in shipbuilding and space technologies were discussed as avenues for strengthened cooperation.
4. Sports Development: Both countries committed to enhancing their partnership through sports initiatives.
5. Support for Indian Community in Australia: Australian Prime Minister reaffirmed his government’s commitment to safeguarding the interests of the Indian community in Australia. He gave special emphasis to the welfare of Indian students, ensuring their rights and opportunities would be protected.
UPSC Syllabus: International relations
Supreme Court Allows Telcos to Claim CENVAT Credit for Mobile Towers and Shelters
Source: This post on Supreme Court Allows Telcos to Claim CENVAT Credit for Mobile Towers and Shelters has been created based on the article “Telcos can claim CENVAT credit for towers, shelters: SC” ublished in The Hindu on 21st November 2024.
Why in news?
The Supreme Court delivered a landmark judgment allowing telecom companies to claim CENVAT credit for mobile towers and pre-fabricated buildings (PFBs).
Key Highlights of the Judgment
1. Recognition of Mobile Towers and Shelters as Capital Goods: Mobile towers and PFBs fall under the definition of “capital goods” or “inputs” as per CENVAT Rules. These structures provide critical support for efficient mobile signal transmission, enabling telecommunication services.
2. Functional Utility Test: The court applied the “functional utility test” to determine that:
i) Mobile towers and PFBs are indispensable for the provision of telecommunication services.
ii) These items are integral to the functioning of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS), antenna, and other components of the telecom system.
3. Entitlement to CENVAT Credit: As per Rule 3(1)(i) of the CENVAT Rules, MSPs can claim credit for excise duties paid on goods used to provide telecommunication services. Mobile towers and PFBs, as part of the telecom infrastructure, qualify as “goods” under Rule 2(k).
About CENVAT Credit (Central Value Added Tax Credit)
1. CENVAT credit (Central Value Added Tax Credit) is a mechanism in Indian taxation that allows manufacturers and service providers to avail a credit of the taxes paid on inputs, input services, and capital goods used in the production of goods or provision of services.
2. It aims to reduce the cascading effect of taxes, ensuring that only the value addition is taxed at each stage.
3. Applicability: It applies to excise duties and service taxes (relevant before the introduction of GST in India). Manufacturers and service providers registered under the Central Excise or Service Tax laws could avail the credit.
UPSC Syllabus: Polity and nation
Bhu-Neer” Portal
Source: This post on Bhu-Neer” Portal has been created based on the article “HMJS launches “Bhu-Neer” Portal for ground water withdrawal permits” published in PIB on 21st November 2024.
Why in news?
The “Bhu-Neer” portal was officially launched during the concluding ceremony of India Water Week 2024.
About the Portal
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1. About: The “Bhu-Neer” portal is an initiative to regulate and manage groundwater resources effectively.
2. Developed by: The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, in collaboration with the National Informatics Centre (NIC).
3. Goal: The primary goal of the portal is to enhance groundwater management and regulation across the country.
4. The “Bhu-Neer” portal is now live and available for public access. Project proponents can visit the portal for groundwater-related applications, clarifications, tracking the status of their requests, and making necessary statutory payments.
Key Features of the “Bhu-Neer” Portal
1. Comprehensive Groundwater Resource Management: The portal offers a centralized database that provides access to the legal frameworks governing groundwater extraction. It also includes detailed information on regulations at both state and national levels. This feature promotes transparency and sustainability in groundwater resource management.
2. User-Friendly Design: The portal has been designed with a simplified and informative interface to ensure a smooth user experience. It offers an efficient and streamlined process for obtaining groundwater withdrawal permits.
3. Innovative Functionalities: The “Bhu-Neer” portal incorporates several advanced features, such as a PAN-based single ID system that simplifies user identification. Additionally, the portal generates No Objection Certificates (NOCs) with integrated QR codes, enhancing convenience and traceability.
4. Enhanced Accessibility: Users of the portal can track the status of their applications, make statutory payments, and seek clarifications or assistance regarding groundwater withdrawal.
5. The “Bhu-Neer” portal represents a significant improvement over the previous NOCAP system. It has been designed to make groundwater regulation a more efficient, transparent, and user-friendly process. This aligns with the government’s broader goal of promoting the ease of doing business.
Significance of the Portal
The launch of “Bhu-Neer” is an important step toward realizing the Hon’ble Prime Minister’s vision of “Ease of Doing Business.” The portal makes groundwater regulation a seamless and faceless process. It also emphasizes sustainable practices, ensuring responsible groundwater usage across industries and individuals.
UPSC Syllabus: Government initiative and schemes, Environment