Q. Which of the following constitutional amendments promoted ‘Democratic decentralisation’ in India?
1) 73rd and 74th Amendments
2) 42nd amendment
3) 4th Constitutional amendment
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

[A] 1 only

[B] 1 and 2 only

[C] 1 and 3 only

[D] All of the above

Answer: C
Notes:

Option 1 is correct. India’s centralised federal Constitution adopted in 1950 had no real space for local governments until the passing of the 73rd and 74th Amendments.

Option 2 is incorrect. It reduced the subjects in the state list by transferring five subjects from the state list to the concurrent list:

  1. Education
  2. Forests
  3. Weights & Measures
  4. Protection of Wild Animals and Birds
  5. Administration of Justice

Option 3 is correct. 4th Constitutional amendment act authorised the states to have full control over mineral and oil resources. The powers of cancellation or modification of the terms and conditions of any related licenses, mining leases and similar agreements were also handed over.

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