9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Brief 5 February, 2024

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Mains Oriented Articles

GS PAPER - 2

India Sri Lanka Fishermen Issue an Unending woes

India Sri Lanka Fishermen Issue an Unending woes

Source: The post India Sri Lanka Fishermen Issue has been created, based on the article “Unending woes: India must incentivize fishermen to give up bottom trawling” published in “The Hindu” on 5th February 2024. 

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 –International relations India and its neighborhoodrelations 

News: India Sri Lanka Fishermen Issue an Unending woes, The article discusses the frequent arrests of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry fishermen by the Sri Lankan Navy. These fishermen are accused of illegally entering Sri Lankan waters, affecting local livelihoods, and using harmful fishing methods 

What are The Reasons for The Arrest of Indian Fishermen by Sri Lanka?

Crossing Borders: Indian fishermen often enter Sri Lankan waters, leading to their arrest. For example, 69 fishermen have been arrested this year for such violations. 

Destructive Fishing Practices: They are accused of using bottom trawling, which is banned in Sri Lanka since July 2017. This method is harmful to marine life and the livelihood of Sri Lankan fishermen. 

Geographical Constraints: Under the Tamil Nadu Marine Fishing Regulation Act 1983, Indian fishermen can operate only beyond three nautical miles from their coast. The proximity of the International Maritime Boundary Line, just nine nautical miles away, leads to frequent unintentional crossings. 

What are The Implications of The Arrest of Indian Fishermen by Sri Lanka?

Increased Tensions: The arrests contribute to ongoing tensions between India and Sri Lanka, affecting diplomatic relations. 

Humanitarian Concerns: The fishermen face long detentions, with some remaining in custody for months. This raises humanitarian issues. 

Financial Losses: The confiscation of expensive fishing equipment, like nets and boats, leads to significant financial hardships. In 2024, 10 boats were seized. 

Impact on Diplomatic Relations: Despite high-level diplomatic interventions, including agreements for periodic meetings and working groups, the issue remains unresolved, indicating strained relations between India and Sri Lanka. 

 

Want To Know More Topics-

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What Should be Done in This Situation?

Promote Alternative Fishing Methods: As India has promised to end bottom trawling and incentivize deep-sea fishing under the Blue Revolution Scheme, more efforts are needed to ensure this transition. 

Respect Maritime Boundaries: Educate and equip fishermen to avoid crossing into Sri Lankan waters, considering the close proximity of the International Maritime Boundary Line. 

Regularize Diplomatic Talks: Implement the agreed-upon bi-annual meetings between the Ministers of Fisheries and ensure the Joint Working Group on Fisheries meets every three months as planned. 

Address Humanitarian Concerns: As emphasized by Indias ‘s Prime Minister, treat the issue as a humanitarian concern, focusing on the well-being of the fishermen and their families. 

Question for practice: 

Examine the reasons for the frequent arrests of Indian fishermen by the Sri Lankan Navy and the implications of these arrests 

 

Issue with WTO’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM)

Issue with WTO’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism

Source: This post on Issues with WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism (DSM) has been created based on the article “How to restore WTO’s authority” published in “Indian Express” on 5th February 2024.   

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 International Relations – Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate. 

News: Issue with WTO’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM),The article discusses the issues with WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism (DSM) and the possible options available in front of developing countries. 

A detailed article on the Dispute Settlement Mechanism of the WTO can be read here. 

A detailed article on WTO reforms and India can be read here. 

What is WTO’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM)?

WTO’s DSM comprises a binding two-tiered process with a panel and an appellate body (AB). 

The AB hears appeals from the decisions rendered by WTO panels and is a permanent judicial body of 7 independent members with compulsory jurisdiction over all WTO members.  

What are The Issues with WTO’s DSM?

Since the end of 2019, this mechanism stands non-functional because the US, which lost several critical disputes before it, has blocked the appointment of new members. 

This has made the WTO toothless. Countries are avoiding complying with the WTO panel rulings.  

At the 12th WTO ministerial meeting, countries resolved to create a fully functioning DSM by 2024. India and several developing countries have rightly demanded the body’s restoration.  

What are The Options Available with The Developing Countries?

Since the US is unlikely to change its stance, developing countries have three options to maintain a two-tiered DSM at the WTO: 

  1. Join the European Union-led multi-party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA): It formalises the mechanism for arbitration already available under the WTO to provide the appellate review for panel reports.
  2. An AB with Diluted Powers: US may consider an AB with limited powers (such as stating that AB rulings will not have a persuasive value).
    However, a diluted AB will be antithetical to the role that WTO law expects the DSM to play.
  3. Voluntary Compliance to the AB: In this scenario, countries will have the option to opt out of AB’s compulsory jurisdiction. A country opting out cannot participate in an appellate process either as a complainant or as a respondent.  

Read More Topics

Economics of Animal Rearing- Explained Pointwise

Significance and Challenges Between India and France Relations

What Should be The Way Forward for India?

India and other developing countries should continue striving for the restoration of the AB in the form it existed till 2019. However, if this doesn’t happen, India should prefer an AB for only willing countries, as per the author. 

Question for practice: 

What is WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism (DSM)? Why has it become non-functional since 2019? Suggest reforms to bring it back on track. 

 

Micro-Credentials and Higher Education in India

Micro-Credentials and Higher Education in India

Source: The post Micro-Credentials has been created, based on the article “Micro-credentials, the next chapter in higher education” published in “The Hindu” on 5th February 2024. 

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2- governanceIssues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Education, Human Resources. 

News: Micro-Credentials and Higher Education in India, This article discusses how microcredentials, which are short learning programs, can help bridge the gap between what students learn in higher education institutes in India and the skills they need for employment. 

What are Micro-Credentials?

Micro-credentials are concise, specialized learning programs, distinct from traditional multi-year degrees.  

They are available in various formats – online, in-person, or hybrid – offering flexibility unlike traditional education’s classroom-centric approach.  

These programs target a wide range of learners, from beginners to professionals, focusing on specific skill sets.  

While traditional education measures progress through time-based credits, micro-credentials assign credits based on acquired competencies, integrating seamlessly into established education systems. 

Globally, entities like Google and Microsoft, along with universities, offer micro-credentials. 

What’s India’s Approach to Micro-Credentials?

Alignment with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: India’s focus on skilled education under the NEP 2020 complements the demand for micro-credentials. This policy emphasizes equipping students with practical skills from school to higher education levels. 

National Credit Framework (NCrF) Integration: Micro-credentials are incorporated within the NCrF, standardizing their learning outcomes and credits in line with traditional education. 

Academic Bank of Credits (ABC): Learners can deposit and accumulate micro-credential credits in the ABC, like traditional credit systems, allowing future educational or professional use. 

Market Demand and Employability: With employers seeking skilled young employees, micro-credentials are increasingly seen as a valuable addition to standard education, enhancing job readiness. 

Institution-Industry Collaboration: Indian educational institutions are encouraged to develop micro-credentials in partnership with industries, aligning education with current job market needs. 

 

Want To Read More Topics-

India Sri Lanka Fishermen Issue an Unending woes

Issue with WTO’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM

 

What Should be Done?

  1. Higher Education Institutes in India should actively connect students with relevant job opportunities and skills for the future, bridging the educational gap.
  2. Embrace micro-credentials as a flexible, accessible way to acquire modern skills, aligning with changing hiring practices that prioritize skills over degrees.
  3. Establish clear benchmarks and regulations for micro-credentials to ensure uniformity in learning outcomes and ease of workplace endorsement.
  4. Consider micro-credentials as a vital component in the strategic objectives of educational institutions, harmonizing them with existing academic programs.

Question for practice: 

Evaluate India’s approach to integrating micro-credentials into its higher education system and how it aligns with the National Education Policy and the changing job market demands. 

 

Significance of ‘We the People’ in the Constitution – The path towards a pluralist civil society

Significance of 'We the People' in the Constitution

Source: The post significance ofWe the Peoplein the Constitution has been created, based on the articleThe path towards a pluralist civil societypublished inThe Hinduon 5th February 2024. 

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper2- Indian Constitutionhistorical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure. 

News: Significance of ‘We the People’ in the Constitution, The article discusses a debate in India about missing wordsSocialistandSecularin the Constitution given to Parliament members. It emphasizes the importance ofWe the Peopleand criticizes elite dominance in public debates 

What is The Significance of ‘We the People’ in The Constitution?

Located in the Preamble: The phrase ‘We the People’ is prominently featured in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution, setting the tone for its contents and intentions. 

Representation of Popular Sovereignty: ‘We the People’ in the Indian Constitution represents the idea that power and sovereignty reside with the people, not just the government or specific groups. 

Root of Constitutional Promises: It anchors the Constitution’s goals of securing justice, liberty, and equality for all Indian citizens, as stated in the Preamble. 

Support for Non-Elite Movements: Movements like the farmers’ protests and actions against caste-based violence show how marginalized groups use the spirit of ‘We the People’ to assert their rights and participate in democracy. 

Contrast to Elite Dominance: While public discourse is often dominated by elite groups, ‘We the People’ signifies the need for inclusive participation from all social segments. 

What Role do The Elite Play in Public Discussions?

In India, the elite, often well-educated and from higher social classes, dominate public discussions, overshadowing marginalized voices. Their control in media, academia, and activism leads to a skewed representation, mostly male and upper-class. Emulating Western discourse, they sometimes dismiss grassroots movements as irrational, lacking diverse perspectives and broader societal context. 

What were The Views of Ambedkar and Gandhi on The Constitution?

Ambedkar’s Views on the Constitution: 

Integration of Principles: Ambedkar saw the Constitution as embracing liberty, equality, and fraternity as interlinked principles of life. 

Critique of Legal Reliance: He cautioned against relying solely on laws for liberty or equality, highlighting the importance of societal morality. 

Balance of Values: Ambedkar emphasized that liberty, equality, and fraternity cannot be separated and must balance each other to prevent dominance by a few. 

Gandhi’s Views on the Constitution: 

Swaraj – Self-Realization: Gandhi’s concept of ‘Swaraj’ was not just about political independence but a deeper self-realization leading to substantive freedom and equality. 

Satyagraha as a Path: He saw ‘satyagraha’, or non-violent resistance, as a means to achieve Swaraj, focusing on truth and love. 

Personal Sovereignty: Gandhi viewed sovereignty as not just a state’s power but as an everyday practice by individuals, emphasizing personal responsibility and ethical conduct. 

 

Want To Know More Topics-

Micro-credentials and higher education in India

Significance of ‘We the People’ in the Constitution – 

 

Way Forward:

The way forward involves embracing a pluralistic civil society where every community, particularly non-elite groups, actively participates. It requires fostering dialogue and understanding across various social strata, recognizing grassroots movements as vital expressions of democracy. This approach aligns with Ambedkar’s vision of constitutional morality and Gandhi’s concept of Swaraj, promoting a more equitable and representative democratic society. 

Question for practice: 

Discuss the significance of ‘We the People’ in the Indian Constitution and its role in promoting a more inclusive and equitable democratic society. 

 

Uttarakhand’s Uniform Civil Code Current Status

Uttarakhand’s Uniform Civil Code Current Status

Source: The post adopting the UCC in Uttarakhand has been created, based on the article “On Uttarakhand’s uniform civil code” published in “The Hindu” on 5th February 2024. 

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper2- Indian Constitution 

Uttarakhand’s Uniform Civil Code Current Status, The article discusses the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India, focusing on Uttarakhands plan to adopt it. Its debated for potentially impacting religious freedom and minorities 

What is The Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?

The UCC is a proposition to replace the personal laws, which are based on the scriptures and customs of different religious communities in India, with a common set of laws governing every citizen.  

For more information read here  

What is Happening in Uttarakhand Regarding The UCC?

Uttarakhand’s government is likely to pass the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Bill in its ongoing session. 

A state-appointed panel, led by Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai, drafted the UCC, submitting the final report on February 2. The State Cabinet has approved this report. 

Specific changes include equal property share for Muslim women, revoking practices like polygamy and iddat, and maintaining current marriage age requirements. 

What are The Issues of Adopting The UCC in Uttarakhand?

Concerns from Tribal Communities: Tribal groups, making up 2.9% of Uttarakhand’s population, have not agreed to the UCC. The Van Gujjar tribe, particularly, is worried about the impact on their customs. 

Impact on Religious Freedom: Critics fear the UCC could infringe upon religious freedoms and minority rights. 

Threat to Cultural Diversity: There are concerns that UCC might dilute India’s rich religious and cultural diversity. 

National Debate and Precedence: The state’s approach may set a precedent for other Indian states. 

What are The Different Views on Implementing The UCC Nationwide?

Judicial View on UCC: 

The Supreme Court, in the Shah Bano Begum case (1985), highlighted the unfulfilled mandate of Article 44 regarding UCC. 

In Sarla Mudgal versus Union of India (1995), the Court again mentioned the UCC, stressing the complexity due to multiple personal laws. 

The John Vallamattom case in 2003 saw the Court reiterating its stance on the need for a UCC. 

Despite these observations, the Supreme Court has refrained from issuing directives to the government, noting law-making is Parliament’s domain, as seen in the 2021-2022 petition dismissals. 

On Uttarakhand’s UCC Committee: The Court referred to Article 162, highlighting the state’s executive power to deal with matters within its legislative competence. It stated that forming a committee under Entry 5 of the Concurrent List, which covers personal law matters like marriage, divorce, and adoption, is within the state’s authority and not unconstitutional. 

Law Commission’s View:

21st Law Commission (2018): Concluded that implementing a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) across India was neither necessary nor desirable at that time. Emphasized the importance of respecting India’s cultural diversity and suggested reforming discriminatory practices within existing personal laws instead of a uniform code. 

22nd Law Commission (2021): Showed a different approach by starting to gather public and stakeholder opinions on UCC. This shift indicates a renewed interest in exploring the feasibility and implications of implementing a UCC nationwide. 

 

Want To Know More Topics-

Significance of ‘We the People’ in the Constitution 

Discussed Healthcare Initiatives in The Budget

 

Question for practice: 

Discuss the primary concerns and criticisms raised by various groups and political parties regarding the implementation of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand. 

Impact of Global Geopolitics on Business

Impact of Global Geopolitics on Business

Source: This post has been created based on the article “Ukraine war, Gaza conflict and Middle East strikes: It’s time businesses prepare for political risk” published in “Indian Express” on 5th February 2024.   

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 International Relations – Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests. 

News: Impact of Global Geopolitics on Business, The article discusses the political risks for businesses due to the developments happening in international geopolitics. 

Background:

The world is going through a period of political uncertainty. More than 50% of the world’s population is living in countries that will go to elections in 2024. 70 countries have already or will hold polls this year.   

According to the author, businesses should incorporate scenario planning into their risk management processes for tackling political uncertainty and risks. 

What are The Developments Happening in International Geopolitics?

1) Conflicts in the Middle East: US and UK are bombing the Iran-backed, Yemeni Houthis, as they were disrupting international trade through the Red Sea. This has led to rising freight costs and causing supply chain delays. 

2) Ukraine Conflict: The Ukraine war is now in its second year. 

3) US-China Cold War: There is a possibility of the “Cold War” between the US and China reigniting after the election of the separatist leader Lai Ching-Te as President of Taiwan. 

 

Want To Know More Topics-

Issues with Iron Ore Production – Iron ore faces challen

Discussed Healthcare Initiatives in The Budget

 

What Should be Done by Business Leaders in This Regard?

Detailed Conversations: Handling political risk through a detailed conversation on its impact should be undertaken. If a risk is not managed and/or mitigated, it can lead to companies shutting down.

Engage Political Risk Consultants: These include former civil servants, politicians, and academics. However, as per the author, it is not sufficient.

Scenario Planning: It involves studying trends and the translation of these reflections into quantifiable metrics (data).
For instance, the World Bank recently prepared three scenarios regarding the future trajectory of oil prices based on levels of supply disruption. For these scenarios, the Bank has provided an oil price range rather than a single line forecast.

For businesses, there is no one solution to managing political risks. However, scenario planning offers a methodological process for better preparing corporate leaders to respond to them. 

Question for practice: 

How should businesses tackle the political risks arising due to the developments happening in international geopolitics? 

GS PAPER - 3

Issues with Iron Ore Production – Iron ore faces challenges of sustainability and fairness

Issues with Iron Ore Production

Source: This post on Issues with Iron Ore Production has been created based on the article “Iron ore faces challenges of sustainability and fairness” published in “Live Mint” on 5th February 2024.   

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3 – Indian Economy – Changes in industrial policy. 

News: Issues with Iron Ore Production, The article discusses the issues with iron ore production in Odisha and the recommendations to tackle them. 

Background:

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) recently published a report with a view to identify and addressing anticompetitive practices in the country’s iron ore sector.  

According to the author, it will act as a guide to the government’s recent announcement of a plan to auction around 500 mineral blocks by fiscal year 2025-26 

What are The Findings of The Report Regarding Iron Ore Production in Odisha?

The production of iron ore is concentrated in a few states, such as Odisha (around 54% of the total). Odisha is seen to have a competitive advantage in iron ore mining due to good infrastructure and efficient administrative set-up. 

The report highlights that high prices of iron ore in Odisha are affecting the viability of small-scale pellet and sponge iron manufacturers.  

Note:
Sponge iron is produced from the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fines) into iron by a reducing gas which either contains elemental carbon (produced from natural gas or coal) or hydrogen.
Iron ore pellets are small, hard, spherical particles made from fine iron ore concentrate. They are used in the blast furnace process to produce hot metal. 

What is The Issue with Iron Ore Production in Odisha?

1) Excessive Base Prices: Base prices for auctions are excessive and have no relation to market realities such as the cost of production.
In some cases, iron ore prices were close to the market price of pellets. This led to the shutdown of some pellet manufacturers.  

2) Lack of Competition: The practice of private mines using these base prices as a reference price also takes away the possibility of any price-based competition between private mines and government mining company.  

3) Issues with Long-Term Arrangements: Although LTAs ensure supply consistency, the report has highlighted that due to minimum purchase obligations under LTAs, industries have to also buy low-quality iron ore, as there is no quality-control mechanism in place. 

What does The Report Recommend in This Regard?

1. Transparent Pricing: The base price for auctions should be calculated through a transparent methodology. This can be done by linking the base price to a price index that should be publicly available.  

2. Auction to prevent Overpricing: To ensure that iron ore is not overpriced, all quantities produced in the state (by PSUs or private mines) could be sold through an auction.  

3. Regarding LTAs: Pricing under LTAs also can be linked to a price index, instead of being based on auction prices. Also, the minimum purchase requirements under LTAs should be subject to the required quality or grade of iron ore. 

4. Expanding Access to Iron Ore: Iron ore production in India is limited to only a few states, and access to it is restricted to industrial customers based in only these states. The report has suggested that it should be made available to industries outside Odisha through LTAs.  

The iron ore market study recommendations should be followed to foster competitive neutrality between public and private players, ensuring a level playing field. It will ensure right allocation of non-renewable resources. 

Question for practice: 

What are the issues with iron ore production in Odisha? Suggest steps to tackle them. 

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

Dusted Apollo Butterfly a Brief

Dusted Apollo Butterfly

Source-This post on Dusted Apollo is based on the article “Dusted Apollo, a rare high altitude butterfly, sighted for first time in Himachal’s Chamba” published in “The Hindu” on 3rd February 2024.

Why in The News?

Dusted Apollo Butterfly a Brief, A rare high-altitude butterfly called the Dusted Apollo (Parnassius stenosemus) was seen and photographed for the first time in Himachal Pradesh. It was sighted and photographed by two forest guards during a trek to Manimahesh Lake in Chamba.

What is Dusted Apollo Butterfly (Parnassius stenosemus)?

Dusted Apollo
Source- The Hindu
Aspect Details
About 1. It is a butterfly species found in high-altitude regions, especially in mountainous regions of Ladakh.
2. It belongs to the family Papilionidae.
3. It was discovered in the year 1890.
Range of distribution It is found from Ladakh to West Nepal, flying at altitudes between 3,500 to 4,800 meters in the inner Himalayas.
Characteristics 1. It is known for its distinctive wing patterns and coloration.
2. It closely resembles the Ladakh Banded Apollo (Parnnasius stoliczkanus), but its distinguishing feature lies in the discal band on the upper forewing.
3. In the Dusted Apollo, the band is complete and extends from the costa to vein one, while in the Ladakh Banded Apollo, it is incomplete and extends only up to vein four.
4. The dark marginal band on the hind wings of the Dusted Apollo is narrower compared to the broader band found in the Ladakh Banded Apollo

Note– Regal Apollo (Parnassius charltonius) was also photographed at Manimahesh lake.
a. It is protected under Schedule II of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

About Ladakh Banded Apollo (Parnassius stoliczkanus)

Ladakh banded Apollo
Source- Wikipedia

1) It is a rare butterfly found in high-altitude regions of Central Asia.

2) It is a member of the genus Parnassius of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae.

What are The Apollo Species of Butterflies?

1) Apollos are highly valued butterflies in commercial trade and command high prices within the poaching industry.

2) Himachal Pradesh has recorded 11 Apollo species, with five of them designated as Scheduled species.

3) Most of the Apollo butterflies are endangered and urgently require conservation and protection measures.

 

Want To Know More Topics-

Impact of Global Geopolitics on Business

Issues with Iron Ore Production – Iron ore faces cha

 

About Manimahesh Lake

1. It is a high-altitude lake, located near the Manimahesh Kailash Peak in the Himalayas’ Pir Panjal Range. It is situated within the Bharmour subdivision of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, India.

2. The religious importance of this lake is comparable to that of Lake Manasarovar in Tibet.

UPSC Syllabus- Environment (Species in news)

Lantana camara

Source-This post on Lantana camara is based on the article “100 ‘Lantana elephants’ in Bengaluru shine light on man-animal conflict as month-long exhibition kicks off” published in “The Indian Express” on 5th February 2024.

Why in the News?

Recently, at an exhibition in Bengaluru, sculptures crafted from lantana camara drew significant attention.

What is Lantana Camara (Lantana)?

Lantana camara
Source- DownToEarth

1) It is a flowering plant species belonging to the verbena family. It is native to the American tropics.

2) Due to its capability to adapt to shifting climates, lantana can withstand high temperatures and moisture levels.

3) However it is among the world’s ten worst invasive species and is of great concern in India.

4) It was introduced to India as ornamental shrubs during the colonial period but it rapidly became invasive, spreading across various ecosystems.

5) The shrub can easily spread across the forest floor, climb trees as a creeper, and entangle with other native plants.

6) The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats is heavily impacted by the invasion of Lantana camara, making it one of the largest affected areas.

Lantana Camera
Source- TimesofIndia

UPSC Syllabus- Environment (Species in news)

RBI report on Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)

Source-This post on RBI report on Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) is based on the article “Panchayats earn only 1% of their revenue through taxes” published in “The Hindu” on 24th January 2024.

Why in the News?

According to a report by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on the finances of Panchayati Raj Institutions for 2022-23, local taxes and fees contributed only 1.1 percent to Panchayats’ total revenue.

What are the key findings of the report?

RBI report
Source- The Hindu

1) Decline in Panchayat average revenue – According to the report, the average revenue per Panchayat (including taxes, non-taxes, and grants) stood at 21.2 lakh in 2020-21, increased to 23.2 lakh in 2021-22, and then slightly declined to 21.23 lakh in 2022-23.

2) Panchayat own revenue sources:
a.
During the study period, the Panchayats’ own revenues (Local taxes and fees) accounted for merely 1.1 percent of their total revenue.
b. Non-tax revenue, primarily from Panchayati Raj programmes and interest earnings, constituted 3.3 per cent of the total revenue receipts.

3) Grant reliance:
a.
Panchayats rely heavily on property taxes, fees, fines, and grants, with approximately 95% of their revenue coming from grants provided by higher levels of government.
b. Specifically, 80% of the revenue was from Central government grants; only 15% was from State government grants.

4) Low Expenditure:
a. The average Panchayat expenditure dropped from 17.3 lakh in 2020-21 to 12.5 lakh in 2022-23, mainly due to higher spending during the pandemic.
b. Goa, Karnataka, Odisha, Sikkim, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu recorded the highest average Panchayat expenditures.
c. The revenue expenditure of panchayats accounts for less than 0.6% of the gross state domestic product across all states.

What are the source of Finance for PRIs?

1) Grants from the Central Finance Commission (tax devolution) and other grants provided by the Central Government.

2) Revenue collected by the State government on behalf of local bodies (State Finance Commissions Transfer), including tolls, taxes, duties, and fees, as well as grants-in-aid.

3) As per Article 243-H, PRIs are empowered to levy, collect, and distribute taxes, duties, tolls, and fees.

UPSC Syllabus- Polity and Nation/Report & Indices

Cygnus X-1

Source-This post on Cygnus X-1 has been created based on the article “AstroSat detects polarised high energy X-rays for first time from a black hole” published in “The Indian Express” on 29 January 2024.

Why in the news?

AstroSat, India’s first, dedicated multi-wavelength astronomy mission, has achieved a remarkable feat by measuring X-ray polarisation from the Cygnus X-1 black hole.

About Cygnus X-1

black hole
Source-The Indian Express

1) It is one of the first confirmed black hole systems in our galaxy that was discovered over four decades ago.

2) Its distance from the earth is about 400 times of the distance between Earth and Sun.

3) It is 20 times heavier than the Sun, and has a companion – a heavy supergiant star (40 times more massive than the Sun) in a binary system.

4) Due to the gravitational pull of the black hole, material from the supergiant falls and spirals in towards the black hole. This process leads to the formation of a thin accretion disk, which is responsible for soft X-rays.

Importance of X-rays polarisation

1)  X-ray polarimetry is a unique observational technique to identify where radiation comes from near black holes.

2) Unlike normal X-ray measurements which measure only the energy or intensity of the radiations, polarisation characteristics of X-rays tells about the orientation of the oscillating electric field. This hold clues on the geometry and other properties of the black hole.

3) The measurement of high polarisation in the 100-380 keV range suggests that radiation emitted from the source above 100 keV may have originated from the black hole jet.

NOTE-1) AstroSat is India’s first dedicated Space Astronomy Observatory.

2) The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) is NASA’s first mission to study polarisation of X-rays from celestial objects.

UPSC Syllabus-Science & technology.

C- CARES Portal

Source-This post on C- CARES Portal has been created based on the article “Union Minister of Coal, Mines and Parliamentary Affairs Shri Pralhad Joshi launches C-CARES, web portal of CMPFO” published in “PIB” on 1 February 2024.

Why in the news?

The union Minister of Coal, Mines and Parliamentary Affairs has launched a web portal of Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization (CMPFO) namely C- CARES to address the long-standing issue of digitizing its records and work processes.

About C- CARES Portal

Aspect Details
Objective To address the long-standing issue of digitizing the records and work processes of Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization (CMPFO).
Developed by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), an R&D organization under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
Administered by  Ministry of Coal
Significance 1) It will ensure online settlement of provident funds and pension claims.
2) It will facilitate faster processing, transparency in operations, better record management and monitoring.
3) It will ensure paperless working, timely and accurate settlement of claims, reduction in processing time and grievance redressal.
4) It will instil confidence in the subscribers and pensioners.

About Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization

1) Nature of body– It is an autonomous organization under the aegis of Ministry of Coal, established in the year 1948.

2) Objective– It was established for administering Provident Fund and Pension schemes to ensure social security for coal sector workers.

UPSC Syllabus-Schemes & programmes.

Wheat Blast

Source-This post on wheat blast has been created based on the article “Researchers: Wheat blast could reduce production by 13 %” published in “WORLD-GRAIN.com” on 2 February 2024.

Why in the news?

Researchers have estimated that a wheat blast disease that may spread in the future could reduce global wheat production by 13% by 2050.

About Wheat blast

Aspect Details
About It is a fungal disease that affects wheat production in tropical and subtropical regions.
Caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT). It was identified in Brazil in 1985. The fungus infects wild and cultivated grasses, most notably rice and wheat.
Transmission It spreads through infected seeds, crop residues, and spores that can travel long distances in the air.
Favourable condition It thrives in warm and humid conditions.
Effects 1) It causes progressive bleaching of the heads, lower yields, and poor seed quality.
2) Stems and leaves are discoloured, with dark brown, eye-shaped lesions on leaves.
3) Sometimes dark grey spores can be seen.
4) It can shrivel and deform the grain in less than a week from the first symptoms.

About Wheat

1) It is the main cereal crop in India. It is the second most important cereal crop in India after rice.

2)Type– It is a Rabi Crop which is sown in October-December and harvested during April-June.

3) Ideal temperature: Between 23±3°C

4) Rainfall: 50 cm to 100 cm rainfall.

5) Soil Type: Soils with a clay loam or loam texture, good structure and moderate water holding capacity are ideal for wheat cultivation.

6) Major wheat growing states in India: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and Gujarat.

Note-1) Asia’s first outbreak of this pathogenic wheat blast was reported in Bangladesh in 2016.
2) China is the world’s largest producer of wheat. India is the second-largest producer of wheat.

UPSC Syllabus-Environment & geography.

Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs

Source-This post on Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs has been created based on the article “7th session of the Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs held at Kochi, 31 countries attended the meet Quality standards for 5 spices finalized” published in “PIB” on 3 February 2024.

Why in the news?

The 7th session of the Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs (CCSCH) was held from 29th January 2024 to 2nd February 2024 at Kochi.

About Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs

Background– The Indian officials had asked for the establishment of an exclusive Committee for Spices, Culinary Herbs. This was demanded to ensure harmony and transparency in fixing global quality standards for spices, herbs and formulations.

Established-It was established as one of the Commodity Committees under the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) in 2013.

Secretariat-India hosts this prestigious Committee since the beginning and Spices Board of India serves as the secretariat organization.

Outcome of 7th session-The quality standards for 5 spices, namely small cardamom, turmeric, juniper berry, allpice and star anise were finalised.

About Codex Alimentarius Commission

Aspect Details
Established by  FAO and WHO. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) is also called “Food Code”.
Members It consists of 189 member countries.
Headquarter It is an international, intergovernmental body which is based in Rome
Funding The programme of work of the Commission is funded through the regular budgets of WHO and FAO.
Nature of standards The standards developed by the Committees under the CAC, including the CCSCH, are voluntary in nature.
Significance 1) Its standards are recognized by the WTO to resolve trade disputes concerning food safety and consumer protection.
2) It contributes to harmonization of food standards across the globe. This facilitates fair global trade in food.
3) It ensures food safety to safeguard the health of global consumers.

About Spice Board Of India

1) Established– This is a statutory body constituted under Spices Board Act 1986.

2) Mandate– It has the responsibility of production/development of cardamom and export promotion of 52 spices shown in the schedule of the Act.

3) Headquarter– The board is headquartered in Kochi.

4) The board has a state-of-the-art testing laboratory at its headquarters in Kochi. There are also regional laboratories at Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Tuticorin, Kandla and Guntur.

UPSC Syllabus-Schemes & programmes / International Organisations

Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) scheme

Source-This post on Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) scheme has been created based on the article “Five Education Dept. officers suspended for misappropriation of IEDSS scheme grants” published in “The Hindu” on 2 February 2024.

Why in the news?

The Karnataka government has registered FIR against 56 officials of Department of School Education and Literacy(DSEL) and 22 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) for criminal offences such as forging documents during the implementation of IEDSS scheme.

About Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) scheme

Aspect Detail
About 1) The Scheme of Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) has been launched from the year 2009-10.
2) This scheme replaces the earlier scheme of Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) and provides assistance for the inclusive education of the disabled children in classes IX-XII.
3) This scheme is now subsumed under Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan.
Objective To enable students with disabilities to pursue four years of secondary schooling after completing eight years of elementary schooling in an inclusive environment.
Components Funds are released per student for student-oriented components, such as medical and educational assessment, books and stationery, uniforms, transport allowance, reader allowance, stipend for girls, support services, assistive device etc.
Eligibility The scheme covers all children studying at the secondary stage in Government, local body and Government-aided schools,with one or more disabilities as defined under the Persons with Disabilities Act (1995) and the National Trust Act (1999). For example-blindness, low vision, leprosy cured, hearing impairment, locomotory disabilities, etc.
Implementing agencies The School Education Department of the State Governments/Union Territory (UT) Administrations. They may involve NGOs having experience in the field of education of the disabled in the implementation of the scheme.
Funding Central assistance for all items covered in the scheme is on 100 percent basis. The State governments are only required to make provisions for scholarship of Rs. 600/- per disabled child per annum.

UPSC Syllabus-Scheme & programmes.

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