Explanation: Most Indian rulers refused to join, and often gave active help to the British.

• Rulers who did not participate included the Sindhia of Gwalior, the Holkar of Indore, and the rulers of Patiala, Sindh and other Sikh chieftains and the Maharaja of Kashmir.
• Indeed, by one estimate, not more than one-fourth of the total area and not more than one-tenth of the total population was affected.

Source: Spectrum