9 PM Daily Current Affairs Brief – October 30th, 2023

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Mains Oriented Articles

GS PAPER - 2

On India’s stance in the UN on the Israel-Palestine Conflict – India’s vote on UN resolution marks a new realism in Middle East policy; No Error On Terror

Source: This post on India’s stance in the UN on the Israel-Palestine Conflict has been created based on the articles “India’s vote on UN resolution marks a new realism in Middle East policy” and “No Error On Terror” published in The Indian Express and The Times of India respectively on 30th October 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 International Relations – Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

News: This article discusses the implications of India’s vote at the United Nations General Assembly resolution on the war in Gaza in light of the complex geopolitics of the Middle East.

A detailed article on the Israel-Palestine Conflict can be read here.

What is the Israel-Palestine Conflict?

It is one of the world’s longest-running and most controversial conflicts. It is a conflict between two self-determination movements – the Jewish nationalist project and the Palestinian nationalist project, in the same territory.

Recently, on October 7th, 2023, Palestinian militant organisation Hamas attacked Israel. The ongoing retaliatory attacks from Israel in the Gaza Strip have led to a huge loss of life and property.

What was India’s stance in the UN?

India abstained (chose not to vote) on the Arab resolution calling for a humanitarian truce in Gaza. Additionally, India supported a Canadian resolution condemning the Hamas attack on Israel.

What does India’s stance at the UN signify?

1) Departure from the earlier stance: In the past, India voted in favour of Arab resolutions against Israel as a matter of routine and avoided the question of terrorism emanating from the Arab world.

2) Condemning terrorism: With its latest vote, India has underlined its concerns on international terrorism. India was right in pointing out that the Arab resolution did not condemn the October 7 attack by Hamas on Israel.

3) Continuing support for a two-state solution: India also reiterated its support for a two-state solution between Israel and Palestine.

4) Historical Context of Engagement: India’s stance is informed by past agreements like the Oslo Accords of 1993, which were significant steps toward the two-state solution. The Hebron Protocol in 1997 and the Wye River Memorandum in 1998 are examples of such efforts.

5) Commitment to International Humanitarian Law: India emphasizes the need for adherence to international humanitarian law in the conflict, particularly the protection of civilians.

This replaces the traditional defensive political correctness with a policy rooted in a hard-headed realistic assessment of the shifting regional dynamic.

Why is India’s stance right with respect to terrorism?

1) With respect to Israel: The world’s fight against terrorism cannot be successful if countries targeted by terrorism respond in a violent way (like Israel), which will birth another generation of terrorists.

2) With respect to Hamas: Terror groups often have transnational links and being selective serves no purpose.

However, the current government needs to carefully tackle the accusation of playing “vote bank” politics with a region that is of vital interest to India.

What diplomatic and political efforts can help India protect its geopolitical interests?

1) Diplomatic and political outreach to the Arab world: India should explain its commitment to Palestine’s full statehood, press Israel to respect the laws of war, and increase humanitarian assistance to Gaza.
PM’s recent telephone calls to moderate leaders of the Arab world was a good step.

2) Ensure all-party consensus: The government needs to invite Opposition leaders for a full briefing and explain the considerations shaping its regional policy.

3) Regulate fringe groups: India needs to crack down on the extremist groups that are spreading disinformation and undermining its strategy of interest-based realism in the Middle East.

Question for practice:

‘India needs to walk the diplomatic tight-rope carefully when it comes to defending its geopolitical interests in the Middle East’. Discuss with reference to India’s stance on the recent Israel-Palestine conflict.

On the Speaker – Give up impropriety, demonstrate impartiality

Source: This post on the Speaker has been created based on the article “Give up impropriety, demonstrate impartiality” published in The Hindu on 30th October 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 Indian Polity – Parliament and State legislatures —structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these. 

News: This article discusses the various issues in the functioning of the Speaker lately, which have signaled a decline in the independence of the office. It also highlights reforms to ensure its impartial functioning.

Article 93 of the Constitution provides for the election of both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker to the Lok Sabha. (Article 178 for Speaker in state legislative assemblies).

What are the functions of the Speaker in India?

1) Interpretation: He/She is the final interpreter of the provisions of the Constitution of India, the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business of Lok Sabha within the House.

2) Constitution of Committees: The Committees of the House are constituted by the speaker and function under the speaker’s overall direction.

3) Custodian of the rights and privileges of the House, its committees and its members.

4) Money Bill: He/She decides whether a bill is a Money Bill or not and his/her decision on this question is final.

5) Disqualifying Members: It is the speaker who decides the questions of disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha, arising on the ground of defection under the provisions of the Tenth Schedule.

What are the issues with the functioning of the Speaker?

1) Regarding suspension of members for misconduct: It is noticed that the Speakers misuse these provisions usually against the Opposition members.
For instance, no swift action was taken against a member of the ruling party for passing communal slurs in Parliament recently.

2) Regarding referring of bills to committees: Significant bills that require detailed scrutiny are not referred to committees.
As against more than 60% of Bills referred to committees in the Lok Sabha during 2004-14, less than 25% have been referred during 2014-2023.

3) Regarding certifying of bills as Money Bills: There have also been challenges in the Court in recent years against certification of certain Bills as a Money Bill by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
For instance, the Aadhar Bill.

4) Regarding disqualification: Past instances have shown the Speakers favouring the ruling dispensation. This can derail the stability of elected governments.

What should be the way forward?

The Supreme Court in Keisham Meghachandra Singh vs The Honble Speaker Manipur (2020), recommended that Parliament amend the Constitution to vest the powers of the Speaker regarding disqualification in an independent tribunal to be headed by judges.

In Britain, the Speaker, once elected, resigns from his/her political party, thus reflecting impartiality while presiding over the House. Adopting this practice will build confidence in the office of the Speaker.

It is also important that Speakers avoid actions that are inappropriate and demonstrate ‘impartiality’, in consonance with sound democratic practices.

Question for practice:

The success of India’s parliamentary democracy hangs on the non-partisanship and impartiality of its institutions, especially the office of the Speaker. However, several issues hamper the independent functioning of the Speaker. Analyse.

GS PAPER - 3

On Definition of Terrorism – From Israel to India, the making of a ‘terrorist’

Source: This post on defining “terrorism” has been created based on the article “From Israel to India, the making of a ‘terrorist’” published in the Indian Express on 30th October 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3 Internal Security – Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.

News: This article discusses the importance of defining “terrorism”.

How was violence categorized in India by the NCRB?

National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) Reports between 2004 and 2019 had a chapter on “violent crimes”. This chapter was subcategorised into violent crimes affecting the body — murder, kidnapping, etc., violent crimes affecting public safety — riot, arson, and violent crimes affecting property.

The chapter also mentions “motives behind violent crimes” and identifies “personal vendetta” along with reasons like “caste conflicts”, “communalism”, and “terrorist and other extremist violence”.

Communal, caste and class-motivated violence were grouped together, and, thus, hierarchically the same as “terrorist or extremist” violence.

What changes in the categorization of violence have been brought in recently?

Now, caste, class and communal violence are now reflected in the section on “murder”. Whereas “terrorist and extremist” offences have got a chapter of their own titled “offences against the state”.

It includes acts ranging from “sedition” to crimes relating to damage to public property, and, finally, crimes under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act and the Official Secrets Act.

There is also a new chapter on “crimes by “anti-national” elements, which enumerates ordinary offences by “anti-nationals”, “North-East insurgents”, “Naxalites and left-wing extremists” and “terrorists including Jihadi terrorists”.

This has 2 implications:

1) It distinguishes “terrorism” from other violent crimes.

2) It implies that such acts are those that are solely directed against the state/government and form a continuum from dissenting speech to physical violence.

What is the internationally recognized classification?

International humanitarian law recognises “war crimes” as a legal category.

However, “terrorism” is not universally defined in customary international law. Violent events being categorised as “terrorist” is more a political than a legal act.

As evident by the domestic and international scenario, and in the wake of the recent events in Gaza, it is evident that there should be more public debate on the shifting meanings of “terrorism”.

Question for practice:

‘Before tackling terrorism, it is important to define it.’ Discuss with reference to India’s approach to defining and combatting terrorism.

On merger of railway budget and union budget – The Indian Railways’ revenue problem

Source: The post on Indian Railways is based on the article “The Indian Railways’ revenue problem” published in “The Hindu” on 30th October 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3 Indian Economy – Infrastructure (Railway)

News: The article discusses the issue of the declining revenues of Indian Railways and the various reasons which have led to this situation.

Why was Indian railway budget merged with Union budget?  

In 2017, the two budgets were merged, simplifying financial processes and increasing efficiency.  The reasons behind this decision were:

Historical Context: The separate Railway Budget started in 1924 under British rule.

Global Uniqueness: India was the only country with a separate Railway Budget.

Size Reduction: Over the years, the Railway Budget has shrunk.

NITI Aayog’s Recommendation: NITI Aayog suggested that a separate budget wasn’t needed anymore.

Clear Financial Picture: A combined budget offers a complete overview of the government’s finances.

Integrated Planning: The merger promotes joint planning across railways, highways, and waterways.

Financial Flexibility: It allows the Ministry of Finance to better allocate resources mid-year.

Why is Indian Railways spending more? 

1) Budget Merger: Indian Railways combined its rail budget with the main budget. This merger allows for greater Gross Budgetary Support (GBS) from the central government, leading to increased spending without much oversight.

2) Lack of Surplus: Indian Railways doesn’t have enough surplus from its earnings. To fund projects, they’ve had to seek additional funds from both GBS and Extra Budgetary Resources (EBS).

3) Debt Accumulation: Repayment costs for principal and interest have risen, accounting for 17% of their revenues.

4) Possible Economic Boost: The increased capital expenditure is based on the belief that investing in railways will stimulate the country’s economy. Which can lead to gains in manufacturing, services, tax revenues, and job opportunities.

What are the issues with the business performance of Indian Railways? 

Freight Growth Lag: Between April-July 2023, freight volume grew by only 1%, and revenue by 3%. This is low considering the economy grew by 7%.

Decreasing Market Share: Once handling over 80% of India’s freight business at the time of independence, it’s now down to just 27%.

Declining share in Coal Transport: The share of coal transported by railways remains below past levels.

Lack of share in Container Transport: Only 13% of containers moving in and out of ports use the railways.

Terminology used:

Gross Budgetary Support (GBS): This is the money the government sets aside to support its annual spending plan, which aligns with its long-term (5-year) development goals. The spending goes towards a variety of sectors, from agriculture to education to justice administration.

Extra Budgetary Borrowings (EBRs): These are essentially loans taken out by government-owned companies to fund various schemes initiated by the government. Even though these loans are used for government projects, they aren’t directly included in the official budget numbers. So, while these borrowings don’t impact the fiscal deficit directly, they do increase the overall debt of the government.

Question for practice:

How can Indian Railways enhance freight market share and offset passenger losses while managing its rising debt and capital expenditures?

On challenges of Renewable Energy – Solving intermittency of renewables

Source: The post on issues of Renewable Energy generation is based on the article “Solving intermittency of renewables- Emphasise the path to discovery, not a design” published in “Business standard” on 30th October 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3 Indian Economy – Infrastructure (Energy)

News: The article discusses the challenges of India’s electricity system as it transitions from fossil fuels to renewables. It highlights the problem of intermittent renewable energy and suggests using fluctuating prices to balance supply and demand. The author emphasizes the importance of private investment, innovation, and allowing risk-taking in the energy sector.

What are the sources of energy? 

Sources of energy are categorized as renewable and non-renewable.

Renewable energy comes from sources that won’t run out and are naturally replenishing. They typically have a low or zero carbon footprint. Examples are wind power, solar power, bioenergy, and hydroelectric, including tidal energy. These sources are crucial for tackling climate change due to their environment-friendly nature.

On the other hand, non-renewable energy sources, like coal, natural gas, and oil, are finite. They take a long time to form and need to be extracted from the earth. When burned, they produce electricity but also release harmful greenhouse gases. These non-renewable sources have been widely used for years but are now seen as contributors to environmental issues.

Detailed article on renewable energy sources can be read here: Non conventional energy

Detailed article on India’s energy transition towards renewable energy can be read here.

What are the various business-processes in the field of electricity? 

Generation: This is the process of producing electricity. Traditional sources include fossil fuels, but there’s a shift towards renewables like solar and wind in India.

Transmission: Once generated, electricity needs to be transported to different areas. This involves large infrastructure like transmission lines.

Distribution (Retailing): This is the final stage where electricity is distributed to consumers.

Energy Storage: A newer industry emerging due to the intermittent (irregular) nature of renewable energy sources.
For example, the sun doesn’t shine during the evening peak demand, making storage crucial for continuous supply.

What are the problems of sustainable renewable energy? 

Intermittent Renewable Energy: Renewables like solar and wind are inconsistent. For example, the sun doesn’t shine during evening peak demand times.

Balancing the Grid: With more renewables, ensuring a stable power supply becomes challenging.

Traditional Solutions Aren’t Efficient: Many suggest bundling storage and generation to increase efficiency. But this is expensive and may not fit the current needs.

Mismatched Supply and Demand: Renewable generation doesn’t always match when demand is highest.

Regulated Return Rates:  The old system of fixed returns doesn’t encourage risk-taking or innovation. Modern energy projects are riskier, and traditional low returns may not be appropriate.

Uncertain Technological Future: The energy sector is evolving rapidly. It’s hard to predict the best technological solutions for the future.

What should be done to address these issues? 

1) Flexible Pricing: Use fluctuating prices to match supply and demand. High prices during peak demand can encourage reduced consumption.

2) Encourage Private Investment: Private companies can take risks and innovate.

3) Utilize Technology: Use mobile apps to show real-time electricity prices to consumers, helping them manage usage.

4) Re-evaluate Policy: Shift from traditional regulated returns policy to accommodate the riskier modern energy landscape and adjust returns accordingly.

5) Promote Energy Storage: Focus on developing energy storage solutions to manage the intermittent nature of renewables.

Question for practice:

The intermittent (irregular) nature of renewable energy sources poses a challenge to India’s energy transition. Explain. Also suggest ways to tackle these issues.

On Inequality – The world must fight inequality to safeguard ideals of democracy

Source: The post on Inequality is based on the article “The world must fight inequality to safeguard ideals of democracy” published in “Live mint” on 30th October 2023.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3 Indian Economy –  Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.

News: The article discusses how recent crises have highlighted the growing instability in politics worldwide – due to populism, technological advances, and increasing inequality. It emphasizes the extreme wealth disparity and its damaging effects on democracy. It suggests economic interventions as potential solutions to mitigate inequality and preserve democratic values.

What is Inequality? 

Inequality is the state of not being equal, especially in terms of status, rights, and opportunities.

The various types of inequality are:

1.Economic Inequality: This refers to disparities in economic assets and income among individuals or groups.

Inequality of Outcomes: Here, individuals face differences in actual material wealth and living conditions. It includes variations in income, education, health, and other standards of living.

Inequality of Opportunity: Here, disparities arise from uncontrollable factors, such as ethnicity, family background, or gender.

2.Inequality of Rights: Some people lack legal and political power, leading to disparities in how they’re treated by legal systems or in their political influence.

3.Sen’s Capability Framework: Introduced by Amartya Sen, this perspective emphasizes well-being, focusing on personal freedoms and capabilities rather than just income.

What does data say about inequality? 

Data from 1995 to 2021 reveals significant disparities:

1) The world’s richest 1% accumulated 38% of the increase in global wealth.

2) In contrast, the bottom 50% only secured a mere 2% of this growth.

3) Global wealth grew at an annual rate of 3.2%. However, the wealth of the top 0.000001% surged by 9.3% annually.

What are the implications of Inequality? 

1) Democracy at Risk: Concentrated wealth can grant a few individuals, an excessive political power.  Billionaires can dominate public discourse by controlling major media platforms.

2) Global Power Dynamics: Wealthy nations, like the US, can impose decisions affecting countries far away. For instance, choices by the US significantly impact people in Burkina Faso, despite them having no say in US elections.

3) Technology and Wealth: The tech age has further empowered the ultra-rich. They can sway public opinion by controlling major digital platforms.

4) Historical Perspective: Future generations might condemn our tolerance of extreme inequality, just as we disapprove of past societies accepting slavery and feudalism.

What should be done? 

1) Taxing the Ultra-Rich: Significant taxes on the rich can help, especially if their relative standings among the wealthy remain unchanged.

2) Profit Caps and Patent Waivers: The goal is to design mechanisms that limit excess profits without hurting innovation and efficiency.

3) Commodity Tax Strategy: Use a commodity tax to cap the profit of a group of companies. This can increase competition within the group.
For instance, there are several companies that make smartphones. When their profits are capped, they will need to compete more with each other to sell their products. This means they might lower their prices or make better products to win customers.

Question for practice:

Discuss the relationship between the concentration of wealth in the tech-sector and its implications for global democracy.

Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)

What is Thallium and why murderers use this poison

Source: The post is based on the articleWhat is Thallium and why murderers use this poisonpublished in TOI” on 30th October 2023

Why in the News?

An agricultural scientist in Maharashtra has used Thallium to poison her in-laws.

What is Thallium?

Specification Details
Discovered by Sir William Crookes in 1861
Characteristics (1)It does not freely occur in nature.
(2)
It has no colour, odour or taste.
Known as Poisoner’s Poison
Found in  Small amount in earth’s crust
Health impact Extremely toxic when ingested or inhaled.It leads to the development of nervous and gastrointestinal disorders as well as rapid hair loss.
Treatment Prussian blue is used to remove thallium from the body.
Uses (1)Used mostly in manufacturing electronic devices and switches.
(2)Limited use in the manufacture of special glass and for certain medical procedures.
(3)Has been used as a rodent and ant killer. However, the use of the product has been prohibited since 1972 in the United States.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and Technology

India can steer 6G standardization & become a global exporter of such technologies: DST Secretary

Source: The post is based on the article “India can steer 6G standardization & become a global exporter of such technologies: DST Secretary published in “PIB” on 30th October 2023

Why in the News?

The Department of Science and Technology (DST) Secretary has said that India has the potential to lead in 6G standardization by leveraging its indigenous 5G technology.

What is the difference between 5G and 6G Technology?

6G

 

Aspect 5G 6G
Speed Provides speeds up to several gigabits per second (Gbps). Expected to offer speed in the terabits per second (Tbps) range.
Latency: It refers to the time it takes for a signal to travel from one point to another over a network connection Around 1-10 milliseconds (ms) In the range of microseconds (μs).
Technology Utilizes technologies like massive MIMO, beamforming and network slicing. Predicted to integrate technologies such as AI-driven networks, advanced beamforming and quantum cryptography.
Applications Enables advancements in Internet of Things(IoT), autonomous vehicles, AR/VR and smart cities. Expected to support more advanced applications such as holographic communications, real-time AI and more sophisticated IoT.
Deployment Currently being deployed globally, with ongoing expansion. Expected to start commercial deployment around the late 2020s to 2030 and beyond.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and Technology

Indian Army and Air Force Contingent Departs for India-Kazakhstan Joint Military Exercise KAZIND-2023

Source: The post is based on the article “Indian Army and Air Force Contingent Departs for India-Kazakhstan Joint Military Exercise KAZIND-2023published in “PIB” on 30th October 2023

Why in the News?

The 7th edition of Joint Military ‘Exercise KAZIND-2023’ will be conducted at Otar, Kazakhstan.

What is Exercise KAZIND?

Specification Details
Conducted between India and Kazakhstan
Started in  2016
Earlier Name Exercise PRABAL DOSTYK
Type Annual Exercise
Aim To enhance the capabilities of both sides in counter-terrorism operations within the purview of United Nations mandates
Significance From 2023, it has been upgraded as a bi service exercise (Both Indian Army and Indian Air Force participates)

UPSC Syllabus: Defence Exercises

Developed countries to overshoot carbon emissions goal, says study

Source: The post is based on the article “Developed countries to overshoot carbon emissions goal, says study” published in“The Hindu” on 30th October 2023

Why in the News?

A Delhi-based think tank Council for Energy Environment and Water (CEEW) has published a study titled “Revealing Developed Countries’ Emission Trajectories”.

What are the key findings of the study?

Developed countries emissions: Between 1990 and 2020, developed countries managed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% aligning with their collective target.

– However, a substantial part of this reduction occurred due to events like the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and changes during the mid-1990s when former Soviet countries transitioned to market economies.

Share of Developed Countries’ Emissions: Developed countries are responsible for three-fourths of current carbon emissions.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Climate targets for 2030 also known as NDCs for developed countries represent a 36 per cent reduction in emissions compared to 2019.

– This falls short of the 43 per cent reduction needed on the global average to limit warming to 1.5°C.

– Moreover, developed countries are projected to emit 38% more carbon by 2030 than their commitments suggest.

– Around 83% of this overshoot in emissions will be caused by the U.S, Russia and European Union.

– Only two Parties to the Paris Agreement, Belarus and Norway are projected to meet their 2030 NDCs.

Net Zero emissions: To achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, developed nations aim to significantly ramp up emission reductions post-2030. 

– However, even if they achieve net-zero by 2050, they are projected to consume a significant portion, around 40-50%, of the remaining carbon budget.

UPSC Syllabus: Climate Change

International Migration Outlook 2023: Nearly half a million Indians migrated to OECD countries in 2021

Source: The post is based on the article International Migration Outlook 2023: Nearly half a million Indians migrated to OECD countries in 2021published in “Down To Earth” on 30th October 2023

Why in the News?

The International Migration Outlook 2023 has been released.

What is the International Migration Outlook 2023?

Released by: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Aim: To analyze the migration trends worldwide.

Key Highlights from the report:

Specification Details
India Leads in Migration to OECD Countries India has emerged as the leading source of migration to OECD nations in 2021 and 2022, surpassing China and other countries.
Climate induced displacement Climate-induced displacement is a growing concern, but very few OECD nations have clear policies to address this issue.
Trends in International Migration The top four destination countries are:The United States, Germany, the United Kingdom and Spain.They registered year-on-year increases between 21% and 35%.
Type of Migration (1)In 2022, family migration remained the primary category of entry for new permanent-type migrants.It represented 40% of all permanent-type migration.
(2)
The share of labour migration has increased over time.In 2022, labour migration represented 21% of permanent-type migration, it accounted for only 16% in 2019.

UPSC Syllabus: International Relations

Rising tiger no. pushing Amangarh leopards into human habitations

Source: The post is based on the articleRising tiger no. pushing Amangarh leopards into human habitations published in “TOI” on 30th October 2023

Why in the News?

The tiger population at the Amangarh Tiger Reserve has increased from 21 mature tigers and six cubs in 2021 to 28 mature tigers and four cubs now.

Where is Amangarh Tiger Reserve?

Source: TOI

Specification Details
Located in Uttar Pradesh
Declared in 2012
Originally Part of (1)Jim Corbett National Park.
(2)
After the state of Uttarakhand was carved out of Uttar Pradesh, Jim Corbett went to Uttarakhand and Amangarh remained in Uttar Pradesh.
Flora Vegetation of the reserve is a combination of grasslands, wetlands and dense forest.
Fauna Tiger, Leopard, Elephants among others.
Significance (1) It is one among the four Tiger Reserves in Uttar Pradesh.
(2)
The other three are: Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve and Ranipur Tiger Reserve. 

UPSC Syllabus: Tiger Reserve

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