9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Articles 25th June, 2024
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Mains Oriented Articles
GS PAPER - 1
The court’s decision on “Annadhanam” and “Angapradakshanam”
Source: The post the court’s decision on “Annadhanam” and “Angapradakshanam”has been created, based on the article “Human dignity versus religious practices” published in “The Hindu” on 25th June 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper1-society and GS paper 2-Indian constitution
Context: The article discusses a court ruling allowing a religious practice of rolling on leftover plantain leaves for spiritual benefits. It explores the legal conflict between religious customs and human rights, emphasizing the need for rationality and human dignity in such practices.
What was the court’s decision on “Annadhanam” and “Angapradakshanam”?
- The Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court permitted the continuation of “annadhanam” (free food offering) and “angapradakshanam” (ritual rolling on plantain leaves) at Nerur Sathguru Sadasiva Brahmendral’s resting place.
- The court ruled that these practices are fundamental religious rights under the Constitution, specifically citing Articles 14, 19, 21, and 25.
- Justice Swaminathan overturned a previous 2015 Division Bench decision that had halted the practice, criticizing it for not involving all necessary parties, such as devotees and trustees.
How did Justice Swaminathan’s ruling differ?
- Inclusion of Necessary Parties: Justice Swaminathan argued that the 2015 Division Bench’s order was flawed because it did not include or hear the necessary parties, such as the devotees and trustees of the Adhistanam.
- Fundamental Rights: He invoked Article 25(1) of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion. He argued that the right to privacy includes “spiritual orientation” similar to how it includes gender and sexual orientation.
- Promotion of Communal Harmony: Swaminathan highlighted that the practice at Nerur involved all devotees, regardless of caste, which promotes communal harmony and social integration.
- Citing Religious Texts: He referenced the Mahabharata to support the belief that spiritual benefits are conferred by rolling on leftover food, thereby justifying the practice.
- Contrast with Karnataka Case: Swaminathan negated the Supreme Court order by noting that the Karnataka case involved only Brahmins’ leftovers, which were rolled over by persons of other communities. In contrast, at Nerur, all devotees participated regardless of community. He observed that the practice points to communal amity and social integration.
What are the broader implications?
- Conflict Between Rights: The case highlights the tension between religious freedoms under Article 25(1) and human dignity and equality under Articles 14 and 21.
- Cultural Relativism vs. Universalism: Justice Swaminathan’s ruling favors cultural practices over universal human rights standards, as seen with communal participation in angapradakshanam.
- Judicial Precedents: The decision contrasts with a Supreme Court stay on a similar practice in Karnataka, stressing the need for consistent judicial approaches.
- Health and Morality Concerns: Rolling on leftover plantain leaves raises public health issues, as previously noted in the Karnataka case.
- Scientific Temper: The judgment raises questions about the state’s role in promoting rationality and scientific inquiry over traditional practices that may be superstitious or harmful.
Question for practice:
Examine Justice Swaminathan’s rationale in overturning the 2015 Division Bench decision regarding “annadhanam” and “angapradakshanam” at Nerur Sathguru Sadasiva Brahmendral’s resting place.
GS PAPER - 2
India –Maldives Relations
Source-This post on India –Maldives Relations has been created based on the article “From China tilt to a balancing with Beijing and Delhi” published in “The Hindu” on 25 June 20204.
UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-2- India and its Neighborhood- Relations.
Context– The article discusses the Maldivian President’s fluctuating policy stance towards India, which has shifted from criticism to engagement. Initially, he aimed to reduce dependence on India, increase relations with China, and diversify foreign relations. However, he has also accepted invitations to important Indian events, such as the Prime Minister’s swearing-in ceremony in June 2024.
What factors influenced Mohamed Muizzu’s foreign policy towards India?
1) Internal and External Factors– His foreign policy is influenced by internal and external factors. It advocated the “India Out” campaign and taken efforts to distance the Maldives from India by appealing to nationalist and religious sentiments among voters.
2) Pro-China Tilt-He is closely aligned with China, seeing it as an efficient partner for funding their ambitious projects.
3) Diversification of Relations-Due to the Maldives’ increasing geostrategic significance, Muizzu intends to enhance relations with nations such as Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the UAE, UK, and USA while decreasing reliance on India.
What are the reasons behind Mr Muizzu’s changed stance toward India?
There’s a shift in his strategy as he realizes the importance of balancing relationships with India and China rather than favoring one over the other. Amid regional competition between India and China, Mr. Muizzu aims to enhance the Maldives’ interests by leveraging his position.
1) Economic Difficulties-
A) The Maldives faces rising debt payments, low income, and shrinking foreign reserves. It has a high debt-to-GDP ratio of 110% and holds $622 million in foreign reserves.
B) Dependent on imports, the government struggles with food and fuel price hikes and limited production capacity. It has persuaded major import partners like India and China to pay in local currency to ease its financial pressures.
A detailed article on India-Maldives Relations can be read here.
2) Lackluster Response from China-
A) China is hesitant to invest in big Maldivian infrastructure projects, preferring community development, housing, and capacity-building efforts.
B) The Maldives owes China about $1.5 billion. China initially offered five years of debt relief, but recent updates suggest this might complicate future borrowing. The Chinese Ambassador is cautious about new loans because Male’s debt is rising. This indicates that China may opt to provide grants instead.
3) Accommodative Policy of India-
A) India has maintained high-level engagements despite Maldives’ anti-Indian rhetoric and close ties with China. For ex -India’s Minister of External Affairs has met the Maldivian counterpart on multiple occasions.
B) India replaced 76 military personnel with civilian experts at Maldives’ request.
C) India increased development assistance to the Maldives from ₹400 crore to ₹600 crore for 2024, a 50% rise. India raised export quotas for food products to the Maldives by 5% and construction items by 25%.
D) India emphasized the need to maintain “reciprocal sensitivities” and extended a $50 million treasury bill at zero interest through the State Bank of India.
E) India’s invitation to Mr. Muizzu indicates New Delhi’s commitment to engage with Male irrespective of political changes.
With a strong majority in the Maldivian Parliament, there’s optimism that Mr. Muizzu will reciprocate India’s accommodating approach and consider its concerns.
Question for practice
What are the reasons behind Mr Muizzu’s changed stance toward India?
One Election One Phase
Source-This post on One Election One Phase has been created based on the article “S Y Quraishi writes: Why India needs one election, one phase” published in “The Indian Express” on 25 June 2024.
UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-2- Salient Features of the Representation of People’s Act.
Context-The article highlights that multi-phase elections were once important for ensuring safety and fairness. However, changes in circumstances and advancements in technology require reforms to streamline the electoral process while maintaining integrity and peace.
What were the reasons for implementing multi-phase elections?
1) Multi-phase elections were introduced at a time when muscle power and violence during elections were rampant.
2) The limited deployment of central armed police forces required phased polling to ensure security in sensitive areas.
3) Political parties supported this approach because they were concerned that local police could be influenced by political pressure.
What are the issues with multi-phase elections?
1) Heat Wave– The recent election conducted in seven phases under severe temperatures (45-50°C) resulted in fatalities.
2) Social Media Explosion– Multi-phase elections in today’s digital age encounter fresh hurdles. The gap between phases allows swift spread of rumors, fake news, and hate speech through social media. This escalates communal tensions and misinformation.
For ex- The Guardian reported that Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, authorized AI-altered political ads during India’s 2024 election. These ads spread misinformation targeting Muslims and made false allegations against opposition leaders.
3) Criticized by all stakeholders -The extended duration of the election received criticism from political parties, media outlets, and voters. Chief Election Commissioner Rajiv Kumar acknowledged the necessity for shorter elections.
What is the feasibility of conducting one election, one phase elections?
1) The Election Commission (EC) has introduced vulnerability mapping for all polling stations to identify potential troublemakers. Identified individuals are pursued under the CRPC with a bond for good behavior; nearly half a million have been identified recently.
2) Successful efforts have been made to seize illegal arms, including those licensed, which are surrendered, leading to reduced violence.
3) Government officials, including the Home Minister, have endorsed reports of peace restored in previously unstable regions.
4) There are various existing laws that can ensure peaceful elections such as-
A) IPC provisions such as Section 295A, 153A, 499, 505, and 506 address hate speech, cyber-crimes, and defamation.
B) The Representation of the People Act (RP Act), Section 125, addresses promoting enmity between classes during elections, with penalties of one to three years in prison for violations.
5) A general election can be conducted in one phase with the support of 4,000-5,000 paramilitary companies, supported by increased battalions and restored peace in sensitive areas.
Read more- Challenges of holding general elections in India during hot weather
What is the significance of one election, one phase election?
A) Reduced duration of paramilitary force deployment
B) Cost savings on prolonged campaigns
C) Less disruption to normal work and governance
D) Reduced time for mischief and hate mongering
E) Addresses Prime Minister’s expressed concerns about prolonged elections.
Question for practice
What are the challenges associated with multi-phase elections? How practical is it to conduct elections in a single phase? What are the benefits of adopting a one election, one phase approach?
GS PAPER - 3
Investing in pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) helps India’s transition to clean energy
Source: The post investing in pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) helps India’s transition to clean energy has been created, based on the article “Let pump dams fill gaps in clean power supplies” published in “Live mints” on 25th June 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper3-infrastructure (renewable energy)
Context: The article discusses Adani Group’s plan to invest in pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) dams to help India’s transition to clean energy. These dams store energy and provide electricity consistently, even when renewable sources like wind and solar are not available.
What is Pumped-Storage Hydropower?
Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) plants are storage systems based on hydropower operations between two or more reservoirs (upper and lower) with an elevation difference. At the time of demand, downward water flow generates electricity with a hydraulic turbine, and water is pumped back to the upper reservoir using power from grid or RE sources, with an overall efficiency of 75-80%.
For more information on Pumped storage hydropower read this article
Why is Pumped-Storage Hydropower Important?
- Consistent Energy Supply: Pumped-Storage Hydropower (PSH) dams store energy and deliver it consistently, unlike solar and wind sources which are dependent on weather 2. conditions.
- Control Over Output: PSH allows for adjustable power output to meet varying electricity demands, acting as a reliable backup for renewable energy sources.
- National Impact: PSH can help manage India’s peak electricity demands, aiming to support the country’s 2030 goal of 500 gigawatts from non-fossil sources
For more information read article 1, Article 2
What investments have been made in pumped-storage hydropower technology?
- Adani Green Energy Ltd has committed to investing between ₹25,000 and ₹27,500 crore in pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) projects over the next five years. Their initial target is to achieve a PSH capacity of 5 gigawatts, aiming to eventually expand to 25 gigawatts.
- The Union environment ministry earlier approved PSH projects totaling over ₹80,000 crore, highlighting the government’s support for this technology to enhance India’s renewable energy capacity.
- Other major companies like Tata Power, JSW, and NTPC are also planning investments in PSH dams, indicating a significant industry trend towards utilizing this technology to stabilize and supplement the renewable energy supply in India.
Question for practice:
Discuss the significance of investments in pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) dams for India’s renewable energy sector.
How the PESA has boosted forest conservation in India
Source: The post how the PESA has boosted forest conservation in India has been created, based on the article “How the PESA has boosted forest conservation in India” published in “The Hindu” on 25th June 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3- environment conservation
Context: This article discusses the conflicts between conservation and resource extraction in India. It proposes that giving political representation to marginalized communities, through policies like PESA, can improve forest conservation and support the economic interests of these communities.
For detailed information on Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act, 1996 read this article here
What is the conflict in conservation efforts?
- The conflict in conservation efforts in India primarily revolves around two issues: conservation versus local resource extraction and conservation versus economic development.
- The central government often prioritizes large-scale economic projects like mining and dam construction over forest conservation, influenced by the political elite’s interests.
How the PESA has boosted forest conservation in India?
- Mandated Representation: PESA mandates that all chairperson positions and at least half of the seats on local government councils in Scheduled Areas be reserved for Scheduled Tribes (STs). This political empowerment has directly influenced forest conservation efforts.
- Increase in Tree Canopy: According to the study, areas with ST representation under PESA saw an average increase in tree canopy by 3% per year. This demonstrates a direct positive impact on forest cover.
- Reduction in Deforestation: The same study found a significant reduction in the rate of deforestation in areas with ST representation. This indicates that when STs are involved in governance, there is a more pronounced commitment to preserving forests.
- Resistance to Mining: With increased ST representation, communities were better able to resist mining and other large-scale commercial operations that lead to deforestation. Areas close to mines saw greater reductions in deforestation rates after PESA elections.
- Comparison with FRA: The study shows that the Forest Rights Act (FRA) did not have additional impacts on conservation beyond those achieved by PESA, highlighting the effectiveness of PESA’s approach to mandated political representation for conservation.
What should be done?
- Implement PESA effectively: Ensure full application of PESA rules to empower Scheduled Tribes (STs) through local governance, especially in regions like Gujarat where implementation has lagged.
- Empower Scheduled Tribes through PESA: Enhance the representation of STs in local governance by fully implementing PESA, which mandates significant electoral quotas for STs. This empowerment leads to better forest stewardship, demonstrated by increased tree canopy and reduced deforestation rates, and equips ST communities to effectively resist destructive industrial activities such as mining.
- Focus on democratic decentralization: Enhancing representative and accountable local governance involves giving local actors discretionary power over resource management, proving more effective than merely administrative approaches.
- Establish a single umbrella institution: Create a centralized institution that empowers marginalized voices, balancing development and conservation efforts. This would consolidate power into a meaningful democratic authority, ensuring more effective management of forest resources and better representation of vulnerable communities’ interests.
Question for practice:
Examine how the Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act has influenced forest conservation efforts in India.
Reasons for the opposition to NITI Aayog’s Great Nicobar Development Project
Source: The post reasons for the opposition to NITI Aayog’s Great Nicobar Development Project has been created, based on the article “The NITI Aayog’s project in Great Nicobar” published in “The Hindu” on 25th June 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper3- economy- infrastructure, and environment conservation
Context: The article discusses opposition to NITI Aayog’s development project in Great Nicobar. Concerns include environmental impact, tribal rights violations, and potential seismic risks. The island, home to endangered species and tribal communities, faces significant ecological and social threats from the project.
For detailed information on Concerns related to the infrastructure project planned for Great Nicobar read this article here
Where is Great Nicobar, and who lives there?
- Location and Description of Great Nicobar:
1.Great Nicobar is located at the southernmost tip of India, part of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago.
2.The island spans 910 sq km and features lush rainforests, beaches, and diverse wildlife, including the endangered giant leatherback turtle and Nicobar megapode.
- Communities Living on Great Nicobar:
- Shompen Tribe: Approximately 250 people, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group. They mostly live in the interior forests and are hunter-gatherers.
- Nicobarese Community: Includes Great Nicobarese and Little Nicobarese, practicing farming and fishing. Post-tsunami, many were resettled in Campbell Bay.
- Settlers: Around 6,000 people from various Indian states, including retired military servicemen and their families, moved here between 1968 and 1975.
What is the NITI Aayog Project?
NITI Aayog’s Great Nicobar Development plan aims to promote the holistic development of Greater Nicobar. Based on that, the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) denotified the entire Galathea Bay Wildlife Sanctuary for building port and other related infrastructure.
For more detailed information read this article
Why is there opposition to NITI Aayog’s Great Nicobar Development Project?
- Ecological Impact: The project requires the diversion of 130 sq km of forest land and the felling of 10 lakh trees. Galathea Bay, a critical nesting site for the giant leatherback turtle, will be affected.
- Wildlife Concerns: The government denotified Galathea Bay and Megapode wildlife sanctuaries for the project. The giant leatherback turtle and Nicobar megapode, both protected under Indian law, will lose their habitats.
- Tribal Rights Violations: The project encroaches on the ancestral lands of the Great Nicobarese. The Tribal Council withdrew its no-objection certificate, citing concealed information and rushed consent processes.
- Health Risks for Shompen: Increased contact with outsiders risks exposing the Shompen tribe to diseases they have no immunity against.
- Seismic Risks: The Andaman and Nicobar archipelago is in a seismically active zone. Researchers criticize the project for lacking adequate earthquake risk assessments.
- Local Concerns: The Campbell Bay panchayat raised concerns about the social impact assessment for land acquisition.
Question for practice:
Discuss the primary environmental and social concerns raised against NITI Aayog’s development project in Great Nicobar Island.
Increasing Heatwaves related mortalities
Source-This post on Increasing Heatwaves related mortalities has been created based on the article “Who dies in a heat wave? High temperatures don’t affect everyone equally” published in “The Indian Express” on 25 June 2024.
UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-3- Disaster and Disaster Management.
Context- Heat poses risks both to the environment and occupational health. In May 2024, the NPCC-HH reported 46 deaths and over 19,000 suspected heat stroke cases nationwide.
The National Heat-Related Illness (HRI) and Death Surveillance defines a “heat-related death” as one caused or significantly influenced by exposure to high ambient temperatures. Recent cases in Noida and Delhi have shown that manual laborers and migrants are most vulnerable to heat-related fatalities.
There is a growing global focus on understanding how community and social factors at city and local levels contribute to worsening heat-related health risks. These factors include ethnicity, cultural or linguistic isolation, income disparities, food insecurity, inability to afford energy bills, socioeconomic status etc.
What is the negative impact of rising heat wave conditions?
1) Heat can exacerbate existing health conditions like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes
2) High temperatures can elevate the risk of accidents. Recently, the general secretary of All India Railway Men’s Federation highlighted that locomotive drivers in non-air-conditioned engine cabs are exposed to temperatures exceeding 50 degrees Celsius for prolonged periods.
What are the issues in addressing heat-related inequities?
1) Gaps in Heat Action Plans– Heat action plans (HAPs) in India, at all levels from national to city miss key vulnerability factors. They rely heavily on a few composite-based heat maps. For ex-Delhi’s HAP lacks specific measures for vulnerable areas and groups, resulting in generalized guidelines that do not effectively address diverse heat-related risks across different demographics and contexts.
Read more–Heat Action Plan
2) Neglect Socio-economic Inequalities-Current approaches frequently prioritize meteorological data over the lived experiences of heat. This may neglect socio-economic inequalities that increase vulnerability to heat-related risks.
What should be the way forward?
1) Improving Heat Action Plans- Local vulnerability maps should be developed to integrate urban microclimate patterns. They should advance towards targeted interventions based on specific vulnerabilities.
2) Addressing heat inequities: -There’s a need for more inclusive approaches that consider socio-segregation patterns and outdoor environments’ role in enhancing heat impacts.
3) Multisectoral Approach– It’s necessary to engage diverse stakeholders beyond conventional hazard management bodies. Further, actual lived experiences of people during heat events should also be considered along with scientific data to take steps to reduce heat stress.
Question for practice
What are the adverse effects of increasing heat wave conditions? What challenges exist in tackling disparities related to heat impacts?
Unsustainable development in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR)
Source-This post on Unsustainable development in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) has been created based on the article “The Court spells the way in Himalaya’s development” published in “The Hindu” on 25 June 2024.
UPSC Syllabus-GS Paper-3- Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.
Context– The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) serves as India’s primary source of water and provides essential ecosystem services. However, there is a significant disparity between the region’s unique development needs and the current development practices being pursued, which threaten to undermine its economic viability.
The article highlights the need for a sustainable development model in the Indian Himalayan Region that balances economic growth with environmental preservation and disaster resilience.
What approach has the Supreme Court recently regarding environmental conservation?
There is a shift towards a rights-based regime for sustainable development
1) State of Telangana vs Mohd. Abdul Qasim- The court emphasized adopting an ecocentric perspective where nature is central. It stated that humanity, as an enlightened species, must act as Earth’s trustee
2) Ashok Kumar Raghav vs Union of India: The Supreme Court asked the central government and the petitioner to propose a way forward for the Court to issue directions on the carrying capacity of Himalayan States and towns.
3) Great Indian Bustard case:
A) The court acknowledged the right to be protected from the negative effects of climate change. It explored the intersection of Articles 14 and 21, addressing both development rights and climate adaptation.
B) The court emphasized that a stable, pollution-free environment is important for ensuring the right to life. Failure to support marginalized communities in adapting to climate change violates their rights to life and equality. Articles 14 and 21 mandate sustainable, strong infrastructure to ensure equal opportunities across the country.
A more detailed article on SC Ruling on right against Climate Change can be read here.
What are the issues with the current developmental model?
1) Hydroelectric power stations are rapidly multiplying along rivers and streams in the IHR, ignoring the rights of these water bodies.
2) Existing hill roads are being recklessly widened to four lanes in the name of development, often washed away during river floods.
3) A post-disaster assessment by the National Disaster Management Authority on the 2023 floods in Himachal Pradesh identified rampant construction violations on riverbeds, flood plains, steep slopes, seismic zones, and landslide-prone areas.
4) The Teesta dam breach in Sikkim and monsoon floods in Himachal Pradesh in 2023 underscore the environmental and ecological havoc caused by current development practices in the mountains.
What should be the way forward?
1) Adopting an ecocentric approach:
A) The idea of giving nature fundamental rights highlights that natural elements like rivers, forests, and mountains have the right to exist, survive, persist, and regenerate their essential cycles.
B) This approach advocates for an ecocentric perspective where human development aligns with scientific principles and respects the rights of both humanity and the natural environment.
2) Integrated approach: Involving policymakers, planners, scientists, and local communities in addressing environmental challenges ensures that decisions are based on research, compliance with policies, and meet local needs and concerns.
3) Need for sustainable infrastructure-There is a need to develop resilience against climate change impacts and disasters because it ensures that everyone has a fair chance to access opportunities and achieve equality and equity in their lives.
4) Coordinated Planning for Disaster and Climate Resilience– Different authorities must urgently coordinate their planning stages to ensure that every development plan includes provisions for disaster preparedness and climate resilience. Projects should proceed to implementation only after obtaining approval in these essential areas.
Question for practice
What are the issues with the current developmental model? What should be the way forward?
Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)
Namaqualand
Source– This post on Namaqualand has been created based on the article “Astonishing” Discovery – 34,000-Year-Old Inhabited Termite Mounds Discovered in South Africa” published in “Scietechdaily” on 21 June 2024.
Why in the news?
Scientists recently discovered that termite mounds along the Buffels River in Namaqualand are the world’s oldest inhabited, dating back 34,000 years.
About Namaqualand
1. Namaqualand is a desert area in southwestern Africa.
2. It extends from the Karas region in Namibia in the north to the Northern Cape province in South Africa in the south.
3. From west to east, it stretches from the Namib Desert to the Kalahari Desert.
4. In Namibia, the part of Namaqualand north of the Orange River is known as Great Namaqualand.
5. In South Africa, the area south of the Orange River is called Little Namaqualand.
6. Namaqualand is very dry, and for most of the year, you will mainly see succulents. These are special plants that store water and can survive long periods without rain.
7. During winter, when it rains, the desert can bloom with wildflowers for a few weeks in spring.
8. Historically, the Nama people lived in Namaqualand before the Germans took over the region in the 19th century. The area has large copper deposits, which the Nama mined for hundreds of years.
9. In the early 1900s, diamonds were discovered in parts of Namaqualand, such as Sperrgebiet in Namibia and the Richtersveld in South Africa.
UPSC Syllabus: World geography
Barda Wildlife Sanctuary (BWLS)
Source– This post on Barda Wildlife Sanctuary (BWLS) has been created based on the article “As lions make Barda sanctuary their second home, Gujarat forest dept starts translocating deer from Gir to Porbandar” published in “Indian Express” on 20 June 2024.
Why in the news?
The Forest Department in Gujarat has begun translocating spotted deer and sambars from Gir Forest to the Barda Wildlife Sanctuary in a significant move expected to boost the long-term conservation of Asiatic lions.
About Barda Wildlife Sanctuary (BWLS)
Aspects | Description |
About | 1. It is located in the state of Gujarat. 2. It lies roughly 15 kilometers from Porbandar and 100 kilometers west of Gir Forest National Park. 3. In 1979, the state government started the ‘Gir-Barda Project’ to make Barda a second home for Asiatic lions. |
River across the sanctuary | 1. There are two rivers here, the Bileshvary River and the Joghri River. 2. There are also two dams, Khambala and Fodara. |
Ethnic Communities | Different ethnic groups such as Maldharis, Bharvads, Rabaris, and Gadhvis live in this area. |
Flora | The sanctuary has about 650 types of plants like Rayan, Babul, Ber, Jamun, Amli, Gorad, Bamboo, Dhav, and Dhudhlo. |
Fauna | leopards, hyenas, wild boars, wolves, jackals, and blue bulls are found in this sanctuary. There are also rare and endangered birds such as the spotted eagle and the crested hawk eagle. |
UPSC Syllabus: Environment
International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO)
Source– This post on International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) has been created based on the article “WORLD HYDROGRAPHY DAY 2024” published in “PIB” on 21 June 2024.
Why in the news?
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) celebrates World Hydrography Day on 21 June every year to raise awareness about hydrography.
About the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO)
Aspects | Description |
About | The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is a group of countries working together to make sure all the world’s seas, oceans, and navigable waters are mapped and charted accurately. |
History | The IHO was established in 1921. It coordinates the work of national hydrographic offices to ensure nautical charts and documents are uniform. |
Purpose | The IHO sets best practices for surveys, provides guidelines for using hydrographic data, and helps develop hydrographic skills in member countries. |
Membership | The IHO has 100 member countries. India is member of the organisation. |
Headquarter | Its headquarters are in Monaco. |
India’s Role | 1. India has been a member of the IHO since 1955. 2. The Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD), formerly known as the Marine Survey of India, was established in 1874 in Kolkata. 3. INHD is responsible for hydrographic surveys in India and operates a fleet of modern survey ships built in India. |
About World Hydrography Day
1. It is celebrated every year on June 21.
2. The theme for 2024 is “Hydrographic Information – Enhancing Safety, Efficiency, and Sustainability in Marine Activities.”
About Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD)
1. The Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD) functions under the Chief Hydrographer to the Government of India.
2. The Department, being the nodal agency for Hydrographic surveys and Nautical charting in India, has a very well established organizational setup.
3. The INHD has seven indigenously built modern survey ships, including one Catamaran Hull Survey Vessel (CHSV) fitted with state-of-the-art surveying equipment.
4. It also has a well-established ‘National Institute of Hydrography,’ which serves as a center for training in hydrography, accredited by the International Hydrographic Organization for both national and international trainees.
UPSC Syllabus: World Geography
Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM)
Source– This post on Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) has been created based on the article “ Rocket carrying French-Chinese satellite launches from southwestern China to study gamma-ray bursts” published in “Times of India” on 22 June 2024.
Why in the news?
Recently, a Long March 2-C rocket successfully launched the French-Chinese satellite Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) from southwestern China.
About Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM)
1. The Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) is a satellite created by France and China to detect and study gamma-ray bursts (GRBs).
2. It was launched using a Long March-2C rocket from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province, China.
3. The satellite weighs 930 kilograms and carries four instruments, two from France and two from China.
4. It orbits over 600 kilometers above Earth and is designed to last five years, though scientists believe it could work for up to 20 years.
5. SVOM can help solve many mysteries about GRBs, including detecting the most distant ones in the universe, which are the oldest GRBs.
6. The data collected will help test the laws of physics in extreme conditions that cannot be recreated on Earth and provide new insights into how the universe works.
About Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)
1. GRBs are powerful bursts of energy that usually happen when massive stars explode or when compact stars merge. These stars are often more than 20 times the size of the sun.
2. These bursts are extremely bright and can release more energy than a billion billion suns.
3. Observing GRBs is like looking back in time because the light from these events takes a long time to reach Earth.
4. As GRBs travel through space, they carry information about the gas clouds and galaxies they pass, which helps scientists learn more about the history and evolution of the universe.
5. GRBs are difficult to detect because they can appear anywhere in the sky and last only a few seconds. Earth’s atmosphere absorbs them, so they must be observed from space.
UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology
Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme
Source– This post on Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme has been created based on the article “Amit Shah inaugurates ‘Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme’ at Delhi IGI airport” published in “Times of India” on 22 June 2024.
Why in the news?
Recently, Union home minister Amit Shah inaugurated the ‘Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme’ (FTI-TTP) at Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport.
About Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme (FTI-TTP)
1. About: The Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme (FTI-TTP) is a new initiative by the Central Government to make immigration faster, smoother, and safer.
2. Aims: It aims to reduce crowding at airports by providing quicker immigration clearance for pre-verified travelers.
3. Created by: The Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of Civil Aviation, and the Bureau of Immigration worked together to create the FTI-TTP.
4. How Does It Work: FTI-TTP is similar to the Global Entry Program in the United States. It allows pre-approved, low-risk travelers to go through immigration and security checks faster.
5. Where Is It Available: In the first phase, FTI-TTP is available at airports in New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kochi, and Ahmedabad.
6. How Is It Implemented: The program uses e-gates or automated border gates to minimize human involvement in immigration checks.
It will be rolled out in two phases:
i) First phase: Indian citizens and OCI cardholders
ii) Second phase: Foreign travelers.
7. How to Enroll: Travelers need to register online through an official portal managed by the Bureau of Immigration. After providing the necessary details and documents, applicants wait for approval. Once approved, travelers can avoid long immigration lines when arriving in India.
8. Validity: The FTI registration is valid for up to five years or until the passport expires, whichever comes first.
9. The Process at the Airport: When a registered traveler reaches the e-gate, they scan their boarding pass to get flight details. The passport is scanned, and the traveler’s biometrics (like fingerprints) are checked. If the identity is confirmed, the e-gate opens, and immigration clearance is granted.
The FTI-TTP makes traveling easier and quicker for pre-approved travelers by using advanced technology to speed up immigration checks.
UPSC Syllabus: Governance
Russell’s Viper Snake
Source– This post on Russell’s Viper has been created based on the article “Bangladesh reels from surge in snake bites” published in “BBC” on 21 June 2024.
Why in the news?
Recently, Bangladesh has ordered all health centres and hospitals to stock anti-venom after reports of an increase in snake bites, particularly by Russell’s viper.
About Russell’s Viper
Aspects | Description |
About | 1. Russell’s Viper is a highly venomous snake found in Asia, belonging to the family Viperidae. 2. The species is named after Patrick Russell, a Scottish herpetologist who described many of India’s snakes in the 1790s. 3. It is one of the “big four” deadliest snakes in India, along with the Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus), the Indian Cobra (Naja naja), and the Saw-scaled Viper (Echis carinatus). |
Scientific name | Daboia russeli |
Geographical distribution | Russell’s Vipers are found in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Pakistan, Cambodia, Tibet, China (Guangxi, Guangdong), Taiwan, and Indonesia. |
Habitat | 1. They avoid dense forests and are mostly found in open, grassy, or bushy areas. 2. They can also be found in second-growth forests, forested plantations, and farmlands. 3. They often live in farmlands where they encounter humans and hunt rodents, leading to a high number of snakebite incidents. 4. However, they tend to avoid human contact and only bite when stepped on or handled. |
Features | Russell’s Viper can grow up to 1.5 meters long. It is identified by its distinctive reddish-brown spots outlined in black and white. The snake has a wide, triangular head with small, overlapping scales, large nostrils, and small eyes with vertical pupils. It is mainly active at night (nocturnal) and often stays in one place for several days unless disturbed. |
Conservation status | According to the IUCN Red List, the Russell’s Viper is classified as Least Concern. |
UPSC Syllabus: Species in news
Methane Release from Nord Stream Pipelines
Source– This post on Nord Stream pipelines has been created based on the article “Nord Stream pipeline leak: Methane released in Baltic Sea remains in water” published in “India today” on 21 June 2024.
Why in the news?
According to a new study, a significant portion of the methane gas released from the ruptured Nord Stream pipelines in the Baltic Sea last September never reached the atmosphere.
Findings on Methane Release from Nord Stream Pipelines
About Nord Stream 1
1. Nord Stream 1 is a 1,224 km underwater gas pipeline running from Vyborg in northwest Russia to Lubmin in northeastern Germany via the Baltic Sea.
2. It is primarily owned by the Russian energy giant Gazprom and is the main network for gas delivery to Germany.
3. Most of the gas is directly supplied to Germany, while the remainder is distributed west and south through onshore links to other countries and into storage caverns.
About Nord Stream 2
1. The 1,200 km Nord Stream 2 pipeline was planned to run from Ust-Luga in Russia to Greifswald in Germany through the Baltic Sea, with a capacity to carry 55 billion cubic meters of gas per year.
2. It was designed to operate alongside the Nord Stream 1 system.
3. Germany, Russia’s largest European gas consumer, receives most of its gas through the Nord Stream pipelines.
UPSC Syllabus: International Relations