Q. The legend of Satyakam Jabal found in the Chhandogya Upnishada is significant because it suggests which of the following social characteristics?

[A] The endorsement of the Niyoga practice as a means of social security.

[B] The strict adherence to the Gotra system in matters of marriage and lineage.

[C] The presence of a stigma attached to being born to an unmarried mother, reflecting social rigidity.

[D] The prevalence of Pratiloma marriage despite it not being sanctioned by the Vedas.

Answer: C
Notes:

Explanation:

  • The Chhandogya Upnishada contains the legend of Satyakam Jabal and the stigma of being an unmarried mother. This illustrates the increasing social rigidity and the importance of lineage, even in philosophical texts.
  • Option (a): Niyoga was not supported in the Later Vedic Age.
  • Option (b): While the Gotra system appeared, the legend highlights illegitimacy rather than Gotra rules.
  • Option (d): Pratiloma marriage was a separate topic mentioned in the same Upanishad, but the legend of Jabal specifically relates to the stigma of his birth.
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